scholarly journals The Effect of Bacterial Infections, Probiotics and Zonulin on Intestinal Barrier Integrity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11359
Author(s):  
Paweł Serek ◽  
Monika Oleksy-Wawrzyniak
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
The Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Selective Permeability ◽  
Current State ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Systemic Infections

The intestinal barrier plays an extremely important role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the gut and the entire body. It is made up of an intricate system of cells, mucus and intestinal microbiota. A complex system of proteins allows the selective permeability of elements that are safe and necessary for the proper nutrition of the body. Disturbances in the tightness of this barrier result in the penetration of toxins and other harmful antigens into the system. Such events lead to various digestive tract dysfunctions, systemic infections, food intolerances and autoimmune diseases. Pathogenic and probiotic bacteria, and the compounds they secrete, undoubtedly affect the properties of the intestinal barrier. The discovery of zonulin, a protein with tight junction regulatory activity in the epithelia, sheds new light on the understanding of the role of the gut barrier in promoting health, as well as the formation of diseases. Coincidentally, there is an increasing number of reports on treatment methods that target gut microbiota, which suggests that the prevention of gut-barrier defects may be a viable approach for improving the condition of COVID-19 patients. Various bacteria–intestinal barrier interactions are the subject of this review, aiming to show the current state of knowledge on this topic and its potential therapeutic applications.

Enterprise Metadata for Reliable Web Applications

2011 ◽  
pp. 34-82
Author(s):  
R.Todd Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Comprehensive Strategy ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Web

This chapter examines the critical task of governing the Web application environment with enterprise metadata methodologies. As organizations move to higher levels of maturity, the ability to manage and understand the entire environment is one of the most critical aspects of the architecture. Metadata can be defined as information pertaining to the Web application environment that the organization defines as critical to the business. Successful metadata management requires a comprehensive strategy and framework which will be presented through historical, current-state, and future perspectives The author expects that by understanding the role of metadata within the Web application environment, researchers will continue to expand the body of knowledge around asset management and overall architecture governance.

scholarly journals The Intestinal Barrier and Permeability

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Piero Portincasa ◽  
Leonilde Bonfrate ◽  
Mohamad Khalil ◽  
Maria De Angelis ◽  
Francesco Maria Calabrese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Selective Permeability ◽  
Mucin Layer ◽  
Functional Features

The largest surface of the human body exposed to the external environment is the gut. At this level, the intestinal barrier includes luminal microbes, the mucin layer, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, enterocytes, immune cells, gut vascular barrier, and liver barrier. A healthy intestinal barrier is characterized by the selective permeability of nutrients, metabolites, water, and bacterial products, and processes are governed by cellular, neural, immune, and hormonal factors. Disrupted gut permeability (leaky gut syndrome) can represent a predisposing or aggravating condition in obesity and the metabolically associated liver steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD). In what follows, we describe the morphological-functional features of the intestinal barrier, the role of major modifiers of the intestinal barrier, and discuss the recent evidence pointing to the key role of intestinal permeability in obesity/NAFLD.

scholarly journals Assessing the Role of Vitamins for COVID-19 Treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 710-717
Author(s):  
Abhishek Borkhade ◽  
Anupama Sawal
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Precautionary Measures

Acute SARS-Covid-2, also known as a coronavirus (COVID-19), seemed in Wuhan metropolis, China, in December 2019. On March 11, 2020, a global epidemic was announced. As the sector responds to the COVID-19 virus, the less critical clinical remedy, commentary has been shifted to various methods that can help toughen the immune system to fight against various viral and bacterial infections. Considering that the Corona contamination considerably impacts the body defense with many irritative and harmful responses, medicinal corporations are working to develop unique tablets and vaccines in opposition to the Coronavirus, which is beneficial for people to fight corona disease. A properly balanced diet can play a chief role in keeping typical fitness to control persistent infectious illnesses. A nicely balanced diet or food regimen includes nutrients A, B, C, D, E, and vit. K can help with numerous infectious illnesses. This research aims to talk over and gift with the ultra-modern records of the position of nutrients inside the COVID-19 treatment, as these nutrients play an essential role in covid treatment. Deficiency of these nutrients can cause a decrease or low resistance of immune working, which is one of the principal reasons that purpose terrible immune device. that is a story evaluation of the capabilities of Corona virus and facts of getting use vitamins as precautionary measures to convey down the incidence and dying of sufferers struggling with COVID.

