Nitrite Reductase 1 Is a Target of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications and Controls Nitrogen Flux and Growth in Arabidopsis

Plant growth is the result of the coordinated photosynthesis-mediated assimilation of oxidized forms of C, N and S. Nitrate is the predominant N source in soils and its reductive assimilation requires the successive activities of soluble cytosolic NADH-nitrate reductases (NR) and plastid stroma ferredoxin-nitrite reductases (NiR) allowing the conversion of nitrate to nitrite and then to ammonium. However, nitrite, instead of being reduced to ammonium in plastids, can be reduced to nitric oxide (NO) in mitochondria, through a process that is relevant under hypoxic conditions, or in the cytoplasm, through a side-reaction catalyzed by NRs. We use a loss-of-function approach, based on CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic edition, and gain-of-function, using transgenic overexpressing HA-tagged Arabidopsis NiR1 to characterize the role of this enzyme in controlling plant growth, and to propose that the NO-related post-translational modifications, by S-nitrosylation of key C residues, might inactivate NiR1 under stress conditions. NiR1 seems to be a key target in regulating nitrogen assimilation and NO homeostasis, being relevant to the control of both plant growth and performance under stress conditions. Because most higher plants including crops have a single NiR, the modulation of its function might represent a relevant target for agrobiotechnological purposes.

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N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II Is Involved in Plant Growth and Development Under Stress Conditions

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.761064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jae Yong Yoo ◽

Ki Seong Ko ◽

Bich Ngoc Vu ◽

Young Eun Lee ◽

Seok Han Yoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Root Growth Inhibition ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Cytokinin Signaling ◽

Mannose Residue ◽

Glcnac Residue ◽

Physiological Importance

Alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase [EC 2.4.1.143, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GnTII)] catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue from the nucleotide sugar donor UDP-GlcNAc to the α1,6-mannose residue of the di-antennary N-glycan acceptor GlcNAc(Xyl)Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2 in the Golgi apparatus. Although the formation of the GlcNAc2(Xyl)Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2 N-glycan is known to be associated with GnTII activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, its physiological significance is still not fully understood in plants. To address the physiological importance of the GlcNAc2(Xyl)Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2 N-glycan, we examined the phenotypic effects of loss-of-function mutations in GnTII in the presence and absence of stress, and responsiveness to phytohormones. Prolonged stress induced by tunicamycin (TM) or sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment increased GnTII expression in wild-type Arabidopsis (ecotype Col-0) but caused severe developmental damage in GnTII loss-of-function mutants (gnt2-1 and gnt2-2). The absence of the 6-arm GlcNAc residue in the N-glycans in gnt2-1 facilitated the TM-induced unfolded protein response, accelerated dark-induced leaf senescence, and reduced cytokinin signaling, as well as susceptibility to cytokinin-induced root growth inhibition. Furthermore, gnt2-1 and gnt2-2 seedlings exhibited enhanced N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid-induced inhibition of tropic growth and development. Thus, GnTII’s promotion of the 6-arm GlcNAc addition to N-glycans is important for plant growth and development under stress conditions, possibly via affecting glycoprotein folding and/or distribution.

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Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide in Higher Plants under Physiological and Stress Conditions

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8100457 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 457 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Corpas

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Stress Conditions

n/a

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Osmotic stress in banana is relieved by exogenous nitric oxide

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.10879 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e10879 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Asyraf Mohd Amnan ◽

Teen-Lee Pua ◽

Su-Ee Lau ◽

Boon Chin Tan ◽

Hisateru Yamaguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Osmotic Stress ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Label Free ◽

Defensive Responses ◽

Osmotic Stress Tolerance ◽

Nano Liquid Chromatography

Drought is one of the severe environmental stresses threatening agriculture around the globe. Nitric oxide plays diverse roles in plant growth and defensive responses. Despite a few studies supporting the role of nitric oxide in plants under drought responses, little is known about its pivotal molecular amendment in the regulation of stress signaling. In this study, a label-free nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach was used to determine the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress in banana roots. Plant treatment with SNP improved plant growth and reduced the percentage of yellow leaves. A total of 30 and 90 proteins were differentially identified in PEG+SNP against PEG and PEG+SNP against the control, respectively. The majority of proteins differing between them were related to carbohydrate and energy metabolisms. Antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase, decreased in SNP-treated banana roots compared to PEG-treated banana. These results suggest that the nitric oxide-induced osmotic stress tolerance could be associated with improved carbohydrate and energy metabolism capability in higher plants.

