scholarly journals Peripheral Glycolysis in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Bell ◽  
Toby Burgess ◽  
James Lee ◽  
Daniel J. Blackburn ◽  
Scott P. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Peripheral Cells ◽  
Multiple Patients ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of nervous system conditions characterised pathologically by the abnormal deposition of protein throughout the brain and spinal cord. One common pathophysiological change seen in all neurodegenerative disease is a change to the metabolic function of nervous system and peripheral cells. Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate or lactate which results in the generation of ATP and has been shown to be abnormal in peripheral cells in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Changes to the glycolytic pathway are seen early in neurodegenerative disease and highlight how in multiple neurodegenerative conditions pathology is not always confined to the nervous system. In this paper, we review the abnormalities described in glycolysis in the three most common neurodegenerative diseases. We show that in all three diseases glycolytic changes are seen in fibroblasts, and red blood cells, and that liver, kidney, muscle and white blood cells have abnormal glycolysis in certain diseases. We highlight there is potential for peripheral glycolysis to be developed into multiple types of disease biomarker, but large-scale bio sampling and deciphering how glycolysis is inherently altered in neurodegenerative disease in multiple patients’ needs to be accomplished first to meet this aim.

scholarly journals Biomedical applications of voice and speech processing

Loquens ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 035
Author(s):  
Pedro Gómez Vilda
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Anatomic Localization ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Neurological deterioration presents different variants depending on their classification criterion, which may be their anatomic localization or their disease clinical features, although there is not a clear cut between both. Anatomically this ample group of disorders may affect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), or the peripheral nervous system. Clinically, the neurodegenerative disorders are classified as affecting cognitive functions or neuromotor capabilities. In the group of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Fronto-Temporal Dementia (FTD) are to be found, whereas in the second group certain pathologies as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s Disease (HD) or myasthenia gravis (MG) are among the most frequent ones, although “the number of neurodegenerative diseases is currently estimated to be a few hundred” (Przedborski et al., 2003). All these pathologies produce correlates in speech at different levels: in fluency, in prosody, in articulation or in phonation. Speech technologies offer computer solutions to evaluate objectively detected anomalies in each level, adding statistical robustness, which makes them suitable for their clinical and rehabilitative application. The present issue is devoted to briefly review the characteristics of the diseases mentioned before, defining the foundations of the correlate features present in each one. Some computer solutions available in detecting and monitoring illness progress are reviewed in the contributions of different research groups working in this field.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

scholarly journals Genetic and Transcriptomic Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Situation and the Road Ahead

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Julie Lake ◽  
Catherine S. Storm ◽  
Mary B. Makarious ◽  
Sara Bandres-Ciga
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Current State ◽  
Molecular Complexity ◽  
Science Framework ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Neurodegenerative diseases are etiologically and clinically heterogeneous conditions, often reflecting a spectrum of disease rather than well-defined disorders. The underlying molecular complexity of these diseases has made the discovery and validation of useful biomarkers challenging. The search of characteristic genetic and transcriptomic indicators for preclinical disease diagnosis, prognosis, or subtyping is an area of ongoing effort and interest. The next generation of biomarker studies holds promise by implementing meaningful longitudinal and multi-modal approaches in large scale biobank and healthcare system scale datasets. This work will only be possible in an open science framework. This review summarizes the current state of genetic and transcriptomic biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, providing a comprehensive landscape of recent literature and future directions.

scholarly journals The Emerging Roles of the Calcineurin-Nuclear Factor of Activated T-Lymphocytes Pathway in Nervous System Functions and Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maulilio John Kipanyula ◽  
Wahabu Hamisi Kimaro ◽  
Paul F. Seke Etet
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Activated T Lymphocytes ◽  
Endogenous Regulators ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

The ongoing epidemics of metabolic diseases and increase in the older population have increased the incidences of neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence from murine and cell line models has implicated calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes (NFAT) signaling pathway, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent major proinflammatory pathway, in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Neurotoxins such as amyloid-β, tau protein, andα-synuclein trigger abnormal calcineurin/NFAT signaling activities. Additionally increased activities of endogenous regulators of calcineurin like plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) and regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) also cause neuronal and glial loss and related functional alterations, in neurodegenerative diseases, psychotic disorders, epilepsy, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Treatment with calcineurin/NFAT inhibitors induces some degree of neuroprotection and decreased reactive gliosis in the central and peripheral nervous system. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of the roles of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in physiology and pathologies of the adult and developing nervous system, with an emphasis on recent reports and cutting-edge findings. Calcineurin/NFAT signaling is known for its critical roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Its role in physiological and pathological processes is still controversial. However, available data suggest that its beneficial and detrimental effects are context-dependent. In view of recent reports calcineurin/NFAT signaling is likely to serve as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. This review further highlights the need to characterize better all factors determining the outcome of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in diseases and the downstream targets mediating the beneficial and detrimental effects.

