scholarly journals Mitochondrial Inheritance in Phytopathogenic Fungi—Everything Is Known, or Is It?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Mendoza ◽  
Michael H. Perlin ◽  
Jan Schirawski
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mitochondrial Inheritance ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Organellar Genome ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Replication Control ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Replication

Mitochondria are important organelles in eukaryotes that provide energy for cellular processes. Their function is highly conserved and depends on the expression of nuclear encoded genes and genes encoded in the organellar genome. Mitochondrial DNA replication is independent of the replication control of nuclear DNA and as such, mitochondria may behave as selfish elements, so they need to be controlled, maintained and reliably inherited to progeny. Phytopathogenic fungi meet with special environmental challenges within the plant host that might depend on and influence mitochondrial functions and services. We find that this topic is basically unexplored in the literature, so this review largely depends on work published in other systems. In trying to answer elemental questions on mitochondrial functioning, we aim to introduce the aspect of mitochondrial functions and services to the study of plant-microbe-interactions and stimulate phytopathologists to consider research on this important organelle in their future projects.

PrimPol (Primase/Polymerase), replicating enzyme – A mini review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amir ◽  
Sabeera Afzal ◽  
Alia Ishaq
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Dna Polymerases ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Replication ◽  
Dna Template ◽  
Preliminary Phase

Polymerases were revealed first in 1970s. Most important to the modest perception the enzyme responsible for nuclear DNA replication that was pol , for DNA repair pol and for mitochondrial DNA replication pol  DNA construction and renovation done by DNA polymerases, so directing both the constancy and discrepancy of genetic information. Replication of genome initiate with DNA template-dependent fusion of small primers of RNA. This preliminary phase in replication of DNA demarcated as de novo primer synthesis which is catalyzed by specified polymerases known as primases. Sixteen diverse DNA-synthesizing enzymes about human perspective are devoted to replication, reparation, mutilation lenience, and inconsistency of nuclear DNA. But in dissimilarity, merely one DNA polymerase has been called in mitochondria. It has been suggest that PrimPol is extremely acting the roles by re-priming DNA replication in mitochondria to permit an effective and appropriate way replication to be accomplished. Investigations from a numeral of test site have significantly amplified our appreciative of the role, recruitment and regulation of the enzyme during DNA replication. Though, we are simply just start to increase in value the versatile roles that play PrimPol in eukaryote.

scholarly journals Functional Interplay between Cristae Biogenesis, Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitochondrial DNA Integrity

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar Kondadi ◽  
Ruchika Anand ◽  
Andreas S. Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mitochondrial Structure ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Cellular Organelles

Mitochondria are vital cellular organelles involved in a plethora of cellular processes such as energy conversion, calcium homeostasis, heme biogenesis, regulation of apoptosis and ROS reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Although they are frequently depicted as static bean-shaped structures, our view has markedly changed over the past few decades as many studies have revealed a remarkable dynamicity of mitochondrial shapes and sizes both at the cellular and intra-mitochondrial levels. Aberrant changes in mitochondrial dynamics and cristae structure are associated with ageing and numerous human diseases (e.g., cancer, diabetes, various neurodegenerative diseases, types of neuro- and myopathies). Another unique feature of mitochondria is that they harbor their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). MtDNA exists in several hundreds to thousands of copies per cell and is arranged and packaged in the mitochondrial matrix in structures termed mt-nucleoids. Many human diseases are mechanistically linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and alteration of the number and/or the integrity of mtDNA. In particular, several recent studies identified remarkable and partly unexpected links between mitochondrial structure, fusion and fission dynamics, and mtDNA. In this review, we will provide an overview about these recent insights and aim to clarify how mitochondrial dynamics, cristae ultrastructure and mtDNA structure influence each other and determine mitochondrial functions.

scholarly journals The inositol polyphosphate kinase Ipk1 transcriptionally regulates mitochondrial functions in Candida albicans

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hangqi Zhu ◽  
Nali Zhu ◽  
Liping Peng ◽  
Bing Zhang ◽  
Qilin Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Polyphosphate Kinase ◽  
Inositol Polyphosphate ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Respiratory Chain Complexes ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions

ABSTRACT Inositol polyphosphates (IPs) is an important family of signaling molecules that regulate multiple cellular processes, such as chromatin remodeling, transcription and mRNA export. Inositol polyphosphate kinases, as the critical enzymes for production and transformation of IPs, directly determine the intracellular levels of IPs and therefore are involved in many cellular processes. However, its roles in Candida albicans, the leading fungal pathogen in human beings, remain to be investigated. In this study, we identified the inositol polyphosphate kinase Ipk1 in C. albicans and found that it localizes in the nucleus. Moreover, in the ipk1Δ/Δ mutant, the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and the mitochondrial function was severely impaired, which were associated with down-regulation of mitochondrial function-related genes revealed by transcription profiling analysis. The ipk1Δ/Δ mutant also displayed hypersensitivity to a series of environmental stresses, such as antifungal drugs, oxidants, cell wall perturbing agents and macrophage attacks, followed by attenuation of virulence in a mouse systematic infection model. These findings firstly reported the importance of inositol polyphosphate kinase Ipk1 in C. albicans, especially its role in mitochondrial function maintenance and pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Mechanisms: An Emerging Player in Plant-Microbe Interactions

