scholarly journals The Emergence of Determiners in French L2 from the Point of View of L1/L2 Comparison

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Marzena Watorek ◽  
Pascale Trévisiol ◽  
Rebekah Rast
Keyword(s):  
Adult Learners ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Initial Acquisition ◽  
L1 Data ◽  
Shared Language ◽  
Beginning Learners ◽  
L1 Acquisition ◽  
L1 And L2

The acquisition of determiners in French presents a significant challenge for both children in L1 and adults in L2. Research in L1 acquisition has found that French determiners, which are highly constrained, appear quite early relative to other languages. Using the conversational data of two beginning learners of French—a native speaker of Spanish and a native speaker of Arabic—in a natural setting (comparable to the L1 data), the present study seeks to understand how these constraints affect the acquisition of the determiner system in L2 French. Analyses reveal the following: (1) Unlike French children who produce “fillers” without clear functional distinctions, adults produce idiosyncratic pre-nominal monosyllables that not only fulfil the obligatory position of “determiner” but are also characterized by identifiable functions in terms of definiteness or indefiniteness. (2) Adult learners’ L1s (Spanish and Arabic) influence the acquisition of NP in French L2, as observed in the emergence of determination in the two learners’ productions. (3) Adult learners’ productions provide evidence of shared “language-neutral” processes attested in initial acquisition in a natural setting; these are independent of the L1 and L2 input properties.

scholarly journals ‘The moustache’ returns: referential metonymy acquisition in adult learners of English as an additional language (EAL)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
JOSEPHINE BOWERMAN ◽  
INGRID LOSSIUS FALKUM ◽  
NAUSICAA POUSCOULOUS
Keyword(s):  
Adult Learners ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Japanese Adult ◽  
L1 Acquisition

abstract Referential metonymy, e.g. ‘the moustache (= man with a moustache) sits down first’, appears early in L1 acquisition (Falkum, Recasens & Clark, 2017). Yet how does it emerge in pragmatically mature but linguistically developing adult L2 learners? We used one comprehension and two production tasks, based on Falkum and colleagues (2017), to investigate metonymy abilities in 34 Japanese adult learners of English as an additional language (EAL) and a control group of 31 native English speakers. We also examined how time constraints and exposure to examples of referential metonymy affected production. In the comprehension task, both EAL-learner and native-speaker participants chose metonymic readings at above chance levels. In both production tasks, all participants produced innovative metonyms. Additionally, the findings indicate that, in L2, exposure to examples dramatically increases metonymy production, while time pressure decreases it. The results suggest that participants can both comprehend and produce novel metonyms in L2, with a possible explicitness vs. production costs trade-off.

‘I me Mine’ The Acquisition of Dutch Pronominal Possessives by L1 Children, L2 Children and L2 Adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 23-52
Author(s):  
Elma Nap-Kolhoff ◽  
Peter Broeder
Keyword(s):  
Adult Learners ◽  
Young Children ◽  
First Language ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Possessive Constructions ◽  
Speech Data ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
L1 Acquisition

Abstract This study compares pronominal possessive constructions in Dutch first language (L1) acquisition, second language (L2) acquisition by young children, and untutored L2 acquisition by adults. The L2 learners all have Turkish as L1. In longitudinal spontaneous speech data for four L1 learners, seven child L2 learners, and two adult learners, remarkable differences and similarities between the three learner groups were found. In some respects, the child L2 learners develop in a way that is similar to child L1 learners, for instance in the kind of overgeneralisations that they make. However, the child L2 learners also behave like adult L2 learners; i.e., in the pace of the acquisition process, the frequency and persistence of non-target constructions, and the difficulty in acquiring reduced pronouns. The similarities between the child and adult L2 learners are remarkable, because the child L2 learners were only two years old when they started learning Dutch. L2 acquisition before the age of three is often considered to be similar to L1 acquisition. The findings might be attributable to the relatively small amount of Dutch language input the L2 children received.

scholarly journals A qualitative analysis of perceptions of fluency in second language French

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Préfontaine ◽  
Judit Kormos
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Word Choice ◽  
Speech Features

