scholarly journals Fundamental Frequency and Phonation Differences in the Production of Stop Laryngeal Contrasts of Endangered Shina

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Qandeel Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Northern Pakistan ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Spectral Tilt

Shina is an endangered Indo-Aryan (Dardic) language spoken in Gilgit, Northern Pakistan. The present study investigates the acoustic correlates of Shina’s three-way stop laryngeal contrast across five places of articulation. A wide range of acoustic correlates were measured including fundamental frequency (F0), spectral tilt (H1*-H2*, H1*-A1*, H1*-A2*, and H1*-A3*), and cepstral peak prominence (CPP). Voiceless aspirated stops were characterized by higher fundamental frequency, spectral tilt, and cepstral peak prominence, compared to voiceless unaspirated and voiced unaspirated stops. These results suggest that Shina is among those languages which have a raising effect of aspiration on the pitch and spectral tilt onsets of the following vowels. Positive correlations among fundamental frequency, spectral tilt, and cepstral peak prominence were observed. The findings of this study will contribute to the phonetic documentation of endangered Dardic languages.

scholarly journals Socially constrained variation in nonmodal phonation for more than 2,500 speakers of British English

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin William Gittelson ◽  
Adrian Leeman ◽  
Fabian Tomaschek ◽  
Tam Blaxter ◽  
David Britain
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
British English ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Creaky Voice ◽  
Constrained Variation

This study examines the status of nonmodal phonation in British English using smartphone recordings from over 2,500 speakers. The acoustic correlates that were examined include fundamental frequency, H1*-H2*, cepstral peak prominence, and harmonic-to-noise ratio. The results confirm that existing findings on nonmodal phonation---such as greater use of creaky voice by male speakers than female speakers---hold for a much larger and more diverse sample than has been considered previously. The study also uncovers effects that have not been reported in past work, such as a relationship between speakers' education levels and their production of nonmodal phonation.

scholarly journals Using Crowd-Sourced Speech Data to Study Socially Constrained Variation in Nonmodal Phonation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Gittelson ◽  
Adrian Leemann ◽  
Fabian Tomaschek
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
British English ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Speech Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
Creaky Voice ◽  
Constrained Variation

This study examines the status of nonmodal phonation (e.g. breathy and creaky voice) in British English using smartphone recordings from over 2,500 speakers. With this novel data collection method, it uncovers effects that have not been reported in past work, such as a relationship between speakers’ education and their production of nonmodal phonation. The results also confirm that previous findings on nonmodal phonation, including the greater use of creaky voice by male speakers than female speakers, extend to a much larger and more diverse sample than has been considered previously. This confirmation supports the validity of using crowd-sourced data for phonetic analyses. The acoustic correlates that were examined include fundamental frequency, H1*-H2*, cepstral peak prominence, and harmonic-to-noise ratio.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Characterisation for Growth and Nut Characteristics Revealed the Extent of Genetic Diversity in Wild Macadamia Germplasm

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 680
Author(s):  
Thuy T. P. Mai ◽  
Craig M. Hardner ◽  
Mobashwer M. Alam ◽  
Robert J. Henry ◽  
Bruce L. Topp
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Wild Germplasm ◽  
Phenotypic Characterisation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Wild Accessions

Macadamia is a recently domesticated Australian native nut crop, and a large proportion of its wild germplasm is unexploited. Aiming to explore the existing diversity, 247 wild accessions from four species and inter-specific hybrids were phenotyped. A wide range of variation was found in growth and nut traits. Broad-sense heritability of traits were moderate (0.43–0.64), which suggested that both genetic and environmental factors are equally important for the variability of the traits. Correlations among the growth traits were significantly positive (0.49–0.76). There were significant positive correlations among the nut traits except for kernel recovery. The association between kernel recovery and shell thickness was highly significant and negative. Principal component analysis of the traits separated representative species groups. Accessions from Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche, M. tetraphylla L.A.S. Johnson, and admixtures were clustered into one group and those of M. ternifolia F. Muell were separated into another group. In both M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla groups, variation within site was greater than across sites, which suggested that the conservation strategies should concentrate on increased sampling within sites to capture wide genetic diversity. This study provides a background on the utilisation of wild germplasm as a genetic resource to be used in breeding programs and the direction for gene pool conservation.

