Effects of Water Immersion and Soil Moisture Content on Larval and Pupal Survival of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Bactrocera minax, one of the most devastating citrus pests in Asia, has two developmental stages (mature larva and pupa) that complete their life cycle in the soil. Currently, southern China has a climate with abundant autumn rains, and soil moisture can be a major factor affecting the survival of larvae and pupae of B. minax. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of water immersion and high soil moisture content on the development of mature larvae and pupae of B. minax. When immersed in water for 1 d, 100% of mature larvae of B. minax were knocked out. When larvae were immersed for less than 6 d, however, more than 92% of knocked-out larvae recovered within 24 h. The days of water immersion with 50% and 90% recovery ratios (indicated as RD50 and RD90) were 10.3 d and 6.4 d, respectively. When larvae were immersed less than 6 d, the mortality ratios of larvae were not significantly different from those that were not immersed at all. The days of immersion causing 50% and 90% mortality of larvae (MD50 and MD90, respectively) were 7.6 d and 11.1 d, respectively. The pupation ratios of larvae were also observed to be not significantly different compared to non-immersion, and the days of immersion causing 50% and 90% pupation (PD50 and PD90, respectively) were 6.6 d and 0.8 d, respectively. Larval respiration rates were reduced after water immersion as a strategy for larval survival. High water content was not detrimental to pupae of B. minax. Adult emergence did not significantly decrease in soil with high water content, even though pupae were under those conditions for 161–175 d. The respiration rates of pupae were lower in soil with different moisture levels and were not significantly different, which ensured the survival of pupae in high water content. Reduced respiration rate is a strategy for survival of larvae and pupae, and remarkable tolerance to high moisture conditions could explain the high rate of spread and geographical distribution of B. minax. The results of this study provide a reference for the occurrence and control of B. minax.

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Development of calibration algorithms for selected water content reflectometry probes for burned and non-burned organic soils of Alaska

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf07175 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 961 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez ◽

Gordon C. Garwood ◽

Kevin Riordan ◽

Benjamin W. Koziol ◽

James Slawski

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Organic Soil ◽

Organic Content ◽

Organic Soils ◽

Probe Type

Water content reflectometry is a method used by many commercial manufacturers of affordable sensors to electronically estimate soil moisture content. Field‐deployable and handheld water content reflectometry probes were used in a variety of organic soil‐profile types in Alaska. These probes were calibrated using 65 organic soil samples harvested from these burned and unburned, primarily moss‐dominated sites in the boreal forest. Probe output was compared with gravimetrically measured volumetric moisture content, to produce calibration algorithms for surface‐down‐inserted handheld probes in specific soil‐profile types, as well as field‐deployable horizontally inserted probes in specific organic soil horizons. General organic algorithms for each probe type were also developed. Calibrations are statistically compared to determine their suitability. The resulting calibrations showed good agreement with in situ validation and varied from the default mineral‐soil‐based calibrations by 20% or more. These results are of particular interest to researchers measuring soil moisture content with water content reflectometry probes in soils with high organic content.

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Geostatistical analysis for soil moisture content under the no tillage cropping system

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162006000400005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 341-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Célia Regina Grego ◽

Sidney Rosa Vieira ◽

Aline Maria Antonio ◽

Simone Cristina Della Rosa

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Water Content ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

