Semi-Rigid Fixation Using a Sliding Plate for Treating Fractures of the Mandibular Condylar Process

Occlusal displacement often occurs after surgery for condylar process fractures because it is difficult to reduce these fractures precisely. However, performing semi-rigid fixation using a sliding plate may overcome this limitation. A retrospective clinical comparison between semi-rigid and rigid fixations was performed. Among 34 patients who had unilateral condylar process fractures, 17 were treated with rigid fixation and the remaining with semi-rigid fixation using a sliding plate. For all patients, panoramic radiographs were collected 1 day and 6 months after surgery. In these radiographs, ramus height and condylar process inclination were measured, and the differences between the fractured and normal sides were assessed. Additionally, the radiographic density of the fracture area was measured. Differences in surgical outcomes and operative times between the two groups and changes in postoperative deviations within each group were analyzed. There was no statistically significant difference in ramus height and condylar process inclination between the two groups at postoperative day 1 and 6 months. Radio-density was observed to be higher in the rigid fixation group, and it increased with time in both groups. The semi-rigid fixation group had a significantly shorter operative time than the other group did. Semi-rigid and rigid fixations showed no differences in terms of effectiveness and outcomes of surgery. In terms of operative time, semi-rigid fixation was superior to rigid fixation.

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Single-bone versus both-bone plating of unstable paediatric both-bone forearm fractures. A randomized controlled clinical trial

International Orthopaedics ◽

10.1007/s00264-021-05097-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed Khaled ◽

Amr A. Fadle ◽

Ahmed Khalil Attia ◽

Andrew Sami ◽

Abdelkhalek Hafez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Operative Time ◽

Forearm Fractures ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Fracture Union ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Bone Fixation ◽

Fixation Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Single Bone

Abstract Purpose This clinical trial compares the functional and radiological outcomes of single-bone fixation to both-bone fixation of unstable paediatric both-bone forearm fractures. Methods This individually randomized two-group parallel clinical trial was performed following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement at a single academic tertiary medical centre with an established paediatric orthopaedics unit. All children aged between nine and 15 years who presented to the emergency department at Assiut university with unstable diaphyseal, both-bone forearm fractures requiring surgical intervention between November 1, 2018, and February 28, 2020, were screened for eligibility against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were diaphyseal unstable fractures defined as shaft fractures between the distal and proximal metaphyses with an angulation of > 10°, and/or malrotation of > 30°, and/or displacement > 10 mm after attempted closed reduction. Exclusion criteria included open fractures, Galeazzi fractures, Monteggia fractures, radial head fractures, and associated neurovascular injuries. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomized to either the single-bone fixation group (intervention) or the both-bone fixation group (control). Primary outcomes were forearm range of motion and fracture union, while secondary outcomes were forearm function (price criteria), radius re-angulation, wrist and elbow range of motion, and surgical time Results A total of 50 children were included. Out of these 50 children, 25 were randomized to either arm of the study. All children in either group received the treatment assigned by randomization. Fifty (100%) children were available for final follow-up at six months post-operatively. The mean age of single-bone and both-bone fixation groups was 11.48 ± 1.93 and 13 ± 1.75 years, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.006). There were no statistically significant differences in gender, laterality, affection of the dominant hand, or mode of trauma between single-bone and both-bone fixation groups. All patients in both groups achieved fracture union. There mean radius re-angulation of the single-bone fixation groups was 5.36 ± 4.39 (0–20) degrees, while there was no radius re-angulation in the both-bone fixation group, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). The time to union in the single-bone group was 6.28 ± 1.51 weeks, while the time to union in the both-bone fixation group was 6.64 ± 1.75 weeks, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.44). There were no infections or refractures in either group. In the single-bone fixation group, 24 (96%) patients have regained their full forearm ROM (loss of ROM < 15°), while only one (4%) patient lost between 15 and 30° of ROM. In the both-bone fixation group, 23 (92%) patients have regained their full forearm ROM (loss of ROM < 15°), while only two (8%) patients lost between 15 and 30° of ROM. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in loss of forearm ROM (p = 0.55). All patients in both groups regained full ROM of their elbow and wrist joints. On price grading, 24 (96%) and 23 (92%) patients who underwent single bone fixation and both-bone fixation scored excellent, respectively. Only one (4%) patient in the single-bone fixation group and two (8%) patients in the both-bone fixation group scored good, with no statistically significant difference in price score between groups (p = 0.49). The majority of the patients from both groups had no pain on the numerical pain scale; 22 (88%) patients in the single-bone fixation group and 21 (84%) patients in the both-bone fixation groups, with no statistically significant difference between groups (p = 0.38). The single-bone fixation group had a significantly shorter mean operative time in comparison to both-bones plating (43.60 ± 6.21 vs. 88.60 ± 10.56 (min); p < 0.001). Conclusion Single-bone ulna open reduction and plate fixation and casting are safe and had a significantly shorter operative time than both-bone fixation. However, single-bone ORIF had a higher risk radius re-angulation, alas clinically acceptable. Both groups had equally excellent functional outcomes, forearm ROM, and union rates with no complications or refractures. Long-term studies are required.

