scholarly journals Orchestration of Force Generation and Nuclear Collapse in Apoptotic Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10257
Author(s):  
Bruno Monier ◽  
Magali Suzanne
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Caspase Activation ◽  
Biochemical Control ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Mechanical Process ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
Cell Suicide ◽  
Actomyosin Cytoskeleton

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a form of cell suicide that is extremely important for ridding the body of cells that are no longer required, to protect the body against hazardous cells, such as cancerous ones, and to promote tissue morphogenesis during animal development. Upon reception of a death stimulus, the doomed cell activates biochemical pathways that eventually converge on the activation of dedicated enzymes, caspases. Numerous pieces of information on the biochemical control of the process have been gathered, from the successive events of caspase activation to the identification of their targets, such as lamins, which constitute the nuclear skeleton. Yet, evidence from multiple systems now shows that apoptosis is also a mechanical process, which may even ultimately impinge on the morphogenesis of the surrounding tissues. This mechanical role relies on dramatic actomyosin cytoskeleton remodelling, and on its coupling with the nucleus before nucleus fragmentation. Here, we provide an overview of apoptosis before describing how apoptotic forces could combine with selective caspase-dependent proteolysis to orchestrate nucleus destruction.

scholarly journals Cytokines as Biomarkers and Their Respective Clinical Cutoff Levels

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca N. Monastero ◽  
Srinivas Pentyala
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factors ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Receiver Operator Characteristics ◽  
Cutoff Levels

Cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, and chemokines, have a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in the body through a number of biochemical pathways and interactions. Stimuli, actions, interactions, and downstream effects of cytokines have been investigated in more depth in recent years, and clinical research has also been conducted to implicate cytokines in causal patterns in certain diseases. However, particular cutoffs of cytokines as biomarkers for disease processes have not been well studied, and this warrants future work to potentially improve diagnoses for diseases with inflammatory markers. A limited number of studies in this area are reviewed, considering diseases correlated with abnormal cytokine profiles, as well as specific cutoffs at which cytokines have been deemed clinically useful for diagnosing those diseases through Receiver Operator Characteristics modeling. In light of studies such as those discussed in this review, cytokine testing has the potential to support diagnosis due to its lack of invasiveness and low cost, compared to other common types of testing for infections and inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Gastruloids develop the three body axes in the absence of extraembryonic tissues and spatially localised signalling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Turner ◽  
L. Alonso-Crisostomo ◽  
M. Girgin ◽  
P. Baillie-Johnson ◽  
C. R. Glodowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Model System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Bmp Signalling ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Extraembryonic Tissues

AbstractEstablishment of the three body axes is a critical step during animal development. In mammals, genetic studies have shown that a combination of precisely deployed signals from extraembryonic tissues position the anteroposterior axis (AP) within the embryo and lead to the emergence of the dorsoventral (DV) and left-right (LR) axes. We have used Gastruloids, embryonic organoids, as a model system to understand this process and find that they are able to develop AP, DV and LR axes as well as to undergo axial elongation in a manner that mirror embryos. The Gastruloids can be grown for 160 hours and form derivatives from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. We focus on the AP axis and show that in the Gastruloids this axis is registered in the expression of T/Bra at one pole that corresponds to the tip of the elongation. We find that localisation of T/Bra expression depends on the combined activities of Wnt/β-Catenin and Nodal/Smad2,3 signalling, and that BMP signalling is dispensable for this process. Furthermore, AP axis specification occurs in the absence of both extraembryonic tissues and of localised sources of signalling. Our experiments show that Nodal, together with Wnt/β-Catenin signalling, is essential for the expression of T/Bra but that Wnt signalling has a separable activity in the elongation of the axis. The results lead us to suggest that, in the embryo, the role of the extraembryonic tissues might not be to induce the axes but to bias an intrinsic ability of the embryo to break its initial symmetry and organise its axes.One sentence summaryCulture of aggregates of defined number of Embryonic Stem cells leads to self-organised embryo-like structures which, in the absence of localised signalling from extra embryonic tissues and under the autonomous influence of Wnt and Nodal signalling, develop the three main axes of the body.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Hydrogen against Low-Dose Long-Term Radiation-Induced Damage to the Behavioral Performances, Hematopoietic System, Genital System, and Splenic Lymphocytes in Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaming Guo ◽  
Deyun Zhao ◽  
Xiao Lei ◽  
Hainan Zhao ◽  
Yanyong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Lymphocyte Transformation ◽  
Lymphocyte Transformation Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Multiple Systems

Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been previously reported playing an important role in ameliorating damage caused by acute radiation. In this study, we investigated the effects ofH2on the alterations induced by low-dose long-term radiation (LDLTR). All the mice in hydrogen-treated or radiation-only groups received 0.1 Gy, 0.5 Gy, 1.0 Gy, and 2.0 Gy whole-body gamma radiation, respectively. After the last time of radiation exposure, all the mice were employed for the determination of the body mass (BM) observation, forced swim test (FST), the open field test (OFT), the chromosome aberration (CA), the peripheral blood cells parameters analysis, the sperm abnormality (SA), the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT), and the histopathological studies. And significant differences between the treatment group and the radiation-only groups were observed, showing thatH2could diminish the detriment induced by LDLTR and suggesting the protective efficacy ofH2in multiple systems in mice against LDLTR.

scholarly journals Effects of Sodium Selenite and Vitamin E on the Development of Morphine Dependency in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-344
Author(s):  
Bohloul Habibi-Asl ◽  
Alireza Parvizpur ◽  
Kiarash Fekri ◽  
Hadis Jahanpanah ◽  
Hadis Rezaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Essential Trace Element ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Almond Oil ◽  
Biochemical Pathways

Background: Antioxidant drugs may be useful in preventing morphine-induced dependency bysuppressing oxidative stress. Vitamin E which has many essential roles in the body is a powerfulantioxidant. On the other hand, selenium is an essential trace element that plays a strong rolein various biochemical pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodiumselenite and vitamin E on morphine-induced dependency in mice. Methods: Ninety male mice, weighing 20 to 30 g, were randomly divided into 10 groups and weretreated as follows: a) saline and b) morphine groups were pretreated (for 2 days) with normalsaline (10 ml.kg-1.day-1, ip) then daily doses of normal saline (10 ml.kg-1.day-1, ip) and morphine(50 mg.kg-1.day-1) were added to the injections for the following 4 days, respectively. c, d, e)sodium selenite, f, g, h) vitamin E, i) vitamin E solvent (almond oil) and j) co-administrationgroups were pretreated (for 2 days) with sodium selenite (0.25, 0.5, 1 mg.kg-1.day-1, ip), vitaminE (20, 40, 60 IU.kg-1.day-1, ip), vitamin E solvent (10 ml.kg-1.day-1, ip) and combination of thedrugs respectively, then morphine doses (50 mg.kg-1.day-1, ip) were added to the injections forthe following 4 days. Withdrawal symptoms were evaluated after injecting naloxone (4 mg/kg/day). Biochemical evaluations were also performed. Results: The results showed that co-administration of sodium selenite and vitamin E (at lowdoses) significantly reduced morphine dependency (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The synergistic effect of sodium selenite and vitamin E can be a suitable andefficient approach to reduce dependency.

scholarly journals Case Report on Pregnancy with Lupus Nephritis Type IV with Hypothyroidism – A Clinical Vignette

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (05) ◽  
pp. 272-274
Author(s):  
Abirbhab Pal
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Multisystem Disease ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Increased Risk

Lupus is a multisystem disease affecting almost all systems including the immune system of our body. Its aetiology is not known. Lupus involving kidneys causes lupus nephritis and adds more complications in the multisystem disease. Lupus or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial chronic disease involving multiple systems of the body. It is autoimmune1 in nature. There is increase in maternal and fetal risk of mortality and morbidity in lupus with pregnancy. The rate of pregnancy loss is 1.7 %2 in active SLE during initial first trimester and the most common adverse morbidity causing factor of fetomaternal side.3 There can be an increase in fetal mortality and morbidity associated with lupus nephritis.4,5 There is increased risk of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) / neonatal lupus / gestational diabetes mellitus / osteoporosis / HELLP syndrome / preeclampsia. Associated thyroid disorder is increased with preterm pregnancy.

scholarly journals Gene ORGANizer: Linking Genes to the Organs They Affect

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gokhman ◽  
Guy Kelman ◽  
Adir Amartely ◽  
Guy Gershon ◽  
Shira Tsur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Chromosome X ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Present Gene

One of the biggest challenges in studying how genes work is understanding their effect on the physiology and anatomy of the body. Existing tools try to address this using indirect features, such as expression levels and biochemical pathways. Here, we present Gene ORGANizer (geneorganizer.huji.ac.il), a phenotype-based tool that directly links human genes to the body parts they affect. It is built upon an exhaustive curated database that links more than 7,000 genes to ∼150 anatomical parts using >150,000 gene-organ associations. The tool offers user-friendly platforms to analyze the anatomical effects of individual genes, and identify trends within groups of genes. We demonstrate how Gene ORGANizer can be used to make new discoveries, showing that chromosome X is enriched with genes affecting facial features, that positive selection targets genes with more constrained phenotypic effects, and more. We expect Gene ORGANizer to be useful in a variety of evolutionary, medical and molecular studies aimed at understanding the phenotypic effects of genes.