AbstractIn the field of second language (L2) fluency, there is a common adherence to quantitative methods to examine characteristics and features of speech. This study extends the field by reporting on an investigation that analyzed native-speaker listeners’ perceptions of L2 fluency in French from a qualitative perspective. Three untrained judges rated students’ performance on speech tasks varying in cognitive demand and provided justifications for their perceptions of fluency. The goal of the research was to examine the factors that affect raters’ evaluations of fluency in response to three oral performances from 40 adult learners of French of varying proficiency. Qualitative analysis revealed that the main speech features that influenced native listeners’ perceptions of L2 fluency were speed, rhythm, pause phenomena, self-correction and efficiency/effortlessness in word choice, but also in target-like rhythm and prosody. The results of using such qualitative methodology highlights the important role that rhythm plays in fluency judgements in syllable-timed languages such as French, a factor which has not always been given much prominence in previous L2 fluency quantitative research.

PROCESSING OF THE REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSE VERSUS MAIN VERB AMBIGUITY IN L2 LEARNERS AT DIFFERENT PROFICIENCY LEVELS

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Rah ◽  
Dany Adone
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Garden Path ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
L1 Influence ◽  
Versus Main ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
L1 And L2

This article presents new evidence from offline and online processing of garden-path sentences that are ambiguous between reduced relative clause resolution and main verb resolution. The participants of this study are intermediate and advanced German learners of English who have learned the language in a nonimmersed context. The results show that for second language (L2) learners, there is a dissociation between parsing mechanisms and grammatical knowledge: The learners successfully process the structures in question offline, but the online self-paced reading task shows different patterns for the L2 learners and the native-speaker control group. The results are discussed with regard to shallow processing in L2 learners (Clahsen & Felser, 2006). Because the structures in question differ in English and German, first language (L1) influence is also discussed as an explanation for the findings. The comparison of the three participant groups’ results points to a gradual rather than a fundamental difference between L1 and L2 processing.

Experimental Methodologies: Two Case Studies Investigating the Syntax- Discourse Interface

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Gupton ◽  
Tania Leal Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimenter Bias ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Theoretical Syntax ◽  
Discourse Interface ◽  
L1 And L2

AbstractThe current article examines two experimental investigations of the syntaxdiscourse interface, which address theoretical questions in different ways: the first is an L1 investigation of Galician speakers in Gupton (2010) and the second is a dual investigation of L1 and L2 Spanish reported on in Leal Méndez & Slabakova (2011). These investigations gathered quantitative data via psycholinguistic tasks with accompanying audio utilizing the WebSurveyor platform. They involved counterbalanced designs and were followed by statistical analysis. While acknowledging that experimental data does not have primacy over intuitive data, the authors endorse the use of experimental methods of data elicitation (such as the ones already used in generative SLA research) in theoretical syntax in order to avoid experimenter bias and to get a more complete picture of native speaker intuition and competencies.

scholarly journals Lexicalized structural priming in second language online sentence comprehension

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Wei ◽  
Julie E. Boland ◽  
Jonathan Brennan ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
First Language ◽  
Structural Priming ◽  
Chinese Adult ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
L1 And L2

Prior work has shown intriguing differences between first language (L1) and second language (L2) comprehension priming of relative clauses. We investigated English reduced relative clause priming in Chinese adult learners of English. Participants of different education levels read sentences in a self-paced, moving window paradigm. Critical sentences had a temporarily ambiguous reduced relative clause. Across lists, critical sentences were rotated, so that they occurred either as prime or as target, and had either the same or different verb as the critical sentence with which they were paired. Prime/target pairs were separated by several filler sentences, which never contained a relative clause. Mean reading times for the disambiguating region in the target sentences were faster than in the prime sentences, but only in the same-verb condition, not in the different-verb condition. This pattern of results is consistent with L1 comprehension priming research, suggesting that similar lexically specific mechanisms are involved in L1 and L2 comprehension priming of reduced relative clauses. These findings are in line with lexicalist accounts of sentence comprehension (e.g. MacDonald et al., 1994), according to which syntactic information is bound to specific words. In addition, these findings argue against theories that postulate fundamental differences in processing of L1 and L2 (e.g. Clahsen and Felser, 2006a, 2006b).