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Which is the best treatment of pediatric upper urinary tract stones among extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery: a systematic review

BMC Urology ◽

10.1186/s12894-019-0520-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Qing He ◽

Kaiwen Xiao ◽

Yuntian Chen ◽

Banghua Liao ◽

Hong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hospital Stay ◽

Operative Time ◽

Upper Urinary Tract ◽

The Other ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery ◽

Lower Efficiency ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Urinary Tract Stones ◽

Retreatment Rate

Abstract Background Although the indications of minimally invasive treatments for pediatric urolithiasis are similar to those in adults, it is still crucial to make the right treatment decision due to the special considerations of children. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in the management of pediatric upper urinary tract stones. Methods EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched from their first available date to March 2018. The studies that meet the inclusive criteria were included. The efficacy and safety of the treatments were assessed by means of meta-analysis of the stone free rate (SFR), complication rate, effectiveness quotient (EQ) and secondary outcome indicators. Results A total of 13 comparative studies were identified for data analysis. PCNL presented a significantly higher SFR compared with SWL. Similarly, the single-session SFR of RIRS was significantly higher than SWL. However, no significant difference was found between RIRS and SWL in the overall SFR. There was no significant difference between PCNL and RIRS in the SFR. Furthermore, no significant differences in complication rates were found among the three therapies. Compared with the other two treatments, PCNL had a longer operative time, fluoroscopy time and hospital stay. SWL had a shorter hospital stay, higher retreatment rate and auxiliary rate in comparison with the other two treatments. The present data also showed that PCNL presented a higher EQ than the other two treatments, and RIRS had a lower efficiency than SWL and PCNL. In the subgroup analysis of pediatric patients with stone ≤20 mm, the comparative results were similar to those described above, except for the higher complication rate of PCNL than SWL. Conclusions Although SWL as an outpatient procedure provides shorter hospital stay and reduces operative time, it has a lower SFR and higher retreatment rate than the other two treatments. PCNL exhibits a higher SFR and EQ than SWL; nevertheless, it has a longer operative time and fluoroscopy time than the other two procedures. RIRS offers a similar SFR as PCNL but a lower efficiency than PCNL.

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Assessment of Mandibular Surface Area Changes in Bruxers Versus Controls on Panoramic Radiographic Images: A Case Control Study

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1745017901814010753 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 753-761

Author(s):

Lakshmi Padmaja Satheeswarakumar ◽

Tatu Joy Elenjickal ◽

Shashi Kiran Mohan Ram ◽

Kartheesan Thangasamy

Keyword(s):