No Tillage ◽

Moisture Contents ◽

Classical Statistics ◽

Evaluation Point

Experiments in agriculture usually consider the topsoil properties to be uniform in space and, for this reason, often make inadequate use of the results. The objective of this study was to assess the variability for soil moisture content using geostatistical techniques. The experiment was carried out on a Rhodic Ferralsol (typic Haplorthox) in Campinas, SP, Brazil, in an area of 3.42 ha cultivated under the no tillage system, and the sampling was made in a grid of 102 points spaced 10 m x 20 m. Access tubes were inserted down to one meter at each evaluation point in order to measure soil moisture contents (cm³ cm-3) at depths of 30, 60 and 90 cm with a neutron moisture gauge. Samplings were made between the months of August and September of 2003 and in January 2004. The soil moisture content for each sampling date was analyzed using classical statistics in order to appropriately describe the central tendency and dispersion on the data and then using geostatistics to describe the spatial variability. The comparison between the spatial variability for different samplings was made examining scaled semivariograms. Water content was mapped using interpolated values with punctual kriging. The semivariograms showed that, at the 60 cm depth, soil water content had moderate spatial dependence with ranges between 90 and 110 m. However, no spatial dependence was found for 30 and 90 cm depths in 2003. Sampling density was insufficient for an adequate characterization of the spatial variability of soil moisture contents at the 30 and 90 cm depths.

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Root Regeneration of Fall-Lifted White Spruce Nursery Stock in Relation to Soil Moisture Content

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc51196-5 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 51 (5) ◽

pp. 196-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

R. J. Day ◽

G. R. MacGillivray

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Root Elongation ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Field Capacity ◽

White Spruce ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

High Rate ◽

Root Regeneration ◽

Nursery Stock

The root regenerating potential of fall-lifted 2+0 white spruce nursery stock is described after transplanting into soil-maintained at 8, 10 and 15% soil moisture content (SMC) in glass fronted root boxes. At 15% SMC (0.1 bar soil moisture tension), which is close to field capacity, root regeneration began 10 days after transplanting and root elongation continued at a high rate for the remainder of a 40-day study period. At 10% SMC (0.6 bar SMT) root regeneration was delayed until 20 days after transplanting and root elongation was at a slower rate. At 8% SMC (1.5 bars) root regeneration and elongation was negligible. Plant moisture stress measured at 40 days was least when root regeneration was most and vice versa. The results suggest that field planting of white spruce in soils with moisture tensions of over 0.6 bar will be hazardous.

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EFFECTS OF HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS AND ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON ESTABLISHMENT OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.588a ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 588a-588

Author(s):

A. James Downer ◽

Ben Faber ◽

Richard White

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Time Domain Reflectometry ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Turf Quality

Three polymers (a polyacrylamide, polyacrylate and a propenoate-propenamide copolymer) and three organic amendments (peat moss, wood shavings, and composted yardwaste) were incorporated at five rates in a sandy soil to 15cm depth. Soil moisture content was determined by time domain reflectometry and gravimetrically. Only the highest polymer rates (2928kg/ha [60#/1000sq.ft.]) produced significant increases in soil moisture content and reductions of soil bulk density. Peat moss and yardwaste increased soil water content while shavings decreased water content. Turf quality scores were not affected by polymers but were initially reduced by yardwaste and shavings.

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ANGKA KAPANG DAN KHAMIR PADA LADA PUTIH ASAL BANGKA

Jurnal Sains Natural ◽

10.31938/jsn.v5i2.260 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 101

Author(s):