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI MATERIAL BERKELANJUTAN PADA RUANG LUAR DAN RUANG DALAM BANGUNAN KANTOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Agung Prabowo ◽  
Muhammad Aziz Abdullah Al-Ghifari ◽  
Fajar Nur Fadlilah ◽  
Gani Muhammad Pakuan ◽  
Muhammad Hafidz Zulfahmi
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Sustainable Architecture ◽  
Exterior Space ◽  
Sustainable Material ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: At present, requirements and development in architectural design lead to the concept of sustainable architecture that is environmentally responsible. The application of sustainable architecture itself must be following the rules in architecture, but still, pay attention to environmental conditions. This topic was chosen to find out how to use sustainable materials in buildings with sustainable architectural concepts both in exterior and interior space. This study aims to find out regarding the understanding of the concept of sustainable architecture and how to use it from the application of sustainable materials to exterior space and interior space in office buildings. As an object of research, the Akanoma architecture studio office building is located in Padalarang, Kab. West Bandung. The application of sustainable architecture is observed in the expression of exterior and space in buildings, as well as the impact of these aspects on the environment. The boundary scope of this study is the utilization of sustainable material applications in terms of patterns, textures and material colors in the exterior and interior space in the building. This study uses qualitative research methods that attempt to analyze objects by describing objects from the point of view and interpretation of individuals (informants) in a natural setting. Study analysis refers to data from field observations based on aspects of architectural appearance in the form of exterior and interior space. The results of the study show that the application of sustainable architecture to the Akanoma Studio office building is an ecologically well-applied approach. This study is carried out in the hope that it can be useful to become knowledge and references regarding the use of sustainable material applications in exterior space and interior space in buildings.Keywords: Sustainable Architecture, Sustainable Material, in Expression of Exterior and Space Abstrak:Saat ini, persyaratan dan perkembangan dalam desain arsitektur menuju pada konsep arsitektur berkelanjutan yang tanggap terhadap lingkungan. Penerapan arsitektur berkelanjutan sendiri harus sesuai dengan kaidah dalam arsitektur, tetapi tetap memperhatikan kondisi lingkungan. Topik ini dipilih untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara pemanfaatan penerapan material berkelanjutan pada bangunan dengan konsep arsitektur berkelanjutan baik pada ruang luar maupun ruang dalam. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang pemahaman mengenai konsep arsitektur berkelanjutan serta bagaimana cara pemanfaatan dari penerapan material berkelanjutan pada ruang luar dan ruang dalam bangunan kantor. Sebagai objek penelitian, dipilih bangunan kantor studio arsitektur Akanoma yang berlokasi di Padalarang, Kab. Bandung Barat. Penerapan arsitektur berkelanjutan dicermati pada ekspresi ruang luar dan ruang dalam bangunan, serta dampak aspek tersebut terhadap lingkungan. Lingkup batasan dari penelitian ini yaitu pemanfaatan penerapan material berkelanjutan ditinjau dari pola, tekstur dan warna material pada ruang luar dan ruang dalam bangunan. Kajian ini menggunakan metoda penelitian kualitatif yang berupaya menganalisis objek dengan menggambarkan objek dari sudut pandang dan interpretasi individu (informan) dalam latar alamiah. Pada tahapan analisis, diperoleh data-data hasil observasi lapangan berdasarkan aspek tampilan arsitektural berupa ruang luar dan ruang dalam. Hasil kajian menunjukan bahwa penerapan arsitektur berkelanjutan pada bangunan kantor Studio Akanoma adalah dengan pendekatan ekologi yang diterapkan dengan baik. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan harapan dapat bermanfaat menjadi pengetahuan dan referensi mengenai pemanfaatan dari penerapan material berkelanjutan pada ruang luar dan ruang dalam bangunan.

scholarly journals Investigation of Native Speaker and Second Language Learner Intuition of Collocation Frequency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova ◽  
S Spina
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Very Low Frequency ◽  
Second Language Learner ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
L1 And L2

© 2015 Language Learning Research Club, University of Michigan. Research into frequency intuition has focused primarily on native (L1) and, to a lesser degree, nonnative (L2) speaker intuitions about single word frequency. What remains a largely unexplored area is L1 and L2 intuitions about collocation (i.e., phrasal) frequency. To bridge this gap, the present study aimed to answer the following question: How do L2 learners and native speakers compare against each other and corpora in their subjective judgments of collocation frequency? Native speakers and learners of Italian were asked to judge 80 noun-adjective pairings as one of the following: high frequency, medium frequency, low frequency, very low frequency. Both L1 and L2 intuitions of high frequency collocations correlated strongly with corpus frequency. Neither of the two groups of participants exhibited accurate intuitions of medium and low frequency collocations. With regard to very low frequency pairings, L1 but not L2 intuitions were found to correlate with corpora for the majority of the items. Further, mixed-effects modeling revealed that L2 learners were comparable to native speakers in their judgments of the four frequency bands, although some differences did emerge. Taken together, the study provides new insights into the nature of L1 and L2 intuitions about phrasal frequency.

