scholarly journals Algebraic Operations on Delta-Sigma Bit-Streams

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Axel Klein ◽  
Walter Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Digital Signal ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Algebraic Operation ◽  
Output Stage ◽  
Delta Sigma ◽  
Algebraic Operations ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
Nonlinear Operation ◽  
Bit Stream ◽  
Made In

Operations in the Delta-Sigma ( Δ Σ ) domain are a broad field of research. In this article the main, focus is on applications in control systems, nevertheless the results are generally applicable for dssp in other fields. As the bit-stream does not have an instantaneous value, algebraic operations cannot be executed directly. The first approaches were made in the 1980s based on small-scale integration logic chips by Kouvaras and by Lagoyannis. Further algebraic operations and other implementations were introduced by Zrilic, by Ng, by Bradshaw and by Homann. Other publications utilize complex networks and operations to achieve the desired algebraic operations. These presented operations can be divided into different operation classes by the based implementation idea. In this paper, the known algebraic operation classes are further developed and new operation classes are presented. All implementations are compared and evaluated. For linear operations in control applications, the introduced Bipolar Interpretation is best rated. It compensates for the signal offset of bipolar bit-streams and results in the best signal quality by mapping the logic values true and false of bit-stream to plus and minus one before the algebraic operation. The output of the algebraic operation is a multibit value, to achieve a bit-stream as output value a third step is taken. The result is modulated by a digital dsm. For nonlinear operations the most universal implementation is also based on three steps. In the first stage, the bit-streams are processed with short sinc 3 filters, resulting in multibit values. This signal is processed by digital signal processing (DSP). The output stage is a dsm. For some nonlinear algebraic operations there can be better solutions than DSP, like shown for limiting. In short, this paper gives a detailed overview about different dssp classes for linear and nonlinear operations. Newly presented are the scaling with Bit-Stream Modification, the Bipolar Interpretation class, the nonlinear operation class based on dsp, the modified multiplication based on Delta Adder and benchmarks of all presented operations.

Oscillations in Closed Surge Tanks

1943 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. A183-A186
Author(s):  
A. M. Binnie
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Surge Tank ◽  
Compression And Expansion ◽  
Made In

Abstract The existing methods of predicting the oscillations in a closed surge tank are very lengthy unless drastic simplifications are made. In this paper a new and quick procedure is explained for calculating the maximum pressure and expansion of the air, which result from a sudden shutdown of the plant. Friction is taken into account, both in the pipe and also in any arrangement placed between the pipe and the tank to damp the oscillations, but the compression and expansion of the air must be assumed isothermal. Small-scale experiments confirmed the expectation that the observed maximum pressures would be greater than the theoretical. The shutdown of a big plant is, however, not instantaneous, and the theory may be expected to yield results sufficiently accurate for the purpose in view.

The Ancient Cart-tracks of Malta

Antiquity ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 28 (110) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Gracie
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Far North ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Made In

The barren hill-tops of Malta are scored in many places by ancient ruts cut deeply into the rock. They can be seen also on the slopes and on the lower plains, but less frequently because these areas are normally under agricultural soil. They always occur in pairs from 52 to 58 inches apart and were quite clearly used by vehicles. They have been discussed in print for 300 years but no agreement has been reached on how, when or why they were made or what vehicles used them. In fact, there are as many theories as there are authors. Of these writers only Captain E. G. Fenton and Professor Sir T. Zammit appear to have done any serious field work, and none has published a map. The present writer, therefore, decided to attempt the laborious task of plotting them, making such other observations and measurements as he could. Zammit, in the paper cited, reproduced some excellent photographs from both the ground and the air, to which the reader is referred.Time did not permit an examination of the whole island and few observations were made in the low-lying south-eastern part. A fairly intensive survey was made of the high ground as far north as the Baida Ridge, which joins the northern shores of Ghain Tuffieha Bay and St. Paul’s Bay. Two portions of the map are reproduced here. Where there are a number of parallel tracks in close proximity they are shown on the map as one on account of the necessarily small scale used. The gaps in the routes are mainly due to cultivated patches, and no attempt has been made to bridge them by conjecture.

scholarly journals Reversible logic in pipelined low power vedic multiplier

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Ansiya Eshack ◽  
S. Krishnakumar
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optical Computing ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Reversible Logic ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Scale Integration

<span>With an ever growing demand for low-power devices, it is a general trend to search for ways to reduce the power consumption of a system. Multipliers are an important requirement in applications linked to Digital Signal Processing, Communication Systems, Optical Computing, Nanotechnology, Low-Power Very Large Scale Integration and Quantum Computing. Conventional mathematics makes multiplication a very long and time consuming process. The use of Vedic mathematics has led to great reduction in the time required for such calculations. The excessive use of Urdhava Tiryakbhyam sutra in multiplication surely proves its effectiveness and simplicity in this domain. This sutra supports the process of pipelining, a method employed in reduction of the power used by a system. Reversible logic has been gaining demand due to its low-power capabilities and is currently being used in many computing applications. The paper proposes two multiplier systems: one design employs the Urdhava Tiryakbhyam sutra along with pipelining and the second uses reversible logic gates into the first design. These proposed systems provide very less delay for result computation and low hardware utilization when compared to non-pipelined Vedic multipliers.</span>

scholarly journals Pengembangan Rubrik Penskoran pada Asesmen Otentik untuk Materi Volume dan Luas Balok

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Yunita Rochmawati Jonan
Keyword(s):  
Authentic Assessment ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Assessment Of Learning ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Scoring Rubric ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Made In

