scholarly journals Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Magdalena Celuch ◽  
Atte Oksanen ◽  
Pekka Räsänen ◽  
Matthew Costello ◽  
Catherine Blaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Belief System ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Linear Regression Modeling ◽  
Acceptance Levels

The Internet, specifically social media, is among the most common settings where young people encounter hate speech. Understanding their attitudes toward the phenomenon is crucial for combatting it because acceptance of such content could contribute to furthering the spread of hate speech as well as ideology contamination. The present study, theoretically grounded in the General Aggression Model (GAM), investigates factors associated with online hate acceptance among young adults. We collected survey data from participants aged 18–26 from six countries: Finland (n = 483), France (n = 907), Poland (n = 738), Spain (n = 739), the United Kingdom (n = 959), and the United States (n = 1052). Results based on linear regression modeling showed that acceptance of online hate was strongly associated with acceptance of violence in all samples. In addition, participants who admitted to producing online hate reported higher levels of acceptance of it. Moreover, association with social dominance orientation was found in most of the samples. Other sample-specific significant factors included participants’ experiences with the Internet and online hate, as well as empathy and institutional trust levels. Significant differences in online hate acceptance levels and the strength of its connections to individual factors were found between the countries. These results provide important insights into the phenomenon, demonstrating that online hate acceptance is part of a larger belief system and is influenced by cultural background, and, therefore, it cannot be analyzed or combatted in isolation from these factors.

scholarly journals Electronic Documents in a Print World: Grey Literature and the Internet

2012 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Online Publishing ◽  
Electronic Documents ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Post War

Reports and documents from government and other organisations have existed for centuries, but in the post-war period their production increased significantly. Computers, databases, desktop publishing software and the internet have revolutionised the ways documents can be produced and disseminated, allowing individuals, groups and organisations access to a whole new world of information. The result has been an explosion in online publishing that has transformed scholarly communication. Research reports – or grey literature as they are also known – are now an essential part of many disciplines, including science and technology, health, environmental science and many areas of public policy. While access to these reports has become easier in many respects, online publishing presents many challenges as well, particularly for collecting organisations faced with the task of adapting their systems. The management of grey literature raises many issues that are still not resolved today. This article provides some background to these ongoing challenges in Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe.

Introduction: Yahoo!

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Goldsmith ◽  
Tim Wu
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Definition ◽  
The Internet ◽  
French Law ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Government Power ◽  
Definition Of

Marc Knobel is a French Jew who has devoted his life to fighting neo-Nazism, a fight that has taken him repeatedly to the Internet and American websites. In February 2000, Knobel was sitting in Paris, searching the Web for Nazi memorabilia. He went to the auction site of yahoo.com, where to his horror he saw page after page of swastika arm bands, SS daggers, concentration camp photos, and even replicas of the Zyklon B gas canisters. He had found a vast collection of Nazi mementos, for sale and easily available in France but hosted on a computer in the United States by the Internet giant Yahoo. Two years earlier, Knobel had discovered Nazi hate sites on America Online and threatened a public relations war. AOL closed the sites, and Knobel assumed that a similar threat against Yahoo would have a similar effect. He was wrong. AOL, it turned out, was atypical. Located in the Washington, D.C. suburbs, AOL had always been sensitive to public relations, politics, and the realities of government power. It was more careful than most Internet companies about keeping offensive information off its sites. Yahoo, in contrast, was a product of Silicon Valley’s 1990s bubble culture. From its origins as the hobby of Stanford graduate students Jerry Yang and David Filo, Yahoo by 2000 had grown to be the mighty “Lord of the Portals.” At the time, Yahoo was the Internet entrance point for more users than any other website, with a stock price, as 2000 began, of $475 per share. Yang, Yahoo’s billionaire leader, was confident and brash—he “liked the general definition of a yahoo: ‘rude, unsophisticated, uncouth.’” Obsessed with expanding market share, he thought government dumb, and speech restrictions dumber still. Confronted by an obscure activist complaining about hate speech and invoking French law, Yang’s company shrugged its high-tech shoulders. Mark Knobel was not impressed. On April 11, 2000, he sued Yahoo in a French court on behalf of the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism and others. Yahoo’s auctions, he charged, violated a French law banning trafficking in Nazi goods in France.

scholarly journals The cult structure of the American anti

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Aburime
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Online Spaces ◽  
Dangerous Behaviors ◽  
Damaging Effects

The online-based group known as antis, which originated around 2016 in the United States, exhibit morality-based, cult-like behavior and perpetuate hate speech and censorship in online spaces. Anti ideology has encouraged harmful, obsessive, and dangerous behaviors among its members, specifically minors and young adults. An analysis of the antifandom movement through political, sociological, and behavioral lenses reveals its damaging effects on women, people of color, minors, and members of the LGBTQIA+ community.

scholarly journals HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL NETWORK SITES: PERPETRATOR AND SERVICE PROVIDERS’ LIABILITY

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans Marx
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Social Network Sites ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Internet Service

The article investigates the phenomenon of hate speech on social network sites and gives an overview of the national and international legal instruments which are available to combat hate speech. After an overview of the nature of hate speech andthe early international attempts to curb it, hate speech in South Africa is investigated. The question is posed whether statements of hatred made on the Internet, especially if published from sites such as Facebook which is external to South Africa, can leadto liability for perpetrators in South Africa. International responses to hate speech in cyberspace are then investigated with specific reference to the possible liability of Internet service providers for hate speech posted by third parties on their websites. Itis shown that, although service providers in the United States enjoy more protection than those in European Union, Canada and South Africa, hate speech on social network sites can be legally curbed. It is concluded that the myth that the Internet as a godless, lawless zone can and must be dismissed.

