scholarly journals From Urban-Scape to Human-Scape: COVID-19 Trends That will Shape Future City Centres

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Elizelle Juanee Cilliers ◽  
Shankar Sankaran ◽  
Gillian Armstrong ◽  
Sandeep Mathur ◽  
Mano Nugapitiya
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
City Centre ◽  
User Needs ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
The Public ◽  
The City ◽  
Community Sector ◽  
City Centres ◽  
Planning Approaches

The COVID-19 pandemic did not only impact all spheres of life but came abruptly to redefine our understanding of the urban-scape. With changing user-values and user-needs, there is a renewed realisation of the importance of the human-scape and how human capital, social issues, and liveability considerations will progressively lead urban development discussions. The urban-scape risk is far more complex and fragile than previously anticipated, with the future of the city centre dependent on our ability to successfully manage the transition from an urban-scape to a human-scape. This research employed a narrative review methodology to reflect on COVID-19 trends that will shape future city centres, based on expert contributions pertaining to (1) the community sector, (2) the public sector, and (3) the private sector within the Sydney Metropolitan area of Australia. The research highlighted the changing human-scape needs and associated impacts of (1) changing movement patterns, (2) changing social infrastructure, and (3) increasing multifunctionality, which will be crucial factors in shaping attractive (future) city centres. The research contributes to the notion that future city centres will embrace and prioritise the human-scape in a response to ‘build back better’, and accordingly, identified how the human-scape can be articulated in broader spatial planning approaches to create attractive future city centres.

NO2 measurements in the city centre of Wuppertal – Contribution of buses to the NOx emission/NO2-Messungen in der Wuppertaler Innenstadt: Anteil von Bussen an der NOx-Emission

Gefahrstoffe ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
P. Wiesen ◽  
A. Klosterköther ◽  
J. Kleffmann ◽  
R. Kurtenbach
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
City Centre ◽  
The Public ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Source Category ◽  
The City ◽  
Single Emission ◽  
City Centres

ABSTRACT Since road traffic and particularly diesel vehicles are still the major source of nitrogen oxides in Germany, it is currently discussed to ban diesel vehicles from many city centres to force NO2 concentrations below the limit value. However, there is also a debate in the public whether roadside measurement stations were positioned in Germany in agreement with the EU guidelines for monitoring stations. In the present study, NOx and CO2 emissions were investigated in the city centre of Wuppertal at three different locations during 2018 to estimate the contribution of buses to the NOx emission. From the measured data daily averaged values NOx were calculated showing that on March, 21, 2018 (no strike) NOx was about 87% higher than on the day when public services were on strike. The final results of the study indicate a pronounced impact of public buses on the measured concentrations, in particular the NO2 concentration. However, a significant impact of a single emission source/category on the measured concentrations at a monitoring station is in contradiction to rules in the corresponding EU Guidelines. [1].

scholarly journals Social differentiation in the area of Prague subcentres

Geografie ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-291
Author(s):  
Jan Polívka
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
City Centre ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

On the example of three Prague subcentres Budějovická, Pankrác and Smíchov this paper analyses the structure of socially stratified environment of secondary city centres in Prague. The development is discussed within the context of requirements upon the public space in the stage of tertiarization and post-socialist transformation of the urban society. The influx of investments into the local environment of city centres is changing the space patterns and causes changes in the social structure of users. As result, the area of centres is split into functional entities with different social constituency. An active role of public administration is important for preservation of city-centre functionality for most inhabitants of the city.

Marketplaces and central spaces: markets and the rise of competing spatial ideals in Danish city centres, c. 1850–1900

Urban History ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENS TOFTGAARD
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
Open Air Markets ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

ABSTRACTThe traditional open-air markets on the central squares of Danish cities were thriving in the middle of the nineteenth century. However, the markets were soon challenged by new urban ideals of the city centre as a place for shopping and capital investment. At the same time, urban reformers made efforts to improve the market trade to meet modern standards. The rivalling interests struggled over the question of modernization or relocation of the central square markets and ultimately the definition and use of the central urban space. In particular, this article will examine the struggle over the construction of a fish market hall in Odense as it serves to reveal the different conceptions of the central urban space that affected the fate of the street markets.

scholarly journals Headquarters of Large Enterprises in the Spatial Structure of Major Polish Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 178-193
Author(s):  
Przemysław Śleszyński
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
High Order ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Large Company ◽  
Central Business Districts ◽  
The City

