scholarly journals Acute Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Exercise on Young Adults’ Situational Motivation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxi Liu ◽  
Nan Zeng ◽  
Zachary C. Pope ◽  
Daniel J. McDonough ◽  
Zan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
Situational Motivation ◽  
Identified Regulation

The development of innovative technology, such as virtual reality (VR), has provided opportunities for promoting physical activity (PA) in a fun and engaging manner. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in young adults’ situational motivation (SM) among immersive VR, non-immersive VR, and traditional stationary cycling sessions. In all, 49 healthy college students (35 females; Mage = 23.6 years, SD = 3.4; M%BF = 24.0%, SD = 7.5) completed three separate 20 min cycling sessions: (1) immersive VR cycling; (2) non-immersive VR cycling; and (3) traditional cycling. Participants’ SM was assessed via the situational motivation scale, which included four subconstructs: intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated significant differences for situational motivation between cycling sessions (F (2, 96) = 4.74–53.04, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.090–0.525). Specifically, participants elicited the highest level of intrinsic motivation in immersive VR cycling compared to the other two sessions. Moreover, participants in both immersive VR and traditional cycling showed greater identified regulation than the non-immersive VR session. Furthermore, participants showed greater external regulation compared to the immersive VR session. In addition, greater amotivation was observed in non-immersive VR compared to the immersive VR session. Findings suggested that immersive VR exercise has the potential to be an attractive exercise alternative, possibly promoting greater PA participation and adherence among young adults.

College Students’ Goal Orientations, Situational Motivation and Effort/Persistence in Physical Activity Classes

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zan Gao ◽  
Leslie William Podlog ◽  
Louis Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
College Students ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
Mastery Avoidance ◽  
Situational Motivation ◽  
Physical Activity Classes ◽  
Identified Regulation

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among college students’ 2 × 2 goal orientations (mastery-approach [MAp], mastery-avoidance [MAv], performance-approach [PAp], performance-avoidance [PAv]), situational motivation (intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation and amotivation) and effort/persistence in physical activity classes. Participants (140 female, 109 male) completed a battery of questionnaires assessing the outcome variables at the last week of instruction. Regression analyses revealed that MAp and PAp emerged as positive predictors for intrinsic motivation whereas MAp was the only positive predictor for identified regulation. MAp was negatively related to amotivation (AM), while PAp and PAv were positively related to AM. In addition, MAp, PAp, intrinsic motivation, and identified regulation were significant positive predictors of effort/persistence.

scholarly journals Motivaciones para la práctica deportiva en escolares federados y no federados (Motivations for practicing sports in federate and non-federate students)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Manuel Isorna Folgar ◽  
Antonio Rial Boubeta ◽  
Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Men Students ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
Motivational Profile ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Identified Regulation

En este artículo se analiza el perfil motivacional hacia la práctica de ejercicio físico entre los escolares de varios centros educativos a través de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación de Deci y Ryan, diferenciando los resultados en función del sexo, el modo de la práctica deportiva (federado vs. no federado) y el deporte practicado; así como conocer la influencia de la implantación de una unidad de iniciación en el ámbito escolar en la práctica de este deporte en horario extracurricular. Un total de 306 alumnos/as de 5º de primaria a 4º de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) con edades comprendidas entre los 9 y 16 años, los cuales pertenecían a centros educativos en los cuales se había dado una unidad didáctica de iniciación al piragüismo, completaron la versión en castellano del BREQ-2. Los resultados mostraron que sólo el 57.2% de los sujetos practicaban deporte federado, siendo la mayoría de ellos hombres. Se ha encontrado que los estudiantes tenían puntuaciones altas en motivación intrínseca, moderadas en regulación identificada y regulación introyectada, bajas en regulación externa y muy bajas en desmotivación, mostrando quienes practican deporte federado unos niveles más altos de motivación intrínseca y la regulación identificada que los que hacían deporte no federado. Los hombres mostraron una mayor motivación intrínseca que las mujeres. No se encontraron diferencias en función de la modalidad deportiva practicada. El fútbol fue el deporte más practicado, seguido del piragüismo y el baloncesto.Palabras clave: deporte, deporte federado, adolescentes, autodeterminación, ejercicio físico, piragüismo.Abstract: This paper analyzes the motivational profile in physical exercise among students from various schools with the Deci & Ryan’ self-determination theory. The results were divided according to sex, mode of sport (federated vs non-federated) and the sport modality, as well as know the influence of the implantation of an initiation unit in the school in the practice of this sport in extracurricular schedule. A total of 306 male / female students from Elementary 5th to 4º ESO, with ages between 9 and 16, who belonged to schools in which there had been teaching a didactical unit of initiation to canoeing, completed the Spanish version of the BREQ-2. The results showed only a 57.2% of the students did federate sport, most of them being men. Students had high scores in intrinsic motivation, moderate scores in identified regulation and introjected regulation, low scores in external regulation, and very low scores in demotivation. Federated sport practitioners showing higher levels of intrinsic motivation and identified regulation than those who did not federated sport. Men showed greater intrinsic motivation than women. No differences were found depending on the sport modality practiced. Football is the most popular sport, followed by canoeing and basketball.Key words: sport, federated sport, teenagers, self-determination, physical exercise, canoeing.