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Surface Area ◽

Coronoid Process ◽

Area Change ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

Jaw Bone ◽

Condylar Process ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group Ii

Background: Bruxism is the commonest of the many parafunctional activities of the masticatory system. Opinions on the causes of bruxism were numerous and widely varying. It can occur during sleep as well as wakefulness. Bruxism was for long considered a major cause of tooth wear. Other effects of bruxism may include tooth movement and tooth mobility, as well as changes in oral soft tissues and jaw bone. Since the exact etiology and manifestations are unclear, it was difficult to diagnose Bruxism. In this study, we evaluated the area change as measured from digital panoramic radiographs that can occur in the lower jaw bone in those with Bruxism and compared the results with non-bruxers. Aims and Objective: To determine the surface area changes of the mandible, condylar and coronoid processes in Bruxers from Panoramic radiographs and to compare and contrast the changes with age and gender matched controls. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. The total sample size was 40. The sample was divided into two groups, Bruxers and non-bruxers with 20 subjects in each group. Healthy volunteers aged between 20- 30 years diagnosed with Bruxism and Healthy volunteers aged between 20- 30 years diagnosed without Bruxism were included in group II (Non-Bruxers). Bruxchecker was made use of in confirming the Bruxism in Group I. The Panoramic radiograph was used as the imaging modality for the study. The measurements were made with the help of software, Image J. All the measurements were tabulated and statistical analysis was made using ANOVA (Post hoc) followed by Dunnett’s test and unpaired t test. Results: A comparison of the mandibular surface area as a whole and also condylar and coronoid processes individually were carried out. Significant results were obtained in case of condylar and coronoid processes between the two groups. The surface area of condylar process of Group I was found to be lower than that of Group II. The surface area of the right coronoid process of group I was found to be less when compared to that of group II but the values of the left coronoid process of group I was found to be more when compared with group II. The surface area of the mandible showed no significant difference between the groups. There was significant difference between the genders in case of mandible, condyle and coronoid. The surface area of mandible and condylar process was found to be lower in female when compared to male. The surface area of coronoid process was found to be more in case of females when compared to that of males in Group I. The results of our study show that while the overall surface area of bruxers remain unaffected when compared to controls, the condylar and coronoid process show significant change. The hitherto belief that the primary brunt of bruxism is borne by the masseter would require a revisit since alteration in tonicity of the masseter would reflect in surface area change of the mandible as a whole. An increase in the surface area of the coronoid process in bruxers was observed in our study which could be attributed to altered activity of the temporalis, a muscle largely responsible for the posture of the mandible. This could imply that bruxers show alteration in temporalis activity which would explain several clinical manifestations such as headache, neck pain, shoulder pain and altered posture and so on which we have observed in the clinical practice of neuromuscular dentistry. Further studies examining the activity of the temporalis and masseter would further corroborate our findings and form the basis for future research in this arena. Conclusion: This original research was carried out to assess the surface area changes in mandible and condylar and coronoid processes of Bruxers and non-bruxers. The results showed significant changes in the surface area of condylar and coronoid process in Bruxers when compared to the controls. This is an area of study with paucity of available literature. This study would be a stepping stone for future studies in this arena.

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Effects of Edentulism on Mandibular Morphology: Evaluation of Panoramic Radiographs

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/254932 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rıdvan Okşayan ◽

Bayram Asarkaya ◽

Nizamettin Palta ◽

İrfan Şimşek ◽

Oral Sökücü ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tooth Loss ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Statistical Test ◽

Notch Depth ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

Group Iii ◽

Gonial Angle ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ramus Height

Purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate morphological changes of the mandible in edentulous and dentate subjects using panoramic radiographs.Materials and Methods. Panoramic radiographs were divided into the following three groups: Group I (completely edentulous group), Group II (old dentate group) and Group III (young dentate group). The research parameters of gonial angle, condylar height, ramus height, ramus notch depth, and antegonial notch depth were measured on panoramic radiographs. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was used to determine significant differences in mandibular morphological parameters among the three groups. The Mann-WhitneyUtest was used to compare the subgroups.Results. Significant differences were found only in ramus height between three groups. According to the Mann-WhitneyUtest, a significant difference was exhibited among Groups I and II in the ramus height parameter. No significant differences were found in the gonial angle, condylar height, ramus notch depth, or antegonial notch depth when comparing the young dentate, old dentate, and completely edentulous subjects.Conclusions. Significant differences were found only in ramus height between the groups. Ramus height may be an indicator that changed by years and tooth loss. It must be considered that ramus height can be decreased in edentulism.

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Effect of Grinding and Resintering on the Fatigue Limit and Surface Characterization of a Y-TZP Ceramic

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201600801 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 468-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gabriela Scatimburgo Polli ◽

Gabriel Rodrigues Hatanaka ◽

Filipe de Oliveira Abi-Rached ◽

Lígia Antunes Pereira Pinelli ◽

Márcio de Sousa Góes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Limit ◽

Surface Characterization ◽

Monoclinic Phase ◽

The Other ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Staircase Method ◽