scholarly journals Perceptions and Attitudes towards Mules in a Group of Sodiers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009
Author(s):  
Javiera Lagos ◽  
Manuel Rojas ◽  
Joao B. Rodrigues ◽  
Tamara Tadich
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Emotional Needs ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Word Attention

Mules are essential for pack work in mountainous areas, but there is a lack of research on this species. This study intends to assess the perceptions, attitudes, empathy and pain perception of soldiers about mules, to understand the type of human–mule relationship. For this, a survey was applied with closed-ended questions where the empathy and pain perception tools were included and later analyzed through correlations. Open-ended questions were analyzed through text mining. A total of 73 soldiers were surveyed. They had a wide range of ages and years of experience working with equids. Significant positive correlations were found between human empathy, animal empathy and pain perception. Soldiers show a preference for working with mules over donkeys and horses. Text mining analysis shows three clusters associated with the mules’ nutritional, environmental and health needs. In the same line, relevant relations were found for the word “attention” with “load”, “food”, and “harness”. When asked what mules signify for them, two clusters were found, associated with mules’ working capacity and their role in the army. Relevant relations were found between the terms “mountain”, “support”, and “logistics”, and also between “intelligent” and “noble”. To secure mules’ behavioral and emotional needs, future training strategies should include behavior and welfare concepts.

Pitch related to spectral edges of broadband signals

1992 ◽  
Vol 336 (1278) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Basilar Membrane ◽  
Comparison Tone ◽  
Harmonic Signals ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spectral Components ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Harmonic Components ◽  
Hearing System

A complex tone often evokes a pitch sensation associated with its extreme spectral components, besides the holistic pitch associated with its fundamental frequency. We studied the edge pitch created at the upper spectral edge of complexes with a low-pass spectrum by asking subjects to adjust the frequency of a sinusoidal comparison tone to the perceived pitch. Measurements were performed for different values of the fundamental frequency and of the upper frequency of the complex as well as for three different phase relations of the harmonic components. For a wide range of these parameters the subjects could adjust the comparison tone with a high accuracy, measured as the standard deviation of repeated adjustments, to a frequency close to the nominal edge frequency. The detailed dependence of the matching accuracy on temporal parameters of the harmonic complexes suggests that the perception of the edge pitch in harmonic signals is related to the temporal resolution of the hearing system. This resolution depends primarily on the time constants of basilar-membrane filters and on additional limitations due to neuronal processes.

Acoustic correlates of stress in Turkish Kabardian

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Gordon ◽  
Ayla Applebaum
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Acoustic Study

This paper reports results of an acoustic study of stress in the Turkish dialect of the Northwest Caucasian language, Kabardian. Stressed syllables were found to have consistently higher fundamental frequency and characteristically greater duration and intensity than unstressed syllables. No evidence was found for secondary stresses. Schwa and, to a lesser extent, /ɐ/ were shown to undergo slight raising as their duration in unstressed syllables decreased. This gradient raising is likely due to coarticulatory overlap with adjacent consonants rather than a categorical shift in vowel quality. Considerations of articulatory effort rather than perceptual dispersion predict both the categorical alternation between stressed /aː/ and unstressed /ɐ/ in Kabardian and the non-categorical raising of schwa and /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables.

scholarly journals Earth-based observations of impact phenomena

1996 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 81-109
Author(s):  
Philip D. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Hubble Space Telescope ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Impact Phenomena ◽  
Infrared Wavelengths ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Size Estimates

Earth-based observations at near- and mid-infrared wavelengths were obtained for at least 15 of the SL9 impacts, ranging from the spectacular G, K and L events to the barely-detected N and V impacts. Although there were a few exceptions, most of the IR lightcurves fit a common pattern of one or two relatively faint precursor flashes, followed several minutes later by the main infrared event as the explosively-ejected plume crashed down onto the jovian atmosphere. Correlations with the impact times recorded by the Galileo spacecraft and plumes imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope lead to an interpretation of the twin precursors in terms of (i) the entry of the bolide into the upper atmosphere, and (ii) the re-appearance of the rising fireball above Jupiter's limb. Positive correlations are observed between the peak IR flux observed during the splashback phase and both pre-impact size estimates for the individual SL9 fragments and the scale of the resulting ejecta deposits. None of the fragments observed to have moved off the main train of the comet by May 1994 produced a significant impact signature. Earth-based fireball temperature estimates are on the order of 750 K, 30-60 sec after impact. For the larger impacts, the unexpectedly protracted fireball emission at 2.3 μm remains unexplained. A wide range of temperatures has been inferred for the splashback phase, where shocks are expected to have heated the re-entering plume material at least briefly to several thousand K, and further modelling is required to reconcile these data.