Oktavio Rosani ◽

Devy Susanty ◽

Ary Triyanto

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

High Water ◽

Quality Standard ◽

High Water Content ◽

White Pepper ◽

Public Consumption ◽

Mold And Yeast ◽

The Relationship

Numbers of Mold and Yeast on White Pepper from BangkaWhite pepper is one of Indonesia's spices that are needed for both public consumption and exports. Post-harvest processing of white pepper by farmers is often done with unclean. Each source of white pepper has different water content and will affect the quality of white pepper. In this study, seven samples (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7) were from Bangka. All samples tested had higher water content than SNI quality standard (13%), but still below the quality standard 2 (18%). Sample S2 has the highest water content compared to other samples. Sample S1 and S2 have high Numbers of Mold and Yeast (AKK) and do not suitable with quality standart of BPOM. Of all samples, S2 had the highest AKK (5,51 x 104 colony / g) and sample S5 had the smallest AKK (8,8 x 102 colony / g). This shows the relationship between water content in white pepper with AKK. White pepper that has a high water content has a high AKK, whereas white pepper that has low moisture content has low AKK.Keywords: white pepper, Numbers of Mold and Yeast, moisture contentABSTRAKLada putih adalah salah satu rempah Indonesia yang banyak dibutuhkan baik untuk konsumsi masyarakat ataupun ekspor. Proses pengolahan pasca panen lada putih oleh petani sering dilakukan dengan tidak bersih. Setiap sumber lada putih memiliki kadar air yang berbeda dan akan mempengaruhi kualitas lada putih. Pada penelitian ini,tujuh sampel (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7) berasal dari Bangka. Semua sampel yang di uji memiliki kadar air yang lebih tinggi dari standar mutu 1 SNI (13%), namun masih berada di bawah standar mutu 2 (18 %). Sampel S2 memiliki kadar air yang paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan sampel lainnya. Sampel S1 dan S2 memiliki (Angka Kapang Khamir) AKK yang tinggi dan tidak memenuhi syarat mutu. BPOM. Dari semua sampel, sampel S2 memiliki AKK paling tinggi (5,51 x 104 koloni/g) dan sampel S5 memiliki AKK paling kecil (8,8 x 102 koloni/g). Hal ini menunjukan hubungan antara kadar air pada lada putih dengan AKK. Lada putih yang memiliki kadar air tinggi memiliki AKK yang juga tinggi, sedangkan lada putih yang memiliki kadar air rendah memiki AKK yang rendah.Kata Kunci: Lada putih, Angka kapang khamir, Kadar Air

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Initial Moisture Content of Corncobs Plays an Important Role in Maintaining its Quality during Storage

Jurnal Agritech ◽

10.22146/agritech.26663 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Lince Mukkun ◽

Herianus J.D. Lalel ◽

Yuliana Tandirubak

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Initial Moisture Content ◽

High Water ◽

High Water Content ◽

Initial Water Content ◽

Initial Water ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Randomized Design

Maize is one of the important staple foods for people in Timor, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Subsistent farmers store the maize for their own consumption until the next harvest season, for seed and feed. However, high initial water content of the kernel due to improper drying prior storage initiate serious damage and losses during the maize storage. High water content promotes the growth of fungi and insects, and increase respiration rate, resulting in rapid deterioration of maize. The purpose of this study was to determine the initial moisture content that might minimize damage and losses of maize in the farmers’ storage, and to study the effects of some plant materials that are used to smoke corns before storage. The experiment was initiated by sun-drying the harvested corncobs for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days (6 hours a day). This experiment was designed using Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. Dried corncobs were stored in the farmer’s storage for 4 months. The effects of maize kernels’ initial water content on the development of water content in kernels; the percentage of damaged kernels; and the species of pathogen and insects were investigated during storage with 2-week intervals. The results demonstrated that drying the corncobs prior storage for 10 days, resulting in 12.96% of water content, significantly decreased the percentage of seed damage to 6.5%, as compared to without drying process which resulted in 63%. Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., and Penicillium sp were found to be the main pathogen during storage. There are no insect pests found during the storage.

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KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN RUMPUT LAUT (Sargassum sp.) YANG DIPEROLEH DARI KECAMATAN WANGI-WANGI DAN KECAMATAN WANGI-WANGI SELATAN KABUPATEN WAKATOBI

Jurnal Fish Protech ◽

10.33772/jfp.v4i1.18142 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 44

Author(s):