(Mis)judging Ordinary Meaning?: Corpus Linguistics, the Frequency Fallacy, and the Extension-Abstraction Distinction in “Ordinary Meaning” Textualism

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-369
Author(s):  
Shlomo Klapper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ordinary Meaning ◽  
Legal Term ◽  
Ordinary Person ◽  
Legal Meaning

Abstract Rarely is a new yardstick of legal meaning created. But over the past decade, corpus linguistics has begun to be utilized as a new tool to measure ordinary meaning in statutory interpretation and original public meaning in constitutional interpretation. The legal application of corpus linguistics posits that an examination of every use of a term in a wide variety of documents can yield a more complete, impartial understanding of a word than can dictionaries, intuition, or an unsystematic survey of sources. Corpora could supplement, or even supplant, dictionaries and native-speaker intuition in legal analyses. For originalism in particular, legal corpus linguistics promises to offer what would be a more scientific methodology for a point of view which, until now, has lacked one. However, corpus linguistics, as applied to legal problems, falls prey to a fatal methodological criticism – the frequency fallacy. The criticism states that in a corpus, an unusual meaning can have many corpus entries while a perfectly ordinary meaning can be completely absent from the corpus. That is, frequency is not a good measure of meaning. Since legal corpus linguistics relies on frequency, the corpus cannot inform legal meaning. This article parries this otherwise fatal critique. It argues that while the frequency fallacy is self-evidently true, the fallacy is not inherent to the corpus, but rather is an artifact of misinterpreting the corpus by treating it like a dictionary. This defense consists of a number of steps. The first step distinguishes between two different methods of discerning ordinary meaning: extension and abstraction. As illustrated by Yates v. United States and United States v. Marshall, extension entails extending the statutory term to varying facts, while abstraction keeps the facts constant and abstracts out key qualities to find an appropriate term. Critically, this article argues that abstraction offers a way to avoid the frequency fallacy. Second, to use abstraction properly, one must analyze not only the presence of the legal term in question but also its absence; that is, one must determine the presence or absence of other terms to describe a similar factual scenario to distinguish between artifacts of language and facts about the world. This article concludes by arguing that this method has a beneficial emergent quality. Not only does this answer make legal corpus analysis methodologically sound, but it also paves the way for the first tool to approximate how an ordinary person would read the law, thus potentially furthering the rule of law.

scholarly journals Tracking Syntactic Conflict between Languages over the Course of L2 Acquisition: A Cross-sectional Event-related Potential Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 822-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Mickan ◽  
Kristin Lemhöfer
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Control Group ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Conflict Condition ◽  
Beginning Learners ◽  
L1 And L2

One challenge of learning a foreign language (L2) in adulthood is the mastery of syntactic structures that are implemented differently in L2 and one's native language (L1). Here, we asked how L2 speakers learn to process syntactic constructions that are in direct conflict between L1 and L2, in comparison to structures without such a conflict. To do so, we measured EEG during sentence reading in three groups of German learners of Dutch with different degrees of L2 experience (from 3 to more than 18 months of L2 immersion) as well as a control group of Dutch native speakers. They read grammatical and ungrammatical Dutch sentences that, in the conflict condition, contained a structure with opposing word orders in Dutch and German (sentence-final double infinitives) and, in the no-conflict condition, a structure for which word order is identical in Dutch and German (subordinate clause inversion). Results showed, first, that beginning learners showed N400-like signatures instead of the expected P600 for both types of violations, suggesting that, in the very early stages of learning, different neurocognitive processes are employed compared with native speakers, regardless of L1–L2 similarity. In contrast, both advanced and intermediate learners already showed native-like P600 signatures for the no-conflict sentences. However, their P600 signatures were significantly delayed in processing the conflicting structure, even though behavioral performance was on a native level for both these groups and structures. These findings suggest that L1–L2 word order conflicts clearly remain an obstacle to native-like processing, even for advanced L2 learners.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document