scholarly journals Associations between Weight Status and Situational Motivation toward Fitness Testing in Physical Education: The Mediator Role of Physical Fitness

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4821
Author(s):  
Alberto Grao-Cruces ◽  
Alejandro Racero-García ◽  
David Sánchez-Oliva ◽  
David Blanco-Luengo ◽  
Alberto Nuviala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
Mediator Role ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Situational Motivation

Background: This article examines the differences in situational motivation toward fitness testing in physical education classes between non-overweight and overweight students, as well as the mediator effect of objective and perceived physical fitness on the relationship between weight status and motivation toward fitness testing. Methods: A total of 534 adolescents (298 boys, 55.80%) participated in the study. Perceived physical fitness and situational motivation toward fitness testing were measured through questionnaires, whereas weight status and physical fitness were objectively measured. Results: Overweight students had lower intrinsic motivation (p < 0.001), and higher external regulation (p < 0.01) and amotivation (p < 0.05) during fitness testing in a physical education class than their non-overweight peers. The influence of being overweight on motivation regulations toward fitness testing was mediated by objective physical fitness level for intrinsic motivation (B = −0.140), external regulation (B = 0.104) and amotivation (B = 0.146). Perceived physical fitness was also used as a second mediator between weight status and intrinsic motivation (B = −0.117). Conclusions: Strategies to improve objective and perceived physical fitness in overweight students are necessary to increase self-determined motivation during fitness testing in physical education lesson.

Coaching Climates and the Destructive Effects of Mastery-Avoidance Achievement Goals on Situational Motivation

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Conroy ◽  
Miranda P. Kaye ◽  
J. Douglas Coatsworth
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Latent Growth Curve ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
Cognitive Influences ◽  
Mastery Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Goals ◽  
Situational Motivation ◽  
Identified Regulation

The present research tested a model of social-cognitive influences on situational motivation (i.e., youths’ reasons for participating in sport at a given moment in time) via youths’ 2 × 2 achievement goals. Boys and girls (N = 165) participating in a summer swim league completed measures of their achievement goals and situational motivation on multiple occasions during a 6-week period; they also rated the coaching climate at the end of the season. All Situational Motivation Scale responses exhibited acceptable levels of longitudinal factorial invariance. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that intrinsic motivation and identified regulation did not appear to change over the course of the season; however, external regulation and amotivation increased significantly during that period. Youths’ perceptions of an avoidance-oriented coaching climate predicted corresponding residualized change in their own achievement goals over the season. Additionally, residualized change in youths’ mastery-avoidance goals (i.e., focus on avoiding self-referenced incompetence) was positively linked to the rate at which external regulation and amotivation scores changed.

scholarly journals Motivación contextual desde la autodeterminación en las clases de Educación Física (Contextual motivation from self-determination in physical education classes)

Retos ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
Pablo Cádiz Chacón ◽  
Luis Antonio Barrio Mateu ◽  
Dayneri León Valladares ◽  
Álvaro Hernández Sánchez ◽  
María Milla Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Physical Education Class ◽  
School Students ◽  
Locus Of Causality ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
Identified Regulation