scholarly journals Prioritizing Causal Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19: An Exhaustive Mendelian Randomization Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitang Sun ◽  
Jingqi Zhou ◽  
Kaixiong Ye
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Identifying causal risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical for its prevention and treatment. Many associated pre-existing conditions and biomarkers have been reported, but these observational associations suffer from confounding and reverse causation. Here, we perform a large-scale two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the causal roles of many traits in severe COVID-19. Our results highlight multiple body mass index (BMI)-related traits as risk-increasing: BMI (OR:1.89, 95% CI:1.51–2.37), hip circumference (OR:1.46, 1.15–1.85), and waist circumference (OR:1.82, 1.36–2.43). Our multivariable MR analysis further shows that the BMI-related effect is driven by fat mass (OR:1.63, 1.03–2.58), but not fat-free mass (OR:1.00, 0.61–1.66). Several white blood cell counts are negatively associated with severe COVID-19, including those of neutrophils (OR:0.76, 0.61–0.94), granulocytes (OR:0.75, 0.601–0.93), and myeloid white blood cells (OR:0.77, 0.62–0.96). Furthermore, some circulating proteins are associated with an increased risk of (e.g., zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein) or protection from severe COVID-19 (e.g., interleukin-3/6 receptor subunit alpha). Our study shows that fat mass and white blood cells underlie the etiology of severe COVID-19. It also identifies risk and protective factors that could serve as drug targets and guide the effective protection of high-risk individuals.

scholarly journals Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 887
Author(s):  
Josephine Trichka ◽  
Wen-Quan Zou
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Microbial Metabolite ◽  
The Past

The process of neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenic mechanism of many neurodegenerative diseases. The deleterious attributes of neuroinflammation involve aberrant and uncontrolled activation of glia, which can result in damage to proximal brain parenchyma. Failure to distinguish self from non-self, as well as leukocyte reaction to aggregation and accumulation of proteins in the CNS, are the primary mechanisms by which neuroinflammation is initiated. While processes local to the CNS may instigate neurodegenerative disease, the existence or dysregulation of systemic homeostasis can also serve to improve or worsen CNS pathologies, respectively. One fundamental component of systemic homeostasis is the gut microbiota, which communicates with the CNS via microbial metabolite production, the peripheral nervous system, and regulation of tryptophan metabolism. Over the past 10–15 years, research focused on the microbiota–gut–brain axis has culminated in the discovery that dysbiosis, or an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic gut bacteria, can promote CNS pathologies. Conversely, a properly regulated and well-balanced microbiome supports CNS homeostasis and reduces the incidence and extent of pathogenic neuroinflammation. This review will discuss the role of the gut microbiota in exacerbating or alleviating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, and potential microbiota-based therapeutic approaches to reduce pathology in diseased states.

scholarly journals Hematological indices and abnormalities among patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kosti city of the White Nile State, Sudan: A comparative study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa ◽  
Rashad Abdul-Ghani ◽  
Abdelhakam G. Tamomh ◽  
Nur Eldin Eltaher ◽  
Nada Y. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Low Level ◽  
White Nile ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Rbc Count