X Ray ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fracture Area

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of grinding protocols and resintering on flexural fatigue limit and surface characterization of LavaTM Y-TZP. Bar-shaped specimens (20×4.0×1.2 mm, n=40; 20×4.0×1.5 mm, n=80) were obtained. Half of the thinner specimens (1.2 mm) constituted the as-sintered group (AS), while the thicker ones (1.5 mm) were ground with diamond burs under irrigation (WG) or not (G). The other half of thinner and half of ground specimens were resintered (1000 ºC, 30 min), forming the groups ASR, WGR and GR. Fatigue limit (500,000 cycles, 10 Hz) was evaluated by staircase method in a 4-point flexural fixture. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Surface topography (n=3) and fracture area (n=3) were evaluated by SEM. X-ray diffraction data (n=1) was analyzed by Rietveld refinement. ANOVA revealed significant differences (p<0.001) for the grinding protocol, resintering and their interaction. Grinding increased the fatigue limit of non-resintered groups. There was no significant difference among the resintered groups. Resintering significantly increased the fatigue limit of the AS group only. Both protocols created evident grooves on zirconia surface. The failures initiated at the tensile side of all specimens. The percentages (wt%) of monoclinic phase were AS (8.6), ASR (1.2), G (1.8), GR (0.0), WG (8.2), WGR (0.0) before, and AS (7.4), ASR (6.5), G (3.2), GR (0.2), WG (4.6), WGR (1.1) after cyclic loading. Grinding increased the fatigue limit of non-resintered Y-TZP and formed evident grooves on its surface. Resintering provided significant increase in the fatigue limit of as-sintered specimens. In general, grinding and resintering decreased or zeroed the monoclinic phase.

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Learning Curve for Laparoscopic Repair of Pediatric Inguinal Hernia Using Percutaneous Internal Ring Suturing

Children ◽

10.3390/children8040294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 294

Author(s):

Zenon Pogorelić ◽

Dario Huskić ◽

Tin Čohadžić ◽

Miro Jukić ◽

Tomislav Šušnjar

Keyword(s):

Inguinal Hernia ◽

Laparoscopic Surgery ◽

Postoperative Complications ◽

Hernia Repair ◽

Learning Curve ◽

Operative Time ◽

Learning Curves ◽

The Other ◽

Internal Ring ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Percutaneous internal ring suturing (PIRS) is a simple and popular technique for the treatment of inguinal hernia in children. The aim of this study was to analyze the learning curves during implementation of PIRS in our department. Methods: A total of 318 pediatric patients underwent hernia repair using the PIRS technique by three pediatric surgeons with different levels of experience in laparoscopic surgery. These patients were enrolled in a prospective cohort study during the period October 2015–January 2021. Surgical times, intraoperative and postoperative complications, in addition to outcomes of treatment were compared among the pediatric surgeons. Results: Regarding operative time a significant difference among the surgeons was found. Operative time significantly decreased after 25–30 procedures per surgeon. The surgeon with advanced experience in laparoscopic surgery had significantly less operative times for both unilateral (12 (interquartile range, IQR 10.5, 16.5) min vs. 21 (IQR 16.5, 28) min and 25 (IQR 21.5, 30) min; p = 0.002) and bilateral (19 (IQR 14, 21) min vs. 28 (IQR 25, 33) min and 31 (IQR 24, 36) min; p = 0.0001) hernia repair, compared to the other two surgeons. Perioperative complications, conversion, and ipsilateral recurrence rates were higher at the beginning, reaching the benchmarks when each surgeon performed at least 30 PIRS procedures. The most experienced surgeon had the lowest number of complications (1.4%) and needed a fewer number of cases to reach the plateau. The other two surgeons with less experience in laparoscopic surgery had higher rates of complications (4.4% and 5.4%) and needed a higher number of cases to reach the plateau (p = 0.190). Conclusions: A PIRS learning curve for perioperative and postoperative complications, recurrences, and conversion rates reached the plateau after each surgeon had performed at least 30 cases. After that number of cases PIRS is a safe and effective approach for pediatric hernia repair. A surgeon with an advanced level of experience in pediatric laparoscopic surgery adopted the technique more easily and had a significantly faster learning curve.

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Minimally Invasive Management of Bladder Stones in Children

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2020.618756 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Ciro Esposito ◽

Giuseppe Autorino ◽

Lorenzo Masieri ◽

Marco Castagnetti ◽

Fulvia Del Conte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Minimally Invasive ◽

Operative Time ◽

Bladder Wall ◽

Cost Effective ◽

The Other ◽

Percutaneous Approach ◽

Bladder Stones ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Invasive Management

