scholarly journals Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2639
Author(s):  
Ana Rita de Oliveira dos Santos ◽  
Bárbara de Oliveira Zanuso ◽  
Vitor Fernando Bordin Miola ◽  
Sandra Maria Barbalho ◽  
Patrícia C. Santos Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
Sharing Space

Adipose, skeletal, and hepatic muscle tissues are the main endocrine organs that produce adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. These biomarkers can be harmful or beneficial to an organism and still perform crosstalk, acting through the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. This study aims to review the crosstalk between adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. Far beyond understanding the actions of each biomarker alone, it is important to underline that these cytokines act together in the body, resulting in a complex network of actions in different tissues, which may have beneficial or non-beneficial effects on the genesis of various physiological disorders and their respective outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Overweight individuals secrete more pro-inflammatory adipokines than those of a healthy weight, leading to an impaired immune response and greater susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious diseases. Myostatin is elevated in pro-inflammatory environments, sharing space with pro-inflammatory organokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), resistin, and chemerin. Fibroblast growth factor FGF21 acts as a beta-oxidation regulator and decreases lipogenesis in the liver. The crosstalk mentioned above can interfere with homeostatic disorders and can play a role as a potential therapeutic target that can assist in the methods of diagnosing metabolic syndrome and CVD.

scholarly journals Exercise Induced Adipokine Changes and the Metabolic Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Golbidi ◽  
Ismail Laher
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Exercise Induced

The lack of adequate physical activity and obesity created a worldwide pandemic. Obesity is characterized by the deposition of adipose tissue in various parts of the body; it is now evident that adipose tissue also acts as an endocrine organ capable of secreting many cytokines that are though to be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Adipokines, or adipose tissue-derived proteins, play a pivotal role in this scenario. Increased secretion of proinflammatory adipokines leads to a chronic inflammatory state that is accompanied by insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Lifestyle change in terms of increased physical activity and exercise is the best nonpharmacological treatment for obesity since these can reduce insulin resistance, counteract the inflammatory state, and improve the lipid profile. There is growing evidence that exercise exerts its beneficial effects partly through alterations in the adipokine profile; that is, exercise increases secretion of anti-inflammatory adipokines and reduces proinflammatory cytokines. In this paper we briefly describe the pathophysiologic role of four important adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the metabolic syndrome and review some of the clinical trials that monitored these adipokines as a clinical outcome before and after exercise.

scholarly journals Nutrition and Wound Healing: An Overview Focusing on the Beneficial Effects of Curcumin

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Barchitta ◽  
Andrea Maugeri ◽  
Giuliana Favara ◽  
Roberta Magnano San Lio ◽  
Giuseppe Evola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Fibroblast Migration ◽  
Inflammatory Phase

Wound healing implicates several biological and molecular events, such as coagulation, inflammation, migration-proliferation, and remodeling. Here, we provide an overview of the effects of malnutrition and specific nutrients on this process, focusing on the beneficial effects of curcumin. We have summarized that protein loss may negatively affect the whole immune process, while adequate intake of carbohydrates is necessary for fibroblast migration during the proliferative phase. Beyond micronutrients, arginine and glutamine, vitamin A, B, C, and D, zinc, and iron are essential for inflammatory process and synthesis of collagen. Notably, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of curcumin might reduce the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) and restore the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant activity. Since curcumin induces apoptosis of inflammatory cells during the early phase of wound healing, it could also accelerate the healing process by shortening the inflammatory phase. Moreover, curcumin might facilitate collagen synthesis, fibroblasts migration, and differentiation. Although curcumin could be considered as a wound healing agent, especially if topically administered, further research in wound patients is recommended to achieve appropriate nutritional approaches for wound management.

scholarly journals Can High Altitude Influence Cytokines and Sleep?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdir de Aquino Lemos ◽  
Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli dos Santos ◽  
Fabio Santos Lira ◽  
Bruno Rodrigues ◽  
Sergio Tufik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interleukin 1 Beta ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
The Many ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The number of persons who relocate to regions of high altitude for work, pleasure, sport, or residence increases every year. It is known that the reduced supply of oxygen (O2) induced by acute or chronic increases in altitude stimulates the body to adapt to new metabolic challenges imposed by hypoxia. Sleep can suffer partial fragmentation because of the exposure to high altitudes, and these changes have been described as one of the responsible factors for the many consequences at high altitudes. We conducted a review of the literature during the period from 1987 to 2012. This work explored the relationships among inflammation, hypoxia and sleep in the period of adaptation and examined a novel mechanism that might explain the harmful effects of altitude on sleep, involving increased Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production from several tissues and cells, such as leukocytes and cells from skeletal muscle and brain.