scholarly journals Acoustic Correlates of Compensatory Adjustments to the Glottic and Supraglottic Structures in Patients with Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. T. Jesus ◽  
Joana Martinez ◽  
Andreia Hall ◽  
Aníbal Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Vocal Fold Paralysis ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Noise Ratio

The goal of this study was to analyse perceptually and acoustically the voices of patients with Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis (UVFP) and compare them to the voices of normal subjects. These voices were analysed perceptually with the GRBAS scale and acoustically using the following parameters: mean fundamental frequency (F0), standard-deviation ofF0, jitter (ppq5), shimmer (apq11), mean harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), mean first (F1) and second (F2) formants frequency, and standard-deviation ofF1 andF2 frequencies. Statistically significant differences were found in all of the perceptual parameters. Also the jitter, shimmer, HNR, standard-deviation ofF0, and standard-deviation of the frequency ofF2 were statistically different between groups, for both genders. In the male data differences were also found inF1 andF2 frequencies values and in the standard-deviation of the frequency ofF1. This study allowed the documentation of the alterations resulting from UVFP and addressed the exploration of parameters with limited information for this pathology.

Acoustic Correlates of Breathy Vocal Quality: Dysphonic Voices and Continuous Speech

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hillenbrand ◽  
Robert A. Houde
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Relative Amplitude ◽  
Harmonic Amplitude ◽  
Continuous Speech ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Vocal Quality ◽  
Spectral Tilt

In an earlier study, we evaluated the effectiveness of several acoustic measures in predicting breathiness ratings for sustained vowels spoken by nonpathological talkers who were asked to produce nonbreathy, moderately breathy, and very breathy phonation (Hillenbrand, Cleveland, & Erickson, 1994). The purpose of the present study was to extend these results to speakers with laryngeal pathologies and to conduct tests using connected speech in addition to sustained vowels. Breathiness ratings were obtained from a sustained vowel and a 12-word sentence spoken by 20 pathological and 5 nonpathological talkers. Acoustic measures were made of (a) signal periodicity, (b) first harmonic amplitude, and (c) spectral tilt. For the sustained vowels, a frequency domain measure of periodicity provided the most accurate predictions of perceived breathiness, accounting for 92% of the variance in breathiness ratings. The relative amplitude of the first harmonic and two measures of spectral tilt correlated moderately with breathiness ratings. For the sentences, both signal periodicity and spectral tilt provided accurate predictions of breathiness ratings, accounting for 70%-85% of the variance.

Variation in south Asian wheat germplasm for seedling drought tolerance traits

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh R. Rosyara ◽  
Amrit A. Ghimire ◽  
Sushil Subedi ◽  
Ram C. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Dwarfing Genes ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Positive Correlations

Higher seedling vigour and greater coleoptile length are important for early establishment of wheat crops and subsequently higher grain yield in many dry environments. Seedling vigour includes those seed properties that determine the potential for rapid, uniform emergence and development of normal seedlings under a wide range of field conditions. Genotypes with the widely used gibberellic acid (GA)-insensitive dwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b have good partitioning and grain yield under optimal conditions, but may perform poorly under stressed conditions due to poor crop establishment. Breeding programmes are in search of GA-sensitive dwarfing genes that do not affect seedling vigour under dry conditions. This study evaluated 40 genotypes currently used in wheat breeding programmes of south Asia for seedling vigour-related traits in greenhouse and field experiments during 2006–2007 at IAAS, Rampur, Nepal. Wide variation in coleoptile length, seedling vigour, as well as sensitivity to GA was observed. Among the genotypes studied, there were positive correlations among coleoptile length, leaf width and plant height. Genotypes, SW89-5193, SW89-5422/NL251 and SW89-5422, were found to have longer coleoptile, higher seedling vigour and response to GA application. This shows a promise for their further applications in the breeding programmes.

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