scholarly journals Differentiating clinical examinations of Parkinson’s and parkisonisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Cristina Poscai Ribeiro ◽  
Everton Lopes Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Multiple System Atrophy ◽  
Corticobasal Degeneration ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ocular Motility ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Multiple Systems Atrophy ◽  
Romberg Test

Introduction: The main symptoms of Parkinson are: tremors, movement resistance, postural instability and bradykinesia. However, other diseases such as Progressive Supranuclear Paralysis, Multiple System Atrophy and Corticobasal Degeneration have similar symptoms. This similarity generates a difficulty of diagnosis, for example, Corticobasal Degeneration is often diagnosed by autopsy. Objectives: To define the differentiating symptoms of Parkinson and the diseases mentioned and to find clinical tests that could aid in the diagnosis. Methodology: The integrative review utilized Scielo and Pubmed databases and the selected clinical examinations were obtained by the book Exame Clinico - 8° edition. Results: Multiple Systems Atrophy is distinguished from Parkinson by occurrence of cerebelar abnormalities, therefore Romberg Test can evidence modified coordination, which may be indicative of Multiple System Atrophy. Corticobasal Degeneration causes loss of ability to identify things by touch and impaired sensitivity on one side of the body, thereby the verification of stereognosia and the examination of superficial sensitivity are useful. Supranuclear Paralysis Progressive generates difficulty of performing vertical movements, thus the examination of ocular motility is necessary. Conclusion: Only clinical examinations aren’t sufficient to generate an accurate diagnosis and complementary exams are necessary for greater precision. However, knowledge about differentiating clinical examinations helps to generate a line of reasoning and examinations to be requested.

scholarly journals The Biopsychosocial Impact of COVID-19 on Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233372142110342
Author(s):  
Nazeefah Laher ◽  
Sara Bocchinfuso ◽  
Madeline Chidiac ◽  
Claire Doherty ◽  
Alexandra Persson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Biopsychosocial Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Post ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Psychological Dysfunction ◽  
Biological Health ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world and taken over 2.6 million lives. Older adults experience disproportionate morbidity and mortality from the disease because increasing age and the presence of comorbidities are important predictors of negative outcomes. Lasting effects of COVID-19 have been described after recovery from the acute illness despite eradication of the virus from the body. The impact of COVID-19 on a person’s biological health post-infection is observed in multiple systems including respiratory, cardiac, renal, haematological, and neurological. Psychological dysfunction following recovery is also prevalent. Social factors such as distancing and stay at home measures leave older adults isolated and food insecure; they also face intertwined financial and health risks due to the resulting economic shutdown. This study examines the effects of COVID-19 on older adults using the biopsychosocial model framework.

The Effect of the Fascia on the Stress Distribution in Skeletal Muscle

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelica Maria Ramirez ◽  
Begoña Calvo Calzada ◽  
Jorge Grasa
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Body Force ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Fibre Bundles ◽  
Muscle Shortening ◽  
Whole Muscle

The human and vertebrate interaction with the environment is done primarily through the movement. This is possible due the skeletal muscle: anatomical structure able to contract voluntarily. The skeletal muscles are made up of contractile proteins which slide one over another allowing the muscle shortening and the body force generation. This protein structure of actin and myosin maintains its organization through the connective tissue that surrounds it (endomysium, perimysium and epimysium), creating arrays of myofibrils, fibre bundles, fascicles until conform the whole muscle. All this connective tissue extends to the ends of the muscle to form the tendon.

scholarly journals Alternative Splicing Shapes the Phenotype of a Mutation inBBS8To Cause Nonsyndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1860-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Murphy ◽  
Ratnesh Singh ◽  
Saravanan Kolandaivelu ◽  
Visvanathan Ramamurthy ◽  
Peter Stoilov
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Retinitis Pigmentosa ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Reading Frame

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetic disorder affecting multiple systems and organs in the body. Several mutations in genes associated with BBS affect only photoreceptor cells and cause nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP), raising the issue of why certain mutations manifest as a systemic disorder whereas other changes in the same gene affect only a specific cell type. Here, we show that cell-type-specific alternative splicing is responsible for confining the phenotype of the A-to-G substitution in the 3′ splice site ofBBS8exon 2A (IVS1-2A>G mutation) in theBBS8gene to photoreceptor cells. The IVS1-2A>G mutation leads to missplicing ofBBS8exon 2A, producing a frameshift in theBBS8reading frame and thus eliminating the protein specifically in photoreceptor cells. Cell types other than photoreceptors skip exon 2A from the matureBBS8transcript, which renders them immune to the mutation. We also show that the splicing ofBbs8exon 2A in photoreceptors is directed exclusively by redundant splicing enhancers located in the adjacent introns. These intronic sequences are sufficient for photoreceptor-cell-specific splicing of heterologous exons, including an exon with a randomized sequence.

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