  El objetivo propuesto en el presente estudio fue determinar el tipo de motivación, desde la perspectiva de la autodeterminación, en estudiantes de enseñanza media, hacia la clase de Educación Física del Liceo Antonio Varas de la Barra en Arica, Chile, y su relación entre nivel de estudios y sexo. Participaron 717 estudiantes de 1ro a 4to medio. El instrumento utilizado fue la Escala del Locus Percibido de Causalidad en Educación Física (adaptación española). Entre los resultados se hallaron resultados medios-altos (5.09 y 5.22) para las dimensiones de Motivación Intrínseca y Regulación Identificada, respectivamente; mientras que las dimensiones Regulación Introyectada y Regulación Externa presentaron valores medios, 4.49 para la Regulación Introyectada y 4.72 para la Regulación Externa. Por su parte, la no motivación alcanzó un valor medio-bajo (3.70). Genéricamente, los varones aparentaron valores más alto que las damas, en todas las dimensiones, excepto en no motivación, sin embargo, estas diferencias no resultaron ser significativas estadísticamente. Se arribó a la conclusión de que la Motivación Intrínseca, la Regulación Identificada caracterizan a la población estudiada, la no motivación mostró resultados bajos, por lo que los alumnos de enseñanza media, sobre todo, los hombres de niveles superiores, se hallan motivados por la clase de Educación Física. Abstract. The objective proposed in the present study was to determine the type of motivation, from the perspective of self-determination, in high school students, towards the Physical Education class of the Antonio Varas de la Barra High School in Arica, Chile, and its relationship between level of studies and sex. 717 students from 1st to 4th grade participated. The instrument used was the Scale of the Perceived Locus of Causality in Physical Education (Spanish adaptation). Among the results, medium-high results (5.09 and 5.22) were found for the dimensions of Intrinsic Motivation and Identified Regulation, respectively; while the Introjected Regulation and External Regulation dimensions presented average values, 4.49 for Introjected Regulation and 4.72 for External Regulation. For its part, non-motivation reached a medium-low value (3.70). Generically, men appeared higher values ​​than women, in all dimensions, except non-motivation, however, these differences were not statistically significant. It was concluded that Intrinsic Motivation, Identified Regulation characterize the studied population, non-motivation showed low results, so that high school students, especially men of higher levels, are motivated by the P.E. Class.

scholarly journals Acute effects of Square Stepping Exercise on cognitive and social functions in sedentary young adults: a home-based online trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Kawabata ◽  
Su Ren Gan ◽  
Gint Goh ◽  
Siti Aisha Binte Omar ◽  
Ivan T. F. Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Active Control ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Stepping Exercise

Abstract Background The Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) is an exercise training program incorporating cognitive and physical exercise components, which was originally developed for older adults to reduce falling risks. SSE’s potential in delaying cognitive decline in older adults seems to be promising. However, there is scarce research on the SSE program with young adults. Furthermore, the outbreak of coronavirus disease has imposed people to change their lifestyle and behaviors, including exercise behaviors. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a home-based online SSE trial on cognitive and social functions in sedentary young adults. Methods A total of 18 young adults (6 males, 12 females) participated in the present study. They completed two exercise conditions (SSE and active control exercise), consisting of 3 sessions per week, over 2 weeks. A 2 times (pre vs. post) × 2 conditions (SSE vs. active control) repeated-measures ANCOVA was conducted on the score of the Modified Card Sorting Task with age and education year as covariates. A one-way repeated-measures MANOVA was performed on the subscale scores of the Physical Activity Group Environment Questionnaire to examine the effects of the exercise conditions (SSE vs. active control) on group cohesion. Results SSE was found effective to improve executive function such as abstract reasoning, mental flexibility, and problem-solving skills. Furthermore, participants’ perceptions of social interaction with their group, and closeness and bonding existing in their group were significantly higher in the SSE condition than the active control condition. Conclusions In the present study, SSE was conducted online and found to be effective to enhance executive function and group cohesion in sedentary young adults. These novel approach and findings are the strengths of the present study. People aged 60 years and over are more vulnerable to the coronavirus and at higher risk of developing serious illness. Given the coronavirus pandemic circumstances, it is worthwhile to explore the possibility of the online SSE approach to older adults in future research.

Motivation for Physical Activity among U.S. Adolescents: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey A Nogg ◽  
Allison A Vaughn ◽  
Susan S Levy ◽  
Aaron J Blashill
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
Integrated Regulation ◽  
Identified Regulation ◽  
Out Of School

Abstract Background Promoting adolescent physical activity is crucial as this marks a time when physical activity rates decline. Purpose This study examined motivation for physical activity from a self-determination theory (SDT) perspective in a large sample of adolescents in the USA across three settings: in school, out of school, and on weekends. Methods Participants (N = 1,661) were adolescents from the National Cancer Institute’s Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating study. Participants had a mean age of 14.47 (standard deviation = 1.61) and were 50.2% female. In this national sample balanced to match the U.S. population on several key demographics, 64.2% were non-Hispanic White. Analyses included three linear regression models in which estimated weekly minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in school, out of school, and on weekends were entered as dependent variables. Five forms of motivation (intrinsic, integrated, identified, introjected, and external) were entered simultaneously as independent variables. Age, body mass index, gender, and race/ethnicity were also included as covariates. Results All models were significant. For MVPA in school, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, and intrinsic motivation were positively associated with MVPA. For MVPA out of school, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation were positively associated with MVPA. For MVPA on weekends, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation were positively associated with MVPA. Conclusions The relationship between motivation and MVPA varies across settings. These findings have important implications for motivating adolescents to engage in physical activity and may inform future interventions aimed at increasing physical activity.