Abstract Background: Hematological abnormalities are common features in falciparum malaria but vary among different populations across countries. Therefore, we compared hematological indices and abnormalities between Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients and malaria-negative subjects in Kosti city of the White Nile State, Sudan. Methods: A comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Medical Technology Laboratory Unit of Kosti Teaching Hospital from June to December 2018. A total of 392 participants (192 P. falciparum-infected patients and 200 malaria-negative subjects) were recruited in the study. Hematological indices of hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets were measured and their median values were statistically compared. Results: The majority of P. falciparum-infected patients (64.6%) showed a low-level parasitemia. The median values of Hb concentration, RBC count, mean corpuscular Hb and mean corpuscular Hb concentration were significantly lower in P. falciparum-infected patients, with anemia being significantly higher among infected patients than malaria-negative subjects (60.4% vs. 29.5%, respectively). The median total WBC count was non-significantly higher in P. falciparum-infected patients, with leucopenia being non-significantly different between both groups. The median platelet count was significantly lower in P. falciparum-infected patients, with thrombocytopenia being significantly higher among infected patients than malaria-negative subjects (72.4% vs. 5.0%, respectively).Conclusions: Most falciparum malaria infections among patients in Kosti city of the White Nile State – Sudan are of low-level parasitemia. Nevertheless, falciparum malaria is significantly associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia with lower median values of Hb, RBC count, MCH, MCHC and platelet count in P. falciparum-infected patients than malaria-negative subjects. In contrast, leucopenia is not useful to predict falciparum malaria. Further large-scale studies in community and healthcare settings and inclusion of patients with complicated or severe malaria and those with high parasite densities are recommended.

scholarly journals Influence of aging and neurodegenerative disease on changes in band 3-like proteins in white blood cells

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
G.J.C.G.M. Bosman ◽  
B.D. Steetzel ◽  
A.J.M. De Man ◽  
P.J.C. Van Kalmthout ◽  
F.E. Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Band 3

scholarly journals Hsp70 and Its Molecular Role in Nervous System Diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Turturici ◽  
Gabriella Sconzo ◽  
Fabiana Geraci
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Cellular Stress Response ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cerebral Ischemic

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are induced in response to many injuries including stroke, neurodegenerative disease, epilepsy, and trauma. The overexpression of one HSP in particular, Hsp70, serves a protective role in several different models of nervous system injury, but has also been linked to a deleterious role in some diseases. Hsp70 functions as a chaperone and protects neurons from protein aggregation and toxicity (Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, polyglutamine diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), protects cells from apoptosis (Parkinson disease), is a stress marker (temporal lobe epilepsy), protects cells from inflammation (cerebral ischemic injury), has an adjuvant role in antigen presentation and is involved in the immune response in autoimmune disease (multiple sclerosis). The worldwide incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is high. As neurodegenerative diseases disproportionately affect older individuals, disease-related morbidity has increased along with the general increase in longevity. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration is key to identifying methods of prevention and treatment. Investigators have observed protective effects of HSPs induced by preconditioning, overexpression, or drugs in a variety of models of brain disease. Experimental data suggest that manipulation of the cellular stress response may offer strategies to protect the brain during progression of neurodegenerative disease.

scholarly journals Hematological Indices and Abnormalities Among Patients With Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Kosti City of the White Nile State, Sudan: a Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa ◽  
Rashad Abdul-Ghani ◽  
Abdelhakam G. Tamomh ◽  
Nur Eldin Eltaher ◽  
Nada Y. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Low Level ◽  
White Nile ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Rbc Count

Abstract Background: Hematological abnormalities are common features in falciparum malaria but vary among different populations across countries. Therefore, we compared hematological indices and abnormalities between Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients and malaria-negative subjects in Kosti city of the White Nile State, Sudan. Methods: A comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Medical Technology Laboratory Unit of Kosti Teaching Hospital from June to December 2018. A total of 392 participants (192 P. falciparum-infected patients and 200 malaria-negative subjects) were recruited in the study. Hematological indices of hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets were measured and their median values were statistically compared.Results: The majority of P. falciparum-infected patients (64.6%) showed a low-level parasitemia. The median values of Hb concentration, RBC count, mean corpuscular Hb and mean corpuscular Hb concentration were significantly lower in P. falciparum-infected patients, with anemia being significantly higher among infected patients than malaria-negative subjects (60.4% vs. 29.5%, respectively). The median total WBC count was non-significantly higher in P. falciparum-infected patients, with leucopenia being non-significantly different between both groups. The median platelet count was significantly lower in P. falciparum-infected patients, with thrombocytopenia being significantly higher among infected patients than malaria-negative subjects (72.4% vs. 5.0%, respectively).Conclusions: Most falciparum malaria infections among patients in Kosti city of the White Nile State – Sudan are of low-level parasitemia. Nevertheless, falciparum malaria is significantly associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia with lower median values of Hb, RBC count, MCH, MCHC and platelet count in P. falciparum-infected patients than malaria-negative subjects. In contrast, leucopenia is not useful to predict falciparum malaria. Further large-scale studies in community and healthcare settings and inclusion of patients with complicated or severe malaria and those with high parasite densities are recommended.

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