Governance and the Open Source Repository

2011 ◽  
pp. 480-493
Author(s):  
R. Todd Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Comprehensive Strategy ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Current State ◽  
Critical Task ◽  
Critical Aspects

This chapter examines the critical task of governing the open source environment with an open source repository. As organizations move to higher levels of maturity, the ability to manage and understand the open source environment is one of the most critical aspects of the architecture. Metadata can be defined as information pertaining to the open source environment that the organization defines as critical to the business. Successful open source governance requires a comprehensive strategy and framework which will be presented through historical, current-state, and future perspectives. The author expects that by understanding the role of open source metadata and the repository within, researchers will continue to expand the body of knowledge around asset management and overall architecture governance.

scholarly journals The role of nutrition in the prevention and therapy of selected skin diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Magdalena Daszkiewicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
Dermatological Diseases ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
Current State ◽  
Prevention And Therapy

Nowadays it is known that many dermatological diseases are associated with a poor diet and unhealthy lifestyle. Some nutrients can exacerbate the disease, while others aid in their treatment. The aim of the study was to present the current state of knowledge on the influence of nutrients on the course of skin diseases such as acne, atopic dermatitis and urticaria. Providing the body with the necessary ingredients and eliminating those that favor the development or worsening of symptoms are an important element in the treatment of many skin diseases.

scholarly journals CovR and VicRKX Regulate Transcription of the Collagen Binding Protein Cnm ofStreptococcus mutans

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia Araújo Alves ◽  
Tridib Ganguly ◽  
Renata O. Mattos-Graner ◽  
Jessica Kajfasz ◽  
Erika N. Harth-Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Core Gene ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intracellular Invasion ◽  
Systemic Infections

ABSTRACTCnm is a surface-associated protein present in a subset ofStreptococcus mutansstrains that mediates binding to extracellular matrices, intracellular invasion, and virulence. Here, we showed thatcnmtranscription is controlled by the global regulators CovR and VicRKX.In silicoanalysis identified multiple putative CovR- and VicR-binding motifs in the regulatory region ofcnmas well as in the downstream genepgfS, which is associated with the posttranslational modification of Cnm. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that CovR and VicR specifically and independently bind to thecnmandpgfSpromoter regions. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses of ΔcovRand ΔvicKstrains as well as of a strain overexpressingvicRKXrevealed that CovR functions as a positive regulator ofcnm, whereas VicRKX acts as a negative regulator. In agreement with the role of VicRKX as a repressor, the ΔvicKstrain showed enhanced binding to collagen and laminin and higher intracellular invasion rates. Overexpression ofvicRKXwas associated with decreased rates of intracellular invasion but did not affect collagen or lamin binding activities, suggesting that this system controls additional genes involved in binding to these extracellular matrix proteins. As expected, based on the role of CovR incnmregulation, the ΔcovRstrain showed decreased intracellular invasion rates, but, unexpectedly collagen and laminin binding activities were increased in this mutant strain. Collectively, the results presented here expand the repertoire of virulence-related genes regulated by CovR and VicRKX to include the core genepgfSand the noncore genecnm.IMPORTANCEStreptococcus mutansis a major pathogen associated with dental caries and also implicated in systemic infections, in particular, infective endocarditis. The Cnm adhesin ofS. mutansis an important virulence factor associated with systemic infections and caries severity. Despite its role in virulence, the regulatory mechanisms governingcnmexpression are poorly understood. Here, we describe the identification of two independent regulatory systems controlling the transcription ofcnmand the downstreampgfS-pgfM1-pgfE-pgfM2operon. A better understanding of the mechanisms controlling expression of virulence factors like Cnm can facilitate the development of new strategies to treat bacterial infections.

The Place of the Body in Resistance to Intimate Partner Violence

2019 ◽  
pp. 468-489
Author(s):  
Valli Rajah ◽  
Meg Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current State ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Embodied Resistance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence Research