The paper is based on the author’s monograph (Śleszyński, 2008). It presents the analysis of enterprise headquarters’ locations in eight largest Polish cities (Warsaw, Szczecin, The Tricity [Gdańsk–Gdynia–Sopot], Poznań, Łódź, Wrocław, Katowice and Krakow). The study primarily involved data from the Hoppenstedt Bonnier database for the year 2004, concerning 3810 entities whose overall revenue exceeded the minimum of 15.6 million PLN. The businesses were analysed in terms of their location with respect to the city centre, as well as the differentiation of revenues, line of business and ownership structure. The analyses helped in the formulation of the basic regularities of the location distribution. For instance, it was found that spatial concentration is most significant in the case of the largest enterprises, the public sector and more advanced businesses, particularly high-order services.The location of large company headquarters, as well as their mutual connections, performs one of the key roles (or even the most important one) in the development of Central Business Districts in Polish cities during transformation.

scholarly journals The impact of the car restrictions implemented in the city centre on the public space quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 752-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Szarata ◽  
Katarzyna Nosal ◽  
Urszula Duda-Wiertel ◽  
Lukasz Franek
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
City Centre ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

scholarly journals URBAN CONVERSION IN THE CONTEXT OF VILNIUS CITY DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO SOLUTIONS OF MASTER PLAN FOR 2015

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Rūta Leitanaitė
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
City Development ◽  
Family Housing ◽  
Industrial Zones ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

Following the principles of sustainable development, one of the priorities, set in the new Master Plan of Vilnius, is development of a compact city. One of the instruments to achieve it is urban conversion. A convertible territory is a territory, which doesnt correspond to city‘s development priorities, its urban structure, or is injurious to the environment. There are two types of convertible territories defined in Vilnius: the former or is existing industrial zones and territories of collective gardens. Convertible territories are set after analysing them by criteria describing their impact on the city’s urban, environmental, economic, social qualities. When setting the regulations of conversion and future function of a territory, future sustainable connections with the adjacent urban and functional structures are the essential thing. The main principle of urban conversion is the multifunctional use, accentuating the necessity of public, social infrastructure. The regulations for convertible areas are analogous to the ones set for newly developing areas. The main part of the former industrial territories is to be converted into multifunctional (residential, commercial, public) zones, giving priority to the ones located in the city centre or local centres. All the territories of collective gardens are to be converted into single-family housing areas. The process of implementation of the regulation and control of urban conversion isn’t unquestionable. Improvements of the method are suggested referring to the experience of other European cities. Urbanistinė konversija Vilniaus miesto plėtros kontekste pagal bendrojo plano 2015 metams sprendinius Santrauka Pateikta Vilniaus BP konvertuojamų teritorijų samprata ir tipai, aptariamas jų potencialo nustatymo būdas. Pristatoma konvertuotinų teritorijų Vilniaus mieste identifikavimo metodika; apžvelgta teikiama Vilniaus miesto savivaldybės teritorijos bendrajame plane iki 2015 metų teritorijų konversijos reglamentų nustatymo metodika bei konversijos reglamentų siūlymai konkrečioms miesto teritorijoms. Aptariami teritorijų konversijos sprendinių įgyvendinimo ir reguliavimo Lietuvoje mechanizmo trūkumai bei Europos miestų patirtis šioje srityje, išskiriant optimalius metodus. Apžvelgiama urbanistinės konversijos reguliavimo problema žemesnio nei bendrasis planas rango teritorijų planavimo dokumentuose.

scholarly journals Sense of Safety and Planning and Design Policies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rangajeewa Ratnayake ◽  
Naduni Wickramaarachchi ◽  
Julie Rudner
Keyword(s):  
Central Business District ◽  
Building Design ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
The Past ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Planning Development ◽  
Business District ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

Planning, development and design policies influence sense of safety of people touse the City centre or Central Business District (CBD) and therefore city centres can becomeactive and vibrant during the day and night. This paper reviews past and present planningpolicies relevant for feeling of personal safety in the context of housing, retail, amenities,street infrastructure, building design and transportation aspects. The past development trendsshow that insignificant attention has been paid to people's sense of safety when using publicspaces, particularly at night, a factor identified important in creating attractive city centressince 1960s. Local plans primarily refer to safety in relation to roads, accessibility andworkability. Local policies also show the dominance of CCTV since the 1990s has becomeubiquitous, but changes to sense of safety in urban spaces now may actually be a betterreflection of planning and design decisions made over the past 20 years.

scholarly journals Mobilność w centrum średniego miasta w perspektywie możliwości wprowadzenia strefy płatnego parkowania – studium przypadku Tczewa

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-48
Author(s):  
Michał Adam Kwiatkowski ◽  
Grzegorz Pawlikowski
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Common Solution ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
High Level ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

