scholarly journals Taste Receptors: New Players in Sperm Biology

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Luddi ◽  
Laura Governini ◽  
Dorke Wilmskötter ◽  
Thomas Gudermann ◽  
Ingrid Boekhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Observation ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
The Impact

Taste receptors were first described as sensory receptors located on the tongue, where they are expressed in small clusters of specialized epithelial cells. However, more studies were published in recent years pointing to an expression of these proteins not only in the oral cavity but throughout the body and thus to a physiological role beyond the tongue. The recent observation that taste receptors and components of the coupled taste transduction cascade are also expressed during the different phases of spermatogenesis as well as in mature spermatozoa from mouse to humans and the overlap between the ligand spectrum of taste receptors with compounds in the male and female reproductive organs makes it reasonable to assume that sperm “taste” these different cues in their natural microenvironments. This assumption is assisted by the recent observations of a reproductive phenotype of different mouse lines carrying a targeted deletion of a taste receptor gene as well as the finding of a significant correlation between human male infertility and some polymorphisms in taste receptors genes. In this review, we depict recent findings on the role of taste receptors in male fertility, especially focusing on their possible involvement in mechanisms underlying spermatogenesis and post testicular sperm maturation. We also highlight the impact of genetic deletions of taste receptors, as well as their polymorphisms on male reproduction.

scholarly journals Taste Receptors in Upper Airway Innate Immunity

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Carey ◽  
Robert J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Airway Infections ◽  
Chemosensory Pathways ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
The Impact

Taste receptors, first identified on the tongue, are best known for their role in guiding our dietary preferences. The expression of taste receptors for umami, sweet, and bitter have been demonstrated in tissues outside of the oral cavity, including in the airway, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive organs. The extra-oral taste receptor chemosensory pathways and the endogenous taste receptor ligands are generally unknown, but there is increasing data suggesting that taste receptors are involved in regulating some aspects of innate immunity, and may potentially control the composition of the nasal microbiome in healthy individuals or patients with upper respiratory diseases like chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). For this reason, taste receptors may serve as potential therapeutic targets, providing alternatives to conventional antibiotics. This review focuses on the physiology of sweet (T1R) and bitter (T2R) taste receptors in the airway and their activation by secreted bacterial products. There is particular focus on T2R38 in sinonasal ciliated cells, as well as the sweet and bitter receptors found on specialized sinonasal solitary chemosensory cells. Additionally, this review explores the impact of genetic variations in these receptors on the differential susceptibility of patients to upper airway infections, such as CRS.

scholarly journals Expression of Taste Receptor 2 Subtypes in Human Testis and Sperm

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Governini ◽  
Bianca Semplici ◽  
Valentina Pavone ◽  
Laura Crifasi ◽  
Camilla Marrocco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Human Testis ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Organ Systems

Taste receptors (TASRs) are expressed not only in the oral cavity but also throughout the body, thus suggesting that they may play different roles in organ systems beyond the tongue. Recent studies showed the expression of several TASRs in mammalian testis and sperm, indicating an involvement of these receptors in male gametogenesis and fertility. This notion is supported by an impaired reproductive phenotype of mouse carrying targeted deletion of taste receptor genes, as well as by a significant correlation between human semen parameters and specific polymorphisms of taste receptor genes. To better understand the biological and thus clinical significance of these receptors for human reproduction, we analyzed the expression of several members of the TAS2Rs family of bitter receptors in human testis and in ejaculated sperm before and after in vitro selection and capacitation. Our results provide evidence for the expression of TAS2R genes, with TAS2R14 being the most expressed bitter receptor subtype in both testis tissue and sperm cells, respectively. In addition, it was observed that in vitro capacitation significantly affects both the expression and the subcellular localization of these receptors in isolated spermatozoa. Interestingly, α-gustducin and α-transducin, two Gα subunits expressed in taste buds on the tongue, are also expressed in human spermatozoa; moreover, a subcellular redistribution of both G protein α-subunits to different sub-compartments of sperm was registered upon in vitro capacitation. Finally, we shed light on the possible downstream transduction pathway initiated upon taste receptor activation in the male reproductive system. Performing ultrasensitive droplets digital PCR assays to quantify RNA copy numbers of a distinct gene, we found a significant correlation between the expression of TAS2Rs and TRPM5 (r = 0.87), the cation channel involved in bitter but also sweet and umami taste transduction in taste buds on the tongue. Even if further studies are needed to clarify the precise functional role of taste receptors for successful reproduction, the presented findings significantly extend our knowledge of the biological role of TAS2Rs for human male fertility.