Scholarship presents a complex picture of women’s resistance to male violence and control. Despite its attention to nuance, intimate partner violence research should further investigate the role of the body and embodiment, that is, how our bodies shape the ways in which individuals perceive and act in the world. To gain purchase on existing research and to chart directions for future investigation, the authors conducted a scoping review and textual analysis. The work in this chapter is guided by three questions: (1) What is the current state of knowledge regarding resistance, the body, and embodiment in the context of intimate partner violence? (2) How does this literature discuss and conceptualize embodiment in the context of resistance? (3) What can we learn through a deeper analysis of embodied resistance in the context of intimate partner violence? Implications of the authors’ findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Trained Immunity Confers Broad-Spectrum Protection Against Bacterial Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (11) ◽  
pp. 1869-1881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Ciarlo ◽  
Tytti Heinonen ◽  
Charlotte Théroude ◽  
Fatemeh Asgari ◽  
Didier Le Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Trained Immunity ◽  
Inflammatory Monocytes ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background The innate immune system recalls a challenge to adapt to a secondary challenge, a phenomenon called trained immunity. Training involves cellular metabolic, epigenetic and functional reprogramming, but how broadly trained immunity protects from infections is unknown. For the first time, we addressed whether trained immunity provides protection in a large panel of preclinical models of infections. Methods Mice were trained and subjected to systemic infections, peritonitis, enteritis, and pneumonia induced by Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter rodentium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacteria, cytokines, leukocytes, and hematopoietic precursors were quantified in blood, bone marrow, and organs. The role of monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, and interleukin 1 signaling was investigated using depletion or blocking approaches. Results Induction of trained immunity protected mice in all preclinical models, including when training and infection were initiated in distant organs. Trained immunity increased bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors, blood Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes and granulocytes, and sustained blood antimicrobial responses. Monocytes/macrophages and interleukin 1 signaling were required to protect trained mice from listeriosis. Trained mice were efficiently protected from peritonitis and listeriosis for up to 5 weeks. Conclusions Trained immunity confers broad-spectrum protection against lethal bacterial infections. These observations support the development of trained immunity-based strategies to improve host defenses.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Targeting of BMP6-SMAD Mediated Hepcidin Expression Does Not Improve the Outcome of Systemic Infections With Intra-Or Extracellular Gram-Negative Bacteria in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Hoffmann ◽  
Lara Valente de Souza ◽  
Markus Seifert ◽  
Laura von Raffay ◽  
David Haschka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Smad Pathway ◽  
Hepcidin Expression ◽  
Cellular Iron ◽  
Signaling Inhibitors ◽  
Iron Retention ◽  
Systemic Infections

IntroductionHepcidin is the systemic master regulator of iron metabolism as it degrades the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. In bacterial infections, hepcidin is upregulated to limit circulating iron for pathogens, thereby increasing iron retention in macrophages. This mechanism withholds iron from extracellular bacteria but could be of disadvantage in infections with intracellular bacteria. We aimed to understand the role of hepcidin in infections with intra- or extracellular bacteria using different hepcidin inhibitors.MethodsFor the experiments LDN-193189 and oversulfated heparins were used, which interact with the BMP6-SMAD pathway thereby inhibiting hepcidin expression. We infected male C57BL/6N mice with either the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium or the extracellular bacterium Escherichia coli and treated these mice with the different hepcidin inhibitors.ResultsBoth inhibitors effectively reduced hepcidin levels in vitro under steady state conditions and upon stimulation with the inflammatory signals interleukin-6 or lipopolysaccharide. The inhibitors also reduced hepcidin levels and increased circulating iron concentration in uninfected mice. However, both compounds failed to decrease liver- and circulating hepcidin levels in infected mice and did not affect ferroportin expression in the spleen or impact on serum iron levels. Accordingly, both BMP-SMAD signaling inhibitors did not influence bacterial numbers in different organs in the course of E.coli or S.Tm sepsis.ConclusionThese data indicate that targeting the BMP receptor or the BMP-SMAD pathway is not sufficient to suppress hepcidin expression in the course of infection with both intra- or extracellular bacteria. This suggests that upon pharmacological inhibition of the central SMAD-BMP pathways during infection, other signaling cascades are compensatorily induced to ensure sufficient hepcidin formation and iron restriction to circulating microbes.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Role of Nitric Oxide in Diabetic Wound Healing: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Mayur Meghashyam Chavhan ◽  
Ranjit Vinayak Gadhave ◽  
Yogita Sachin Ozarde ◽  
Ganesh Bhaurao Choudhari
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Level Laser Therapy ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Diabetic Wound ◽  
Impaired Wound Healing ◽  
Diabetic Wound Healing

Post injury, healing of wound is essential for recovery of uprightness of the body, which is one of the complex, continuous and unanticipated chains of events in case of diabetic patients. Nitric oxide represents a potential wound therapeutic agent due to its ability to regulate inflammation and eradicate bacterial infections. Impaired wound healing is a prominent diabetic complication which may lead to amputations also. In addition to modern medicines we can use nitric oxide therapy prominently for diabetic wound healing. Prominent and proven role of nitric oxide as well as conventional materials (like metformin and hydrogen sulphide, whey proteins, acidified nitrile etc), therapies (like low level laser therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy etc) and techniques (like in vivo implants with biosensors) can be taken into consideration. Many plant extracts showed promising results for wound healing activity by increasing nitric oxide levels. Use of modern technologies such as implant with biosensor and technique like sonic head hog gene are available for diabetic wound healing using Nitric oxide. In this review, an attempt has been made to compile comprehensive updated information of role of nitric oxide in diabetic wound healing, which may be exploited by focusing more on development of effective strategies to treat diabetes-associated wound.

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