Environmental Factors That Affect Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin Levels

Calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin are involved in the regulation of bone mineral metabolism and maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body. Therefore, an understanding of environmental and genetic factors influencing PTH and calcitonin levels is crucial. Genetic factors are estimated to account for 60% of variations in PTH levels, while the genetic background of interindividual calcitonin variations has not yet been studied. In this review, we analyzed the literature discussing the influence of environmental factors (lifestyle factors and pollutants) on PTH and calcitonin levels. Among lifestyle factors, smoking, body mass index (BMI), diet, alcohol, and exercise were analyzed; among pollutants, heavy metals and chemicals were analyzed. Lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with PTH levels were smoking, BMI, exercise, and micronutrients taken from the diet (vitamin D and calcium). Smoking, vitamin D, and calcium intake led to a decrease in PTH levels, while higher BMI and exercise led to an increase in PTH levels. In terms of pollutants, exposure to cadmium led to a decrease in PTH levels, while exposure to lead increased PTH levels. Several studies have investigated the effect of chemicals on PTH levels in humans. Compared to PTH studies, a smaller number of studies analyzed the influence of environmental factors on calcitonin levels, which gives great variability in results. Only a few studies have analyzed the influence of pollutants on calcitonin levels in humans. The lifestyle factor with the clearest relationship with calcitonin was smoking (smokers had increased calcitonin levels). Given the importance of PTH and calcitonin in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone mineral metabolism, additional studies on the influence of environmental factors that could affect PTH and calcitonin levels are crucial.

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Integrated Medicine with vegetable derived antioxidant and vitamin D : effects on oxidative stress and bone mineral metabolism of aged patients with renal disease

Functional Foods in Health and Disease ◽

10.31989/ffhd.v6i6.269 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 379 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Francesco Carluccio ◽

Macello Lenucci ◽

Gabriella Piro ◽

Werner Siems ◽

Josè Luño

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Metabolism ◽

Integrated Medicine ◽

Bone Mineral Metabolism

Background: Aging and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with bone mineral metabolism disorders, in addition to disarrangement of trabeculae structure and bone architecture. Increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have been related with abnormal bone turn over. Lycopene, a plant derived micronutrient, has strong quenching and free radical scavenging attitude. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of lycopene and calcifediol (25 OH D3) based Integrated Medicine on ALP, PTH and oxidative stress. Methods: In octogenarians, nonagenarians and centenarians with chronic kidney disease (GFR :45 ±10,4 ml/min/1,73 m2), vitamin D deficiency and abnormal ALP, PTH blood values, the effects of daily lycopene supplementation on blood oxysterols and on 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans- nonenal (4-HNE) as markers of oxidative stress were evaluated. The effects of calcifediol administration together with daily lycopene supplementation on PTH and ALP blood concentrations were also investigated. Results: Daily lycopene supplementation induced a reduction of oxysterols (α-triol: 0.40 ± 0.07 μg / L vs 0.32 ± 0, 04 μg / L and β-epoxi cholesterol: 5.3 ± 1.3 μg / L vs 3.7 ± 0.6 μg / L) but not of 4-HNE (0.27 ± 0.18 nmol / L vs 0.25 ± 0.20 nmol / L). Vitamin D added to lycopene for two weeks decreased the blood values of ALP (106 ± 40 U / L vs 69 ± 19 U / L) and PTH (108 ±42 pg/ml vs 66± 21 pg/ml). Conclusion: Tomato derived lycopene, with daily supplements, decreased cholesterol oxidation products. Calcifediol and vegetable derived antioxidant daily supplementations were associated to normalization of ALP and PTH. Keywords: oxysterols; 4-hydroxynonenal; lycopene; alkaline phosphatase; parathyroid hormone; chronic kidney disease (CKD)

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The effect of a new vitamin D analog, 22-oxa-1?,25(OH)2D3, on bone mineral metabolism in normal male rats

Calcified Tissue International ◽

10.1007/bf00582166 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (6) ◽

pp. 521-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Makoto Takizawa ◽

Michael Fallon ◽

Barry Stein ◽

Sol Epstein

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Metabolism ◽

Male Rats ◽

Normal Male ◽

Bone Mineral Metabolism ◽

Vitamin D Analog

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Physical Activity-Dependent Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium-Phosphorous Metabolism

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21155388 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 5388 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giovanni Lombardi ◽

Ewa Ziemann ◽

Giuseppe Banfi ◽

Sabrina Corbetta

Keyword(s):

Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Mineral Metabolism ◽

The Body ◽

Phosphate Homeostasis ◽

Energy Substrates ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Activity Dependent ◽

Circulating Levels

Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates. Exercise also affects bone and mineral metabolism, particularly calcium and phosphate, both of which are essential for muscle contraction, neuromuscular signaling, biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and other energy substrates. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Understanding the effects of exercise on PTH secretion is fundamental for appreciating how the body adapts to exercise. Altered PTH metabolism underlies hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, the complications of which affect the organs involved in calcium and phosphorous metabolism (bone and kidney) and other body systems as well. Exercise affects PTH expression and secretion by altering the circulating levels of calcium and phosphate. In turn, PTH responds directly to exercise and exercise-induced myokines. Here, we review the main concepts of the regulation of PTH expression and secretion under physiological conditions, in acute and chronic exercise, and in relation to PTH-related disorders.