scholarly journals Sweet Taste Receptor Signaling Network: Possible Implication for Cognitive Functioning

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menizibeya O. Welcome ◽  
Nikos E. Mastorakis ◽  
Vladimir A. Pereverzev
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
The Body ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptors

Sweet taste receptors are transmembrane protein network specialized in the transmission of information from special “sweet” molecules into the intracellular domain. These receptors can sense the taste of a range of molecules and transmit the information downstream to several acceptors, modulate cell specific functions and metabolism, and mediate cell-to-cell coupling through paracrine mechanism. Recent reports indicate that sweet taste receptors are widely distributed in the body and serves specific function relative to their localization. Due to their pleiotropic signaling properties and multisubstrate ligand affinity, sweet taste receptors are able to cooperatively bind multiple substances and mediate signaling by other receptors. Based on increasing evidence about the role of these receptors in the initiation and control of absorption and metabolism, and the pivotal role of metabolic (glucose) regulation in the central nervous system functioning, we propose a possible implication of sweet taste receptor signaling in modulating cognitive functioning.

scholarly journals Динаміка біохімічних показників крові курей за асоціативних інвазій

2013 ◽  
pp. 174-177
Author(s):  
М. В. Голубцова
Keyword(s):  
Stress State ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Experimental Infestation ◽  
The Impact

У процесі життєдіяльності білки крові курей відіграють важливу фізіологічну роль у складних процесах обміну речовин. Зміни біохімічного складу крові курей за експериментальної інвазії відображають розвиток патологічних та імунних процесів і свідчать про стресовий стан організму, що дає змогу об’єктивно оцінити вплив різноманітних факторів на організм інвазованих курей. Зміни біохімічних показників крові супроводжувалися гіпопротеїнемією, гіпоальбумінемією, гіперглобулінемією, диспротеїнемією. During the life blood of birds proteins play very important physiological role in the complex metabolic processes. Changes of biochemical composition of chickens blood by experimental infestation reflects the development of pathological and immune processes and demonstrate the stress state of the organism, which allows to objectively assess the impact of various factors on the body of infested chickens. Changes of biochemical parameters in blood were accompanied by hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hiperhlobulinemia, dysproteinemia.

scholarly journals Receptor Regulation in Taste: Can Diet Influence How We Perceive Foods?

J ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashkan Shahbandi ◽  
Ezen Choo ◽  
Robin Dando
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Receptor Regulation ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Receptor Sensitivity ◽  
Small Pilot Study ◽  
Monosodium Salt ◽  
The Impact

Taste buds are the dedicated sensory end organs of taste, comprising a complex and evolving profile of signaling elements. The sensation and ultimate perception of taste depends on the expression of a diverse array of receptors and channels that sense their respective tastes. Receptor regulation is a recognized and well-studied phenomenon in many systems, observed in opioid addiction, insulin resistance and caffeine tolerance. Results from human sensory studies suggest that receptor sensitivity or expression level may decrease after chronic exposure to respective tastants through diet. We review data supporting the theory that taste receptors may become downregulated with exposure to a specific tastant, along with presenting data from a small pilot study, showing the impact of long-term tastant exposure on taste receptor expression in mice. Mice treated with monosodium salt monohydrate (MSG), saccharin and NaCl (typically appetitive tastes) all displayed a significant decrease in mRNA expression for respective umami, sweet and salty receptors/sensory channels. Reduced sensitivity to appetitive tastes may promote overconsumption of foods high in such stimuli.