scholarly journals Exploring the Potentials of Curcumin as a Single Agent in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasimu Ghandi Ibrahim ◽  
Amina Yusuf Jega
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
The Body ◽  
Concurrent Treatment ◽  
Holistic Treatment ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Despite the rising global prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a collection of cardio-metabolic risk factors that predispose individuals who have them to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, its management is still based on the treatment of the different risk factors. There is currently no single therapeutic agent that is used for the concurrent treatment of all the risk factors. The current push for the use of natural products in the management of diseases has inspired research into the beneficial effects of many plant products. Curcumin is a bioactive curcuminoid from the rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa) that has been shown to possess anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, hypolipidaemic and anti-hypertensive properties amongst others. These properties are closely linked to the ability of curcumin to act on several molecular targets in the body to bring about its effects. Considering these anti-MetS activities of curcumin, it holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for the holistic treatment of the syndrome.

The Different Effect of Sucrose on Transcriptomic Profile in Adipose and Muscle Tissues in Model of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1722-P
Author(s):  
MARTINA HÜTTL ◽  
IRENA MARKOVÁ ◽  
HANA MALINSKA ◽  
LUDMILA KAZDOVA ◽  
ONDREJ SEDA
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Transcriptomic Profile ◽  
Muscle Tissues

Pancreatic beta-cell-selective production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced by interleukin-1

Diabetes ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1026-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yamada ◽  
N. Takane ◽  
S. Otabe ◽  
C. Inada ◽  
M. Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Beta Cell ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Dietary Carotenoids in Managing Metabolic Syndrome and Role of PPARs in the Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 846-853
Author(s):  
Raghunandan Purohith ◽  
Nagendra P.M. Nagalingaswamy ◽  
Nanjunda S. Shivananju
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Dietary Antioxidants ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Established Relationship ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Metabolic syndrome is a collective term that denotes disorder in metabolism, symptoms of which include hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. Diet is a major predisposing factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, and dietary intervention is necessary for both prevention and management. The bioactive constituents of food play a key role in this process. Micronutrients such as vitamins, carotenoids, amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, and aromatic pigment molecules found in fruits, vegetables, spices, and condiments are known to have beneficial effects in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. There exists a well-established relationship between oxidative stress and major pathological conditions such as inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Consequently, dietary antioxidants are implicated in the remediation of these complications. The mechanism of action and targets of dietary antioxidants as well as their effects on related pathways are being extensively studied and elucidated in recent times. This review attempts a comprehensive study of the role of dietary carotenoids in alleviating metabolic syndromewith an emphasis on molecular mechanism-in the light of recent advances.

Role of inflammation in the development of colorectal cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridhar Muthusami ◽  
R. Ileng Kumaran ◽  
Kokelavani Nampalli Babu ◽  
Sneha Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Akash Guruswamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Proinflammatory Molecules

: Chronic inflammation can lead to the development of many diseases including cancer. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that includes both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Many cytokines produced primarily by the gut immune cells either during or in response to localized inflammation in the colon and rectum are known to stimulate the complex interactions between the different cell types in the gut environment resulting in acute inflammation. Subsequently, chronic inflammation together with genetic and epigenetic changes has been shown to lead to the development and progression of CRC. Various cell types present in the colon such as enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells and macrophages express receptors for inflammatory cytokines and respond to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and other cytokines. Among the several cytokines produced, TNF-α and IL-1β are the key proinflammatory molecules that play critical roles in the development of CRC. The current review is intended to consolidate the published findings to focus on the role of proinflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α and IL-1β, on inflammation (and the altered immune response) in the gut, to better understand the development of CRC in IBD, using various experimental model systems, preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, this review also highlights the current therapeutic strategies available (monotherapy and combination therapy), to alleviate the symptoms or treat inflammationassociated CRC by using monoclonal antibodies or aptamers to block proinflammatory molecules, inhibitors of tyrosine kinases in inflammatory signaling cascade, competitive inhibitors of proinflammatory molecules, and the nucleic acid drugs like small activating RNAs (saRNAs) or microRNA (miRNA) mimics to activate tumor suppressor or repress oncogene/proinflammatory cytokine gene expression.

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