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Revealing on hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide signals co‐ordination for plant growth under stress conditions

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1111/ppl.13002 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Simranjeet Singh ◽

Vijay Kumar ◽

Dhriti Kapoor ◽

Sanjay Kumar ◽

Satyender Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Stress Conditions

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Actin-Related Protein 4 Interacts with PIE1 and Regulates Gene Expression in Arabidopsis

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12040520 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 520

Author(s):

Wenfeng Nie ◽

Jinyu Wang

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Chromatin Remodeling ◽

Leaf Size ◽

Early Flowering ◽

Physical Interaction ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Single Nucleotide Change ◽

Chromatin Remodeling Complex ◽

Related Proteins

As essential structural components of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex, the nucleolus-localized actin-related proteins (ARPs) play critical roles in many biological processes. Among them, ARP4 is identified as an integral subunit of chromatin remodeling complex SWR1, which is conserved in yeast, humans and plants. It was shown that RNAi mediated knock-down of Arabidopsis thaliana ARP4 (AtARP4) could affect plant development, specifically, leading to early flowering. However, so far, little is known about how ARP4 functions in the SWR1 complex in plant. Here, we identified a loss-of-function mutant of AtARP4 with a single nucleotide change from glycine to arginine, which had significantly smaller leaf size. The results from the split luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) and yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assays confirmed its physical interaction with the scaffold and catalytic subunit of SWR1 complex, photoperiod-independent early flowering 1 (PIE1). Furthermore, mutation of AtARP4 caused altered transcription response of hundreds of genes, in which the number of up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was much larger than those down-regulated. Although most DEGs in atarp4 are related to plant defense and response to hormones such as salicylic acid, overall, it has less overlapping with other swr1 mutants and the hta9 hta11 double-mutant. In conclusion, our results reveal that AtARP4 is important for plant growth and such an effect is likely attributed to its repression on gene expression, typically at defense-related loci, thus providing some evidence for the coordination of plant growth and defense, while the regulatory patterns and mechanisms are distinctive from other SWR1 complex components.

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Silicon Stimulates Plant Growth and Metabolism in Rice Plants under Conventional and Osmotic Stress Conditions

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040777 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 777

Author(s):

Sara Monzerrat Ramírez-Olvera ◽

Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez ◽

Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino ◽

Lucero del Mar Ruíz-Posadas ◽

Ernesto Gabriel Alcántar-González ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Osmotic Stress ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Chlorophyll B ◽

Rice Seedlings ◽

Root Volume ◽

Total Sugars ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Peg 8000

Exogenous silicon (Si) can enhance plant resistance to various abiotic factors causing osmotic stress. The objective of this research was to evaluate the application of 1 and 2 mM Si to plants under normal conditions and under osmotic stress. Morelos A-98 rice seedlings, were treated with 1 and 2 mM SiO2 for 28 d. Subsequently, half of the plants were subjected to osmotic stress with the addition of 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000; and continued with the addition of Si (0, 1 and 2 mM SiO2) for both conditions. The application of Si under both conditions increased chlorophyll b in leaves, root volume, as well as fresh and dry biomass of roots. Interestingly, the number of tillers, shoot fresh and dry biomass, shoot water content, concentration of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a/b ratio, and the concentration of total sugars and proline in shoot increased with the addition of Si under osmotic stress conditions. The addition of Si under normal conditions decreased the concentration of sugars in the roots, K and Mn in roots, and increased the concentration of Fe and Zn in shoots. Therefore, Si can be used as a potent inorganic biostimulant in rice Morelos A-98 since it stimulates plant growth and modulates the concentration of vital biomolecules and essential nutrients.

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Roles of Nitric Oxide in Conferring Multiple Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants and Crosstalk with Other Plant Growth Regulators

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation ◽

10.1007/s00344-021-10446-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rajesh Kumar Singhal ◽

Hanuman Singh Jatav ◽

Tariq Aftab ◽

Saurabh Pandey ◽

Udit Nandan Mishra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Abiotic Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Stress Tolerance ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Abiotic Stress Tolerance

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Melatonin as Master Regulator in Plant Growth, Development and Stress Alleviator for Sustainable Agricultural Production: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010294 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 294

Author(s):

Khadija Nawaz ◽

Rimsha Chaudhary ◽

Ayesha Sarwar ◽

Bushra Ahmad ◽

Asma Gul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Crop Production ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽

Current Status ◽

Master Regulator ◽

Abiotic Stressors ◽

Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽

Growth Development

Melatonin, a multifunctional signaling molecule, is ubiquitously distributed in different parts of a plant and responsible for stimulating several physiochemical responses against adverse environmental conditions in various plant systems. Melatonin acts as an indoleamine neurotransmitter and is primarily considered as an antioxidant agent that can control reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in plants. Melatonin, being a signaling agent, induces several specific physiological responses in plants that might serve to enhance photosynthesis, growth, carbon fixation, rooting, seed germination and defense against several biotic and abiotic stressors. It also works as an important modulator of gene expression related to plant hormones such as in the metabolism of indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin and auxin carrier proteins. Additionally, the regulation of stress-specific genes and the activation of pathogenesis-related protein and antioxidant enzyme genes under stress conditions make it a more versatile molecule. Because of the diversity of action of melatonin, its role in plant growth, development, behavior and regulation of gene expression it is a plant’s master regulator. This review outlines the main functions of melatonin in the physiology, growth, development and regulation of higher plants. Its role as anti-stressor agent against various abiotic stressors, such as drought, salinity, temperatures, UV radiation and toxic chemicals, is also analyzed critically. Additionally, we have also identified many new aspects where melatonin may have possible roles in plants, for example, its function in improving the storage life and quality of fruits and vegetables, which can be useful in enhancing the environmentally friendly crop production and ensuring food safety.

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