Commercialization of Journalism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Kvalheim ◽  
Jens Barland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Penny Press ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Modern Sense

Commercialization of journalism is not a new concern. Indeed, journalism has always been bought and sold in the market, and commercialization has thus always been a central part of the production of journalism. In a modern sense, however, commercialization became an issue with the emergence of the penny press in the United States and the abolishment of the “taxes on knowledge” in the United Kingdom. These developments altered the content of newspapers and brought along discussions concerning the effects of commercialization. In the late 20th and early 21st century, commercialization of journalism again took a new turn. Developments such as digitalization and the emergence and communization of the internet, has led to an increased attention to market logics. This, in turn, makes studies of the commercialization of journalism increasingly more important.

scholarly journals Lifestyle Factors Associated With Sunscreen Use Among Young Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-339
Author(s):  
Julie Williams Merten ◽  
Jessica L. King ◽  
Melissa J. Vilaro ◽  
Erin Largo-Wight
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Sunscreen Use ◽  
The Relationship

Background. Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States with melanoma rates increasing. Sunscreen use is an effective way to protect the skin and reduce skin cancer risk. Limited research has been conducted examining the relationship between sunscreen use and other lifestyle factors. Interventions aimed at multiple lifestyle factors have shown promise for prevention and reduced health care costs. Objective. This study explores the relationship between sunscreen use and lifestyle factors associated with mortality and morbidity among young adults. Lifestyle factors examined included physical activity, substance abuse, smoking, sexual behavior, unintentional injury, and mental well-being. Methods. A convenience sample of 747 college students was surveyed about sunscreen use and other health risks. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19. Results. White, female students older than 21 years were more likely to use sunscreen. Texting while driving, low life satisfaction, and binge drinking were associated with inadequate sunscreen use. Limitations. Convenience sampling limits generalizability and surveys are subject to recall, self-report, and self-selection bias. Conclusions. The findings provide the framework to develop multiple risk factor interventions.

Fake News, Hate Speech and Nigeria's Struggle for Democratic Consolidation

2021 ◽  
pp. 387-410
Author(s):  
Umaru A. Pate ◽  
Adamkolo Mohammed Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Literature

In addition to looking at the ongoing election campaigns in Nigeria, past election campaigns both locally and globally (especially since Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom and the 2016 presidential election in the United States) have highlighted how fake news and hate speech can be used to cause political instability in society. Ever since, fake news and hate speech issues and their impacts on democratic processes have gained widespread research attention. Hence, an urge exists to not only further understand the concepts of fake news and hate speech but also to define them based on empirical and critical literature. This chapter intends to clearly provide further understanding about the definition of fake news through a redefinition of the concept based on a critical review of literature. Also, critically discussed in this chapter are the impacts both fake news and hate speech can have on the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Some policy recommendations are offered.

Key National Factors in the Emergence of Computational Chemistry Firms

1997 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 355-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surya Mahdi ◽  
Keith Pavitt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Computational Chemistry ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Public Research ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
New Science ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Research Institutes

Using information compiled from the Internet, we find that the number of computational chemistry firms in each of the 10 OECD countries (The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France, the Netherlands, Canada, Switzerland, Sweden and Australia) is: (i) strongly correlated with the country's strength in computational chemistry science and with the extent of the national scientific networks; (ii) is weakly correlated with the size of the domestic markets; and (iii) not correlated with the extent of the infrastructure as measured by the number of supercomputers installed. These results show that the emergence of firms based on new science depends heavily on the strength of universities and public research institutes in the underlying sciences. This is particularly true for the leading country — the United States.

scholarly journals Online Engagement Between Opposing Political Protest Groups via Social Media is Linked to Physical Violence of Offline Encounters

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 205630512098444
Author(s):  
John D. Gallacher ◽  
Marc W. Heerdink ◽  
Miles Hewstone
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Real World ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Real ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Spectrum

The rise of the Internet and social media has allowed individuals with different backgrounds, experiences, and opinions to communicate with one another in an open and largely unstructured way. One important question is whether the nature of online engagements between groups relates to the nature of encounters between these groups in the real world. We analyzed online conversations that occurred between members of protest groups from opposite sides of the political spectrum, obtained from Facebook event pages used to organize upcoming political protests and rallies in the United States and the United Kingdom and the occurrence of violence during these protests and rallies. Using natural language processing and text analysis, we show that increased engagement between groups online is associated with increased violence when these groups met in the real world. The level of engagement between groups taking place online is substantial, and can be characterized as negative, brief, and low in integrative complexity. These findings suggest that opposing groups may use unstructured online environments to engage with one another in hostile ways. This may reflect a worsening of relationships, in turn explaining the observed increases in physical violence offline. These findings raise questions as to whether unstructured online communication is compatible with positive intergroup contact, and highlights the role that the Internet might play in wider issues of extremism and radicalization.

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