scholarly journals Metabolic effects of iodine in poultry for its deficiency or excess in the diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Hunchak ◽  
I. B. Ratych ◽  
B. V. Gutyj ◽  
H. A. Paskevych
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
The Impact

The article is a generalization of the literature on the impact fn the iodine om  a birds, depending on the amount in the diet. In particular, we show that lack of iodine in the body of animals with food and water leads to metabolic disorders, the development of organs and body systems, weakening the function of the reproductive organs and the body's resistance to infection, resulting disruption of the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency is characterized by the development of secondary immunodeficiency, which manifests a high propensity to disease. This weak immune response correlated with impaired thyroid function. The absorption of bioelements may affect the availability of natural feed goitrogenes. However, it is shown that an excess of cobalt, iron, boron, manganese poultry diets may correlate with the biosynthesis of thyroid and promote the development of endemic goiter. Noted features integrated application of iodine with other trace elements, as well as the need for admission with food vitamin A. From the standpoint of modern scientific research proved that the metabolism of iodine and selenium are closely related and can affect each other manifestations of deficiency of essential bioelements. Shown that excess of iodine in laying hens, reduced their egg production and average egg weight in breeding poultry hatching degrade the quality of the eggs. Permanent, but reduced vitellogenesis that continues for a period of excess consumption of iodine and inhibiting ovulation is associated with the formation of progesterone violation largest follicle, resulting in blocked signal for preovulatory allocation of luteinizing hormone, which leads to the cessation of egg. Excess iodine in the diet inhibits puberty young male and female  birds. Thus, there is a reverse chronological relationship between feeding forages with high iodine content and the expected time of puberty. According to a toxic level of iodine in the diet, the liver bird aminotransferase increased activity and blood – alkaline phosphatase, decreased phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Thus, the deficit and surplus iodine leads to metabolic disorders, reproductive functions of animals and birds and lost productivity.

scholarly journals Вплив препарату «Трифузол» на функціональний стан печінки у курчат за еймеріозної інвазії

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (77) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
M. Kryshtalska ◽  
V. Hunchak ◽  
B. Gutyj
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
The Impact

In the process of vital functions chicken blood proteins play an important physiological role in the complex processes of metabolism. Changes in blood biochemical composition of chickens according to experimental invasions reflect the development of pathological and immune processes and point on the stress of the body, which makes it possible objectively evaluate the impact of various factors on the organism of infested chickens. We have found that chickens infected eymeriozic invasion in blood serum was a low level of total protein and especially its albumin fraction. This indicates inhibition of protein synthesized liver function. In return the content of globulin in blood serum of sick chickens was 12% higher. On the background of the general hypoproteinemia was found a significant disparity between albumin and globulins in blood serum of sick chickens, as indicated by a decrease in the A/T ratio. After applying for the treatment of chickens affected eymeriozic invasion, drug «Brovafom», due to its antiprotozoic action the influence of toxins eliminates on the liver and intestinal mucosa. However, the protein synthesized function of liver at 28 day of the experiment in experimental chickens has not been completely restored. In applying the drug «Trifuzol» to chickens from the research group D3, for eymeriozic invasion we have found the level increase in total protein and albumin fractions, and also level lowering of globulin in serum of chickens throughout the experiment. At the 21st and 28th day of research in chickens from the experimental group we observe the indices normalization of protein synthesized function of the liver. Within physiological variables was also A/T ratio. Combined use of Brovafom and Trifuzol to experimental chickens for eymeriozic invasion, contributed to better normalization in protein synthesized of liver function, than the use of Brovafom.

scholarly journals Loss of sweet taste despite the conservation of sweet receptor genes in insectivorous bats

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. e2021516118
Author(s):  
Hengwu Jiao ◽  
Huan-Wang Xie ◽  
Libiao Zhang ◽  
Nima Zhuoma ◽  
Peihua Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Insectivorous Bats ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptors

The evolution of taste perception is usually associated with the ecology and dietary changes of organisms. However, the association between feeding ecology and taste receptor evolution is unclear in some lineages of vertebrate animals. One example is the sweet taste receptor gene Tas1r2. Previous analysis of partial sequences has revealed that Tas1r2 has undergone equally strong purifying selection between insectivorous and frugivorous bats. To test whether the sweet taste function is also important in bats with contrasting diets, we examined the complete coding sequences of both sweet taste receptor genes (Tas1r2 and Tas1r3) in 34 representative bat species. Although these two genes are highly conserved between frugivorous and insectivorous bats at the sequence level, our behavioral experiments revealed that an insectivorous bat (Myotis ricketti) showed no preference for natural sugars, whereas the frugivorous species (Rousettus leschenaultii) showed strong preferences for sucrose and fructose. Furthermore, while both sweet taste receptor genes are expressed in the taste tissue of insectivorous and frugivorous bats, our cell-based assays revealed striking functional divergence: the sweet taste receptors of frugivorous bats are able to respond to natural sugars whereas those of insectivorous bats are not, which is consistent with the behavioral preference tests, suggesting that functional evolution of sweet taste receptors is closely related to diet. This comprehensive study suggests that using sequence conservation alone could be misleading in inferring protein and physiological function and highlights the power of combining behavioral experiments, expression analysis, and functional assays in molecular evolutionary studies.

scholarly journals Validasi Komik Asertif Organ Reproduksi Seri “Bagian Tubuh”

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-199
Author(s):  
Tri Suyati ◽  
Padmi Dhyah Yulianti ◽  
Ellya Rakhmawati
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: Sexual violence in early childhood is prevalent and shows an increasing prevalence. The impact caused by the occurrence of sexual violence experienced will affect the mental health of the victim. Therefore, early childhood needs to be saved from incidents of sexual violence because children are the future owners of the nation. Thus, the importance of equipping children with knowledge, attitudes and skills about themselves and their bodies to prevent sexual violence. The researchers in this study aim to produce Reproductive Organ Assertive Comics for early childhood and test the validity of assertive comics with the theme "Body Parts" as an effort to prevent sexual violence in young children. This research uses the design of Research and Development (R&D). There are ten stages carried out in this study. In this paper the researcher discusses only the content validity test of three expert judgments. Based on the results of the assessment of expert judgment, it was found that the comic assertive of reproductive organs (the prevention of sexual violence) with the theme "Parts of the Body" was appropriate to be used as an effort to prevent sexual violence for young children.

The Impact of Shariah Governance and Corporate Governance on the Risk Management Practices: Evidence from Local and Foreign Islamic Banks in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Sabri Embi ◽  
Zurina Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Shariah Governance ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Shariah governance and corporate governance (CG) on the risk management practices (RMPs) of local Islamic banks and foreign Islamic banks operating in Malaysia. The Shariah governance comprises the Shariah review (SR) and Shariah audit (SA) variables. The study also evaluates the level of RMPs, CG, SR, and SA between these two type of banks. With the aid of SPSS version 20, the items for RMPs, CG, SR, and SA were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). From the PCA, one component or factor was extracted each for the CG, SR, and RMPs while another two factors were extracted for the SA. Primary data was collected using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The questionnaire covers four aspects ; CG, SR, SA, and RMPs. The data received from the 300 usable questionnaires were subjected to correlation and regression analyses as well as an independent t-test. The result of correlation analysis shows that all the four variables have large positive correlations with each other indicating a strong and significant relationship between them. From the regression analysis undertaken, CG, SR, and SA together explained 52.3 percent of the RMPs and CG emerged as the most influential variable that impacts the RMPs. The independent t-test carried out shows that there were significant differences in the CG and SA between the local and foreign Islamic banks. However, there were no significant differences between the two types of the bank in relation to SR and RMPs. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge and is beneficial to academicians, industry players, regulators, and other stakeholders.

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