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Impact of vitamin D supplementation on markers of bone mineral metabolism in term infants

Bone ◽

10.1016/j.bone.2012.06.023 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 781-786 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Justyna Czech‐Kowalska ◽

Pawel Pludowski ◽

Anna Dobrzanska ◽

Edyta Kryskiewicz ◽

Elzbieta Karczmarewicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Metabolism ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Term Infants ◽

Bone Mineral Metabolism

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Effect of the Interaction of Parathyroid Hormone and Cyclosporine A on Bone Mineral Metabolism in the Rat

Calcified Tissue International ◽

10.1007/s002230001167 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 240-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

S. Epstein ◽

I.R. Dissanayake ◽

G.R. Goodman ◽

A.R. Bowman ◽

H. Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Cyclosporine A ◽

Mineral Metabolism ◽

Bone Mineral Metabolism

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Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement on Parathyroid Hormone Sensitivity and Bone Mineral Metabolism

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2002-021787 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 88 (6) ◽

pp. 2860-2868 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Aftab M. Ahmad ◽

Joegi Thomas ◽

Adrian Clewes ◽

Marion T. Hopkins ◽

Rostem Guzder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Metabolism ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Growth Hormone Replacement ◽

Hormone Sensitivity ◽

Bone Mineral Metabolism

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Abstract P389: Effects of Dietary Patterns on Vitamin D and Other Markers of Bone-Mineral Metabolism: Results From the Dash Trial

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.131.suppl_1.p389 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Hassoon ◽

Lawrence Appel ◽

Edgar Miller

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Metabolism ◽

Control Diet ◽

Urinary Calcium ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Dash Diet ◽

Bone Mineral Metabolism ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Total Fat

Background: The relationship of CVD with vitamin D levels and other markers of bone-mineral metabolism is of substantial interest. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet effectively lowers blood pressure and is now recommended to promote CV health. The effects of the DASH diet on vitamin D and other markers of bone-mineral metabolism is unknown. Objective: To determine the effect of dietary patterns on blood levels of vitamin D, PTH, and ionized calcium, and urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate. Methods: Data on study outcomes were available in 334 participants from the original DASH trial. Baseline levels were obtained from blood and urine collected at the end of the run-in while on the control diet. Participants were then randomized to control diet (37% kcal total fat); fruits & vegetable diet (also 37% kcal total fat); or the DASH diet (27% kcal total fat). Follow-up levels were obtained during the last week of the eight-week intervention period. Results: Mean (±SD) baseline blood levels of vitamin D, PTH , and ionized calcium were 15.1±3.7ng/ml, 46.1±18.5 ng/ml and 1.3±0.06 mmol/l, respectively. For urinary calcium and phosphate were 126.8±45.3mg/dl and 715.0±277.3 mg/dl, respectively. See table for within-diet changes. The DASH diet, net of control, reduced vitamin D by -1.29ng/ml (P= 0.005). In stratified analyses, the reduction in vitamin D appeared more prominent in blacks, but the p-value for interaction (race*diet) was non-significant (P=0.21). Otherwise, the DASH diet had no significant effect on the other markers, net of control. Compared to control, the fruit & vegetable diet reduced urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion. Conclusion: The DASH diet modestly reduced vitamin D levels among all participants, with potentially larger effects in blacks. The reduction in vitamin D levels might have resulted from the lower fat content of the DASH diet. Overall, during the eight-weeks of intervention, no major harm or benefit of the DASH diet was documented on biomarkers related to bone-mineral metabolism.

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Relationship of Focal Erosions, Bone Mineral Density, and Parathyroid Hormone in Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.100829 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 997-1002 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

MAURIZIO ROSSINI ◽

GIANFILIPPO BAGNATO ◽

BRUNO FREDIANI ◽

ANNAMARIA IAGNOCCO ◽

GIOVANNI LA MONTAGNA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Metabolism ◽

Health Assessment ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Bone Erosions

Objective.To investigate the relationship among focal bone erosions and bone mineral density (BMD), 25(OH) vitamin D (25OHD), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) values in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.The study included 1191 RA patients (1014 women, 177 men, mean age 58.9 ± 11.1 yrs) participating in a multicenter, cross-sectional study.Results.Radiographic evidence of typical bony erosions on hands or forefeet was found in 64.1% of patients. In those with bone erosions as compared to those without, mean BMD Z score values were significantly lower at both the spine (−0.74 ± 1.19 vs −0.46 ± 1.31; p = 0.05) and the hip (−0.72 ± 1.07 vs −0.15 ± 1.23; p < 0.001). In the subgroup of patients not taking vitamin D supplements, PTH levels were significantly higher in those with erosive arthritis (25.9 ± 14.0 vs 23.1 ± 11.6 pg/ml; p = 0.01); whereas the 25OHD concentrations were very similar in the 2 groups. The mean differences for BMD and PTH among the erosive and nonerosive RA remained statistically significant when values were simultaneously adjusted for all disease and mineral metabolism factors (i.e., age, sex, menopause, disease duration, Disease Activity Score 28-joint count, Health Assessment Questionnaire, activities of daily living, Steinbrocker functional state, glucocorticoid therapy, body weight, and bisphosphonate treatment).Conclusion.Our results suggest that the presence of bone erosions in RA correlates with low BMD levels and high PTH levels, and that these associations are independent of the degree of functional impairment and other common determinants of bone mass and mineral metabolism in adults with RA. These findings suggest that treatments to prevent bone loss or suppress PTH levels might positively affect the progression of bone erosions in RA.

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