La Ode Sarlin ◽

Haslianti Haslianti ◽

Sri Rejeki

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

High Water ◽

Carbohydrate Content ◽

High Water Content ◽

Test Results ◽

A Value ◽

Keywords Antioxidants

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the proximate content (moisture content, carbohydrate content), phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids) and antioxidants. This research used descriptive analysis. Proximate test results on Sargassum sp. P1 = 35.43% and P2 = 34.42% High water content is found in sample code P1, while carbohydrates P1 = 11.85. and P2 = 22.05. Phytochemical test of seaweed Sargassum sp. there are flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids but there are no alkaloids and steroids. Antioxidant activity of seaweed Sargassum sp. P1 has a value of IC50 = 153.37 while the value of IC50 is at P2 = 162.32. Keywords: Antioxidants, Phytochemicals Sargassum sp, and Proximate.ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakterisasi kimia aktivitas antioksidan rumput laut Sargassum sp. yang diperoleh dari Kecamatan Wangi-Wangi dan Kecamatan Wangi-Wangi selatan Kabupaten Wakatobi. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Hasil Uji proksimat pada rumput laut Sargassum sp. yaitu : P1 = 35,43% dan P2 = 34,42% Kadar air yang tinggi terdapat pada kode sampel P1, Sedangkan karbohidrat dengan kode sampel P1= 11,85. dan P2 = 22,05. Uji fitokimia rumput laut Sargassum sp. terdapat flavonoid, saponin dan terpenoid namun tidak terdapat alkaloid dan steroid. Aktivitas antioksidan rumput laut Sargassum sp. P1 memiliki nilai IC50 = 153,37, sedangkan nilai IC50 pada P2 = 162,32.Kata kunci: Antioksidan, Fitokimia Sargassum sp, dan Proksimat.

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Physiological and biochemical responses of Festuca sinensis seedlings to temperature and soil moisture stress

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp16410 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 1007

Author(s):

Jian-Jun Wang ◽

Wei-Hu Lin ◽

Yan-Ting Zhao ◽

Cheng Meng ◽

An-Wei Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Free Proline ◽

Relative Water ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

The interaction effects between temperature and soil moisture on Festuca sinensis Keng ex E.B.Alexeev were analysed to determine how F. sinensis responds to these environmental conditions. A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under simulated growth conditions with four soil moisture contents (80, 65, 50 and 35% relative saturation moisture content) and three temperature conditions (15, 20 and 25°C). Physiological (relative water content and root activity) and biochemical parameters (chlorophyll, peroxidase (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein, soluble sugar and free proline) were evaluated at the seedling stage. Results showed that with a decrease in soil water content, the POD activities, MDA content, soluble protein content, soluble sugar content and free proline content of plants under the 15°C and 20°C treatments initially decreased and then increased, whereas they increased with a decrease of soil water content at 25°C. The relative water contents of plants under the three temperature treatments decreased with a decreasing soil moisture content, but then increased temperature significantly reduced the relative water content of the seedlings under low soil water content. The chlorophyll contents of plants under the 25°C treatment decreased with a decrease of soil moisture content, but those of plants under the 15°C and 20°C treatments initially increased and then decreased. The root activities of plants under the 15°C and 20°C treatments increased with a decreasing soil moisture content; however, those of plants under the 25°C treatment initially increased and then decreased. Thus, results indicated that changes of temperature and soil moisture content had significant and complicated effects on the physiological-biochemical characteristics of F. sinensis; the conditions of 20°C and 65% RSMC had positive effects on F. sinensis seedling growth and the appropriate drought stress could promote the growth of seedling roots under the three different temperature conditions. In conclusion, F. sinensis seedlings could adapt to certain changes in the ecological environment by regulating their physiological and biochemical reactions.

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PENGARUH CEKAMAN KURANG AIR TERHADAP BEBERAPA KARAKTER FISIOLOGIS TANAMAN NILAM (Pogostemon cablin Benth)

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/jlittri.v19n3.2013.108-116 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 108

Author(s):

SETIAWAN SETIAWAN ◽

TOHARI TOHARI ◽

DJA’FAR SHIDDIEQ

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Relative Water Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Block Design ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Pogostemon Cablin ◽