Background: Bladder stones (BS) are rare in children. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) seems to be nowadays the procedure of choice to treat pediatric patients with BS. This study aimed to analyze retrospectively our experience with percutaneous cystolithotomy, endourological treatment with Holmium laser and robotic cystolithotomy in children with BS.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 13 children (eight boys and five girls) with BS who were treated at our centers between July 2013 and July 2020. The patients received three different MIS procedures for stones removal: five underwent robotic cystolithotomy, five underwent endourological treatment and three received percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL). We preferentially adopted endourological approach for stones <10 mm, percutaneous approach between 2014 and 2016 and robotic approach since 2016 for larger stones.Results: Mean patients' age at the time of diagnosis was 13 years (range 5–18). Ten/13 patients (76.9%) had primary BS and 3/13 patients (23.1%) had secondary BS. Mean stone size was 18.8 mm (range 7–50). In all cases the stones were removed successfully. One Clavien II post-operative complication occurred following PCCL (33.3%). All the procedures were completed without conversions. Operative time ranged between 40 and 90 min (mean 66) with no significant difference between the three methods (p = 0.8). Indwelling bladder catheter duration was significantly longer after PCCL (mean 72 h) compared with robotic and endourological approaches (mean 15.6 h) (p = 0.001). Hospitalization was significantly longer after PCCL (mean 7.6 days) compared with the other two approaches (mean 4.7 days) (p = 0.001). The endourological approach was the most cost-effective method compared with the other two approaches (p = 0.001).Conclusions: Minimally invasive management of bladder stones in children was safe and effective. Endourological management was the most cost-effective method, allowing a shorter hospital stay compared with the other procedures but it was mainly indicated for smaller stones with a diameter < 10 mm. Based upon our preliminary results, robotic surgery seemed to be a feasible treatment option for BS larger than 15–20 mm. It allowed to remove the big stones without crushing them with a safe and easy closure of the bladder wall thanks to the easy suturing provided by the Robot technology.

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Cosmetic Blepharoplasty: A Comparison of CO2 Laser and Electrosurgical Technique

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery ◽

10.1177/074880689701400105 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 15-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Howard A. Tobin ◽

Stephen H. Fink

Keyword(s):

Co2 Laser ◽

Postoperative Period ◽

Operative Time ◽

The Other ◽

The Third ◽

Significant Difference

A study of blepharoplasty results was performed comparing a conventional electrosurgical technique to the CO2 laser. Patients were recruited for the study, in which a direct comparison of the techniques was made on each patient using the electrosurgical technique on one eye and the CO2 laser on the other. Both the physician and the patient evaluated the results independently throughout the postoperative period with follow-up to 3 months. Results demonstrated greater operative time with the CO2 laser. No significant difference between techniques was found with regard to pain, bleeding, and itching during the postoperative period or the final postoperative appearance at 3 months. Swelling and discomfort were significantly greater with electrosurgery on day 4 with the trend extending through the third postoperative week. Bruising was significantly greater in the laser-operated eye more often, but the amount relative to the electrosurgical eye for each patient was not significant in the opinion of the surgeon. Both techniques were determined to be safe with acceptable results.

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The Use of Panoramic Radiography for Condyle Shape Detection on Menopausal Periods in Dentistry Radiology Installation – Dental and Oral Hospital of Universitas Sumatera Utara

Dentika Dental Journal ◽

10.32734/dentika.v24i1.3712 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 18-20

Author(s):

Cek Dara Manja ◽

Rizky Gusti MS ◽

Sheilla Suhaila Matondang

Keyword(s):

Panoramic Radiography ◽

Shape Detection ◽

Chi Square ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

Size And Shape ◽

Condylar Process ◽

Round Shape ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Survey Technique ◽

Chi Square Test

Panoramic radiographs can be used to detect temporomandibular morphology and condylar changes. This study shape-determines the female condyle in perimenopausal and postmenopausal using panoramic radiography. It used an observational survey technique with a sample of 80 people, consisting of 40 perimenopausal aged between 20 and 29, and 40 postmenopausal females aged over 52. The results on the perimenopausal condyle process obtained a round shape of 43.7%, an angle of 32.5%, and a pointed shape of 23.7%. Furthermore, the shape of the condylar process in postmenopause is 37.5% pointed, 30% angled, 25% round, and 7.5% flat. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance value of p<0.05. The results showed that changes in the size and shape of the condyles occur with age. There is a significant difference in the condyle shape between perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods.

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Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders ◽

10.1044/jshd.4104.523 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daniel R. Boone ◽

Harold M. Friedman

Keyword(s):

Correct Response ◽

The Other ◽

Read Aloud ◽

Writing Style ◽

Reading And Writing ◽

Manual Responses ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Written Form ◽

The Individual ◽

Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

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