scholarly journals Results and Guidelines From a Repeated-Measures Design Experiment Comparing Standing and Seated Full-Body Gesture-Based Immersive Virtual Reality Exergames: Within-Subjects Evaluation (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenge Xu ◽  
Hai-Ning Liang ◽  
Qiuyu He ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Kangyou Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Full Body

BACKGROUND Although full-body seated exercises have been studied in a wide range of settings (ie, homes, hospitals, and daycare centers), they have rarely been converted to seated exergames. In addition, there is an increasing number of studies on immersive virtual reality (iVR) full-body gesture-based standing exergames, but the suitability and usefulness of seated exergames remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the difference between playing a full-body gesture-based iVR standing exergame and seated exergame in terms of gameplay performance, intrinsic motivation, and motion sickness. METHODS A total of 52 participants completed the experiment. The order of the game mode (standing and sitting) was counterbalanced. Gameplay performance was evaluated by action or gesture completion time and the number of missed gestures. Exertion was measured by the average heart rate (HR) percentage (AvgHR%), increased HR%, calories burned, and the Borg 6-20 questionnaire. Intrinsic motivation was assessed with the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI), whereas motion sickness was assessed via the Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire (MSAQ). In addition, we measured the fear of falling using a 10-point Likert scale questionnaire. RESULTS Players missed more gestures in the seated exergame than in the standing exergame, but the overall miss rate was low (2.3/120, 1.9%). The analysis yielded significantly higher AvgHR%, increased HR%, calories burned, and Borg 6-20 rating of perceived exertion values for the seated exergame (all <i>P</i>&lt;.001). The seated exergame was rated significantly higher on peripheral sickness (<i>P</i>=.02) and sopite-related sickness (MSAQ) (<i>P</i>=.004) than the standing exergame. The score of the subscale “value/usefulness” from IMI was reported to be higher for the seated exergame than the standing exergame. There was no significant difference between the seated exergame and standing exergame in terms of intrinsic motivation (interest/enjoyment, <i>P</i>=.96; perceived competence, <i>P</i>=.26; pressure/tension, <i>P</i>=.42) and the fear of falling (<i>P</i>=.25). CONCLUSIONS Seated iVR full-body gesture-based exergames can be valuable complements to standing exergames. Seated exergames have the potential to lead to higher exertion, provide higher value to players, and be more applicable in small spaces compared with standing exergames. However, gestures for seated exergames need to be designed carefully to minimize motion sickness, and more time should be given to users to perform gestures in seated exergames compared with standing exergames.

Harm, Consent, and Virtual Selves in Full-Body Ownership Illusions: Real Concerns for Immersive Virtual Reality Therapies

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-591
Author(s):  
MARIA BOTERO ◽  
ELISE WHATLEY
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Violent Offenders ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Ethical Research ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Full Body ◽  
Virtual Body

AbstractThis paper analyzes in the use of virtual reality when used to induce full-body ownership in violent offenders in order to elicit empathetic feelings by allowing them to embody the virtual body of a victim of domestic abuse. The authors explore potentially harmful effects to individuals participating in this kind of therapy and question whether consent is fully informed. The paper concludes with guidelines for ethical research and rehabilitation using this innovative technology.

Effect of a TARGET-Based Intervention on Students’ Motivational Change: A Study Throughout an Academic Year in Physical Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
José-Antonio Cecchini ◽  
Antonio Méndez-Giménez ◽  
Beatriz Sánchez-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
External Regulation ◽  
School Year ◽  
Physical Education Students ◽  
Identified Regulation

The objective of the study was to analyze changes in motivation in physical education students during a school year, as well as changes in their intentions to be physically active. The participants were 830 Spanish physical education students (Mage = 13.86, range = 11–17 years) attending 10 secondary schools in northern Spain. The sample was divided into two groups: TARGET condition (n = 417), in which Epstein’s TARGET strategies were applied, and non-TARGET condition (n = 413). Questionnaires were administered at three different times during the school year: T1 (September), T2 (February), and T3 (June). Mixed-model linear procedures with maximum likelihood estimates were carried out. In the TARGET condition group, the results showed an increase in students’ intrinsic motivation, identified regulation and introjected regulation, whereas external regulation and amotivation gradually decreased. In the non-TARGET condition group, a decrease in students’ intrinsic motivation and identified regulation emerged, as well as an increase in external regulation and amotivation.

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