Relative Water

ABSTRAK Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang dikenal dengan minyak nilam (patchouli oil). Salah satu kendala dalam pengembangan tanaman nilam adalah peka terhadap kekurangan air. Perubahan iklim cenderung menyebabkan lebih sering terjadi kekeringan di sejumlah wilayah termasuk Indonesia sehingga dalam pengembangan tanaman nilam diperlukan varietas toleran terhadap cekaman kurang air. Terdapat tiga varietas unggul nilam (Tapaktuan, Sidikalang, dan Lhokseumawe) dengan produksi minyak (290-375 kg/ha) dengan kadar patchouli alkohol 32–33%. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi respon fisiologis 4 varietas/aksesi tanaman nilam terhadap cekaman kurang air. Penelitian dilaksanakan di rumah kaca di Bogor pada tahun 2012. Penelitian menggunakan RAK faktorial dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama 4 varietas/aksesi nilam (V) yaitu Sidikalang, Lhokseumawe, Tapaktuan, dan Bio-4. Faktor kedua empat interval penyiraman (W) yaitu 1, 3, 6, dan 9 hari sekali. Evaluasi pengaruh cekaman kurang air dilakukan terhadap beberapa karakter fisiologi tanaman nilam. Pengamatan dilakukan antara lain terhadap peubah kadar lengas tanah, konduktivitas stomata (Gs), laju transpirasi (Tr), kandungan air nisbi (KAN), potensial air daun (PAD) dan kandungan prolin daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan kadar lengas tanah, konduktivitas stomata, laju transpirasi, dan KAN pada semua varietas, sedangkan PAD dan kadar prolin meningkat seiring dengan semakin lamanya interval penyiraman. Kadar prolin tertinggi pada interval 9 hari sekali pada varietas Sidikalang. Tidak terdapat perbedaan respon varietas/aksesi nilam yang diuji. Kata kunci: Pogostemon cablin Benth, cekaman kurang air, karakter fisiologis.ABSTRACT Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) is one of plant that produces patchouli oil call patchouli oil. However, patchouli is susceptible to drought. The effect of global warming which changes rainfall pattern caused droughts in several regions including Indonesia. Therefore, it is important to find patchouli variety which is relatively tolerant to drought. Tapaktuan, Sidikalang, dan Lhokseumawe are three varieties of patchouli which produce high essential oil (290-375 kg/ha) with high patchouli alcohol content (32–33%). The objective of this research was to evaluate the physiological responses of four varieties/clone of patchouli to drought. The experiment was conducted at greenhouse at Cimanggu, Bogor from February to July 2012. The research was designed in randomized factorial block design (RBD) with three replications. The first factor was four varieties/clone of patchouli (V) Sidikalang, Lhokseumawe, Tapaktuan, and Bio-4. The second factor was four watering intervals (W) every 1, 3, 6 and 9 days of watering. Parameters evaluated were physiological characteristics, soil moisture content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate (Tr), leaf water potential, relative water content, and proline content of leaf. The results showed that soil moisture content, stomatal conductivity, transpiration rate and relative water content decreased, while leaf water potential and proline levels increased along with the increase of watering intervals. The highest proline level was at interval of nine days watering treatment on Sidikalang varieties. However, all varieties/clone have not different responses to water deficit. Key words: Pogostemon cablin Benth,water deficit, physiological characteristics

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Physiological responses to drought of Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl in semi-arid conditions

Advances in Forestry Science ◽

10.34062/afs.v6i1.5735 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 493 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fabio Rodrigues Ramos ◽

Antonio Lucineudo Oliveira Freire

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Water Use ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Relative Water Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Relative Water ◽

Use Efficiency

This study aimed to evaluate the physiological behavior of faveleira (Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl) plants grown in the field, in Caatinga, during wet and dry seasons. Adult plants were selected for evaluation in March and April (wet season) and May and June (dry season), during 2016. We evaluated the soil water content, water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψπ), relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), photosynthetic rate (A), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), instantaneous water use efficiency (A/E) and carboxylation efficiency (A/Ci). The reduction in water availability in the soil promoted a marked decrease in soil water potential, which was more affected than the relative water content. The opening of the stomata was affected by the decrease in soil moisture content, reducing the stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthesis rate, instantaneous water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency. The photosynthesis was more affected than transpiration by the reduction in soil moisture content.

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