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian-Hao Zhu ◽  
Wei-Xing Shan ◽  
Michael A. Ayliffe ◽  
Ming-Bo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Pathogen Challenge ◽  
Microbe Interactions

Plants have developed diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms to cope with a lifetime of exposure to a variety of pathogens. Host transcriptional reprogramming is a central part of plant defense upon pathogen recognition. Recent studies link DNA methylation and demethylation as well as chromatin remodeling by posttranslational histone modifications, including acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitination, to changes in the expression levels of defense genes upon pathogen challenge. Remarkably these inducible defense mechanisms can be primed prior to pathogen attack by epigenetic modifications and this heightened resistance state can be transmitted to subsequent generations by inheritance of these modification patterns. Beside the plant host, epigenetic mechanisms have also been implicated in virulence development of pathogens. This review highlights recent findings and insights into epigenetic mechanisms associated with interactions between plants and pathogens, in particular bacterial and fungal pathogens, and demonstrates the positive role they can have in promoting plant defense.

scholarly journals The Role of Glycoside Hydrolases in Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes Virulence

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9359
Author(s):  
Vahideh Rafiei ◽  
Heriberto Vélëz ◽  
Georgios Tzelepis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Phytopathogenic fungi need to secrete different hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall in order to enter the host and develop the disease. Fungi produce various types of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) during infection. Most of the characterized CWDEs belong to glycoside hydrolases (GHs). These enzymes hydrolyze glycosidic bonds and have been identified in many fungal species sequenced to date. Many studies have shown that CWDEs belong to several GH families and play significant roles in the invasion and pathogenicity of fungi and oomycetes during infection on the plant host, but their mode of function in virulence is not yet fully understood. Moreover, some of the CWDEs that belong to different GH families act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which trigger plant immune responses. In this review, we summarize the most important GHs that have been described in eukaryotic phytopathogens and are involved in the establishment of a successful infection.

scholarly journals Disruption of a ∼23-24 nucleotide small RNA pathway elevates DNA damage responses in Tetrahymena thermophila

2021 ◽  
pp. mbc.E20-10-0631
Author(s):  
Suzanne R Lee ◽  
Daniel A Pollard ◽  
Domenico F Galati ◽  
Megan L Kelly ◽  
Brian Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Tetrahymena Thermophila ◽  
Genome Integrity ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Dna Damage Responses ◽  
Dna Break

Endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) pathways regulate a wide range of cellular processes in diverse eukaryotes, yet in the ciliated eukaryote, Tetrahymena thermophila, the cellular purpose of RNAi pathways that generate ∼23-24 nucleotide (nt) small (s)RNAs has remained unknown. Here, we investigated the phenotypic and gene expression impacts on vegetatively growing cells when genes involved in ∼23-24 nt sRNA biogenesis are disrupted. We observed slower proliferation and increased expression of genes involved in DNA metabolism and chromosome organization and maintenance in sRNA biogenesis mutants RSP1Δ, RDN2Δ, and RDF2Δ. In addition, RSP1Δ and RDN2Δ cells frequently exhibited enlarged chromatin extrusion bodies, which are non-nuclear, DNA-containing structures that may be akin to mammalian micronuclei. Expression of homologous recombination factor Rad51 was specifically elevated in RSP1Δ and RDN2Δ strains, with Rad51 and double-stranded DNA break (DSB) marker γ-H2A.X localized to discrete macronuclear foci. In addition, an increase in Rad51 and γ-H2A.X foci were also found in knockouts of TWI8, a macronucleus-localized PIWI protein. Together, our findings suggest that an evolutionarily conserved role for RNAi pathways in maintaining genome integrity may be extended even to the early branching eukaryotic lineage that gave rise to Tetrahymena thermophila.

Origin of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide pools in perfused rat heart: implications for 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine-dependent cardiotoxicity

2009 ◽  
Vol 422 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald W. Morris ◽  
Tyler A. Iams ◽  
Kira G. Slepchenko ◽  
Edward E. McKee
Keyword(s):  
Rat Heart ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Salvage Pathway ◽  
Isotopic Tracing ◽  
Pyrimidine Synthesis ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
De Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Replication ◽  
Thymidine Kinase 2