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian pengembangan ini adalah menghasilkan sebuah rubrik penskoran pada asesmen otentikuntuk materi volume dan luas balok yang dapat digunakan oleh guru dan siswa. Rubrik ini dibuat sesuai dengan standar penilaian dalam kurikulum 2013. Penelitian pengembangan (R&D) ini menggunakan model Borg and Gall yang terdiri dari lima tahap yaitu penelitian dan pengumpulan data awal, perencanaan, pengembangan format produk, uji coba skala kecil, revisi akhir dan penyempurnaan produk. Hasil penelitian pengembangan ini berupa rubrik penyekoran holistik dan analitik dengan nilai sangat valid sebesar 94%. Analisis dari penelitian ini adalah angket kebutuhan bagi guru dan siswa sedangkan uji coba dilakukan melalui perorangan, kelompok kecil dan kelompok besar. Sedangkan kelayakan rubrik penskoran dari penilaian oleh ahli dengan menggunakan angket uji validitas materi, hasil belajar siswa, respon siswa serta tanggapan guru pengajar. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rubrik penskoran ini efektif dalam membantu memperbaiki hasil ulangan dan cukup praktis serta dapat dipergunakan untuk memberikan penilaian hasil belajar yang sesuai dengan kurikulum 2013. Kata kunci: rubrik, penskoran, asesmen otentik.   ABSTRACT The purpose of this development research is to produce a scoring rubric on an authenticity assessment for the volume and area materials that can be used by teachers and students. The rubric is made in based on the assessment standards in the 2013 curriculum. This development research (R&D) uses the Borg and Gall model consisting of five stages of preliminary data research and collection, planning, product format development, small-scale trials, final revisions and product enhancements. The results of this development research include holistic and analytic scoring rubric with a very valid score of 94%. The rubric is analyzed fromquestionnaire for teachers and students, while trials are conducted through individuals, small groups and large groups. The feasibility of the scoring rubric from assessment by members by using the material validity test questionnaire, student learning results, student response and teacher responses. The results of this study show that the scoring rubric is effective in helping to improve the test results and is practical and can be used to provide assessment of learning outcomes in accordance with the 2013 curriculum. Keywords: rubric, scoring, authentic assessment.

Research and Analysis of Accuracy of Location Estimation in Inertial Navigation System

2016 ◽  
Vol 817 ◽  
pp. 308-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Rajchowski ◽  
Krzysztof Cwalina ◽  
Jarosław Sadowski
Keyword(s):  
Navigation System ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Inertial Navigation System ◽  
Inertial Navigation ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Location Estimation ◽  
Navigation Algorithms ◽  
Movement Parameters ◽  
Measuring Unit ◽  
Made In

In the article the research and analysis of digital signal processing and its influence on accuracy of location estimation in developed inertial navigation system was presented. The purpose of the system is to localize moving people in indoor environment. During research a measuring unit for recording selected movement parameters was made. In the article were also described author’s inertial navigation algorithms.

scholarly journals XX. On the alloys of steel

1822 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 253-270 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
Extended Scale ◽  
Made In ◽  
At Home

The alloys of steel made on a small scale in the laboratory of the Royal Institution proving to be good, and the experiments having excited a very considerable degree of interest both at home and abroad, gave encouragement to attempt the work on a more extended scale, and we have now the pleasure of stating, that alloys similar to those made in the Royal Institution, have been made for the purpose of manufacture; and that they prove to be, in point of excellence, in every respect equal, if not superior, to the smaller productions of the laboratory

Delta-Sigma Digital-to-Time Converter for Band-Select Spread Spectrum Clock

2015 ◽  
Vol 643 ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Khatami ◽  
Haruo Kobayashi ◽  
Yasunori Kobori
Keyword(s):  
Spread Spectrum ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Noise Spectrum ◽  
Digital Circuit ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Clock Generation ◽  
Delta Sigma ◽  
Fm Radio ◽  
Modulation Methods ◽  
Spectrum Spread

This paper proposes an innovative method of converting digital signal to time-domain analog signal, which fully enjoys robustness and digital circuit friendliness. This technique utilizes a digital delta-sigma ( ) modulator following a digital-to-time converter (DTC) circuit with various modulation methods. As an application of the proposed method, novel spreadspectrum clock generation (SSCG) algorithms (such as for DC-DC converters) have been investigated which can select the noise spectrum spread bands; e.g., they can exclude the noisespectrum spread in AM, FM radio bands. The proposed circuit takes advantage of digital technology, which is simple, fast (reachable at high clock frequency) and flexible (programmable).

Tracing Small-Scale Fluctuations in the Soft X-ray Background

1997 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 321-324
Author(s):  
R. Warwick ◽  
I. Hutchinson ◽  
R. Willingale ◽  
K. Kuntz ◽  
S. Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Column Density ◽  
Galactic Halo ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrogen Column Density ◽  
X Ray Background ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
Made In

AbstractAn overlapping set of ROSAT PSPC observations made in a region of very low Galactic foreground column density, has been used to investigate variations in the soft X-ray background on angular scales of 15′ – 5°. In the ¼ keV band there is a clear inverse correlation of the count-rate with the line-of-sight hydrogen column density. However, after correcting for this absorption effect, strong residual fluctuations remain in the data, with an amplitude which is significantly larger than that due to the counting statistics or the confusion of unresolved discrete sources. In contrast a similar analysis for the ¾ and 1.5 keV ROSAT bands shows no evidence for an excess signal. The most likely origin of the ¼ keV fluctuations would seem to be in a patchy distribution of ~ 106 K gas in the Galactic halo.

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