Polityka parkingowa należy do ważniejszych wyzwań w rozwoju współczesnych miast w zakresie transportu. Jednym z narzędzi kształtowania tego zjawiska w miastach jest wprowadzanie stref płatnego parkowania, które mają zwiększać rotację pojazdów oraz zachęcać do korzystania z innych środków transportu w codziennych dojazdach. Jest to szczególnie ważne w kontekście centrów miast. Wdrażanie stref płatnego parkowania stanowi często stosowane rozwiązanie w dużych miastach, rzadziej w średnich i małych. Celem tego badania jest analiza sposobu docierania mieszkańców średniego miasta – Tczewa – do centrum (Starego Miasta) oraz ocena możliwości wprowadzenia strefy płatnego parkowania. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą ankiety, posługując się techniką PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview), w którym zebrano 375 odpowiedzi. W przeprowadzonym badaniu ankietowym wykazano, że istnieje duży poziom akceptacji społecznej dla możliwości wprowadzenia strefy płatnego parkowania w analizowanym przypadku. W badaniu wykazano ponadto, że znaczną większość użytkowników centrum stanowią osoby docierające tam pieszo. Potwierdzono także, że mieszkańcy są skłonni nie tylko zapłacić za parkowanie w centrum miasta, ale także przejść pewien dystans pieszo od miejsca postojowego do celu podróży. Niniejsza praca może mieć charakter aplikacyjny i stanowić wskazówkę dla innych miast o podobnej wielkości i strukturze, które zamierzają wprowadzić strefę płatnego parkowania lub innego rodzaju ograniczenia ruchu samochodów. Mobility in the centre of a medium-sized city in the perspective of the prospective introduction of a paid parking zone – a case study of Tczew Parking policy is one of the more important challenges in the development of modern cities in terms of transport. One of the tools for shaping this policy in cities is the introduction of paid parking zones, which are intended to increase vehicle turnover and encourage the use of other means of transport for everyday commuting. This is particularly important in the context of city centres. The introduction of paid parking zones is a common solution in large cities, less so in medium-sized and small ones. The aim of this study is to analyse how residents of a medium-sized city – Tczew – travel to the centre (Old Town) and to assess the possibility of introducing a paid parking zone. The study was carried out through a survey, using the PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) technique, with 375 responses collected. It showed that there is a high level of public acceptance for the possible introduction of a paid parking zone in the case under consideration. The study also yielded that the vast majority of users of the centre are people who get there on foot. It was also confirmed that residents are not only willing to pay for parking in the city centre, but also to walk a certain distance from their parking space to their destination. This work can be applied as a guide to other cities of similar size and structure that intend to introduce paid parking zones or other types of car traffic restrictions.

The properties of Seljuq and Ottoman era public fountain faucets and some rare faucet samples

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 656-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Topçu ◽  
G. Liman ◽  
A. H. Topçu ◽  
Y. A. Baykal
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Public ◽  
Metal Work ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

Until the late 19th and early 20th century, public fountains (in Turkish, ‘çeşme’) in Anatolia and Ottoman lands had an important place in everyday life. The water that was collected from various water sources and brought to the city centres through waterlines was supplied to people from the architectural stone structures which we call ‘fountains’. These fountains were constructed in squares and streets as needed; to supply water to an area or to pay for the building of a fountain was considered the greatest deed. An inseparable part of the public fountains, many of which are architectural monuments, is the faucets which are generally made of metal and through which the water would run. The faucets were also named as ‘lüles’ (meaning ‘pipes’) which indicated the flow rate of water. Faucets were paid great attention in the construction of public fountains. This work examines the Seljuq and Ottoman era faucets registered in the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum as historic artefacts and are a part of the Adell Armature Collection. Within this scope, the alloys and metals of which faucets are made; their size and measurements, their design features, on and off mechanisms, wall-mount features, the patterns and decorations on the faucets were also compared. While Seljuq era faucets have stylised dragon heads and other powerful animals depicted in their metal work, Ottoman era faucets usually have floral patterns and not animal figures. This subject draws much attention.

scholarly journals Design for Smart Transport: An Integrated Multi-Modal Transport Interchange in Central Christchurch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Joey Moh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Sustainable City ◽  
The Public ◽  
Organisational Form ◽  
The City

<p>Transportation, an essential component of modern life, is responsible for one of the biggest growth  areas of our greenhouse gas emissions which causes problem for our environment and the economy. New  Zealand cities face the same issues as many other cities in the globalised world. This thesis  analyses the integration of all the public transport systems to encourage people to get out of the  car and reduce the traffic volume within the city centre to develop with the aim of developing a  sustainable city towards the future. Drivers in New Zealand believe commuter stress could be  significantly reduced by improving public transport. The design calls for a new central transport  interchange for all the public transport systems within Christchurch city to form a spectacular  gateway to the city. The aim of the design is to create a unified urban structure in which diverse  infrastructural and public elements merge together to form one building. The outcome of this research identifies a strong future for a public transport interchange, but  states that its physical and organisational form needs to be re-established. It finds that  technology and architecture offer new opportunities useful for reinterpreting the typology. The  thesis concludes that future public transport interchanges will become hybrids of activity, and  places where the threads of urban life are joined together. The interchanges can become a major  catalyst of urban regeneration - a focus for commerce and the flow of ideas as well as the movement of people.</p>

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