In adult non-replicating tissues such as heart, demand for dNTPs (deoxynucleoside triphosphates) is low but essential for mitochondrial DNA replication and nuclear DNA repair. dNTPs may be synthesized from salvage of deoxyribonucleosides or by reduction of ribonucleotides. We have hypothesized that the cardiac mitochondrial toxicity of the nucleoside analogue AZT (3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine; known as zidovudine) is caused by inhibition of thymidine kinase 2 of the salvage pathway and subsequent TTP pool depletion. The extent to which this hypothesis has merit depends on how much the heart relies on thymidine phosphorylation for maintenance of the TTP pool. In the present study, we used isotopic tracing to demonstrate that both TTP and dCTP are solely synthesized by phosphorylation of thymidine and deoxycytidine respectively, with no evidence for synthesis from other precursors. We have also shown that UTP and CTP are synthesized by phosphorylation of uridine and cytidine respectively, with no detectable role for the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway. Lastly, we have demonstrated that AZT decreased the TTP pool by 50% in 30 min of perfusion, while having no effect on other dNTPs. In summary, the present study demonstrated that adult rat heart has a limited mechanism for dCTP and TTP synthesis and thus these pools may be more sensitive than replicating cells to drugs such as AZT that affect the salvage pathway.

The Phosphate Starvation Response System: its role in the regulation of plant-microbe interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariel C Isidra-Arellano ◽  
Pierre-Marc Delaux ◽  
Oswaldo Valdés-López
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Phosphate Starvation ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Starvation Response ◽  
Phosphate Starvation Response ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Pi Deficiency

Abstract Phosphate (Pi) deficiency is a major factor limiting plant productivity worldwide. Land plants have evolved different strategies to cope with Pi deficiency. For instance, plants activate the so-called Pi Starvation Response (PSR) system, which is regulated by the transcription factor Phosphate Starvation Response1 (PHR1), to adjust plant growth and metabolic activity accordingly. Additionally, land plants can also establish mutualistic associations with soil microbes able to solubilize Pi from plant-inaccessible soil complexes and to transfer it to the host plant. A growing body of evidence indicates that PHR1 and the PSR system not only regulate the plant responses to Pi deficiency in an abiotic context, but they are also crucial for plants to properly interact with beneficial soil microbes able to provide them with soluble Pi. Recent evidence indicates that PHR1 and the PSR system contribute to shaping the plant-associated microbiota through the modulation of the plant immune system. The PSR and immune system outputs are tightly integrated by PHR1. Here, we review how plant-host Pi status influences the establishment of the mutualistic association with soil microbes. We also highlight the role of PHR1 and the PSR system in shaping both the root microbiome and plant responses to Pi deficiency.

scholarly journals Biotrophic interactions disentangled: In situ localisation of mRNAs to decipher plant and algal pathogen – host interactions at the single cell level

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Badstöber ◽  
Claire M. M. Gachon ◽  
Jutta Ludwig-Müller ◽  
Adolf M. Sandbichler ◽  
Sigrid Neuhauser
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Ectocarpus Siliculosus ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Algal Host ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Genome Model ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

SummaryPlant-pathogen interactions follow spatiotemporal developmental dynamics where gene expression in pathogen and host undergo crucial changes. It is of great interest to detect, quantify and localise where and when key genes are active or inactive. Here, we adapt single molecule FISH techniques to demonstrate presence and activity of mRNAs using phytomyxids in their plant and algal host from laboratory and field materials. This allowed to monitor and quantify the expression of genes from the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, several species of its Brassica hosts, and of several brown algae, including the genome model Ectocarpus siliculosus, infected with the phytomyxid Maullinia ectocarpii. We show that mRNAs are localised along a spatiotemporal gradient, thus providing proof-of-concept of the usefulness of these methods. These methods are easily adaptable to any interaction between microbes and their algal or plant host, and have the potential to increase our understanding of processes underpinning complex plant-microbe interactions.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial properties of phytohormone (gibberellins) against phytopathogens and clinical pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paoirse Toner ◽  
David Nelson ◽  
Juluri R. Rao ◽  
Madeleine Ennis ◽  
John E. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Wide Range

The in vitro antimicrobial potential of physiologically active diterpenoid plant-derived gibberellins (gibberellic acids; GAs) was tested on microbial pathogens of significance to plant and human health. The racemic enantiomer GA3 produced varying inhibitory effects against a wide range of plant host disease causal agents (phytopathogens) comprising fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. The results showed that GA3 effected either strong growth arrest of phytopathogenic fungi or holistic biocidal effects on oomycete and phytopathogenic fungi at higher concentration (>10–50 mM) and increased hyphal extension growth when the concentration of GA3 was lowered (<10−0.1 mM). When human clinical pathogenic bacteria cohorts were challenged with gibberellin enantiomers, viz GA1, GA4, GA5, GA7, GA9 and GA13 (50 mM), employing Kirby–Bauer disc bioassay methods for assessment of their efficacies, no inhibitory effect was seen with gibberellin enantiomers, viz GA1, GA3, GA5 and GA13, while GA4 inhibited all human clinical bacterial organisms examined, with GA7 and GA9 showing limited activity. The antibiotic effects of enantiomeric diterpenoid phytohormones evinced in our preliminary study raise prospects for further studies to fully examine their potential therapeutic value for human healthcare and their compliance with cytotoxicity and other ethical considerations in the future.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document