Mortality of Children Under Five and Prevalence of Newborn Congenital Anomalies in Relation to Macroeconomic and Socioeconomic Factors in Latvia

Background. Mortality of infants and children younger than 5 years is a globally recognized and broad national welfare indicator. Scientific literature has data on the correlation of mortality indicators with macroeconomic indicators. It is important to study the associations between prevalence and mortality indicators and socioeconomic factors, since deaths from congenital anomalies account for approximately 25%–30% of all deaths in infancy. The aim of the study was to analyze the overall trend in mortality of infants and young children aged 0 to 4 years in relation to macroeconomic factors in Latvia and prevalence of congenital anomalies in newborns in relation to socioeconomic factors. Material and Methods. The Newborns’ Register and Causes of Death Register were used as data sources; data on specific socioeconomic factors were retrieved from the Central Statistics Office. Results. The results of the study show a strong correlation between mortality in children younger than 5 years and gross domestic product, as well as health budget in LVL per capita and the national unemployment level. The average decrease in infant mortality from congenital anomalies in Latvia was found to be 6.8 cases per 100 000 live births. Conclusions. There is a strong correlation between child mortality and socioeconomic situation in the country. There is a need to analyze the data on child mortality in a transnational context on a regular basis and studying the correlations between child mortality indicators and socioeconomic indicators and health care management parameters.

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THE IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS UPON SME’S PROFITABILITY

Ekonomika ◽

10.15388/ekon.2012.0.883 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 91 (3) ◽

pp. 117-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Rokas Bekeris

Keyword(s):

Interest Rate ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

Financial Indicators ◽

Average Salary ◽

Macroeconomic Factors ◽

Monetary Base ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Macroeconomic Indicators ◽

Macroeconomic Impact ◽

The Impact

Profitability is one of the most volatile company’s financial indicators: it is affected not only by internal but also by external, macro factors. Therefore, this research was aimed at evaluating the macroeconomic impact on SMEs’ profitability. The paper presents the model with the macroeconomic factors affecting the profitability of a SME, which includes the macroeconomic indicators such as population and firms’ number in a country, exports and imports, FDI, GDP, unemployment, inflation, taxes paid, average salary, and several others. The paper also deals with the dynamics of corporate profitability in Lithuania and shows a correlation between macro factors and corporate profitability. Most of the selected macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, average wages, the number of enterprises, the monetary base were found not to be statistically significant and had no strong correlation with corporate profitability. The VILIBOR interbank interest rate changes and the unemployment have the gretest impact on profitability.

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The determinants of the competitiveness of Lithuanian export: macroeconomic approach

Verslas teorija ir praktika ◽

10.3846/btp.2019.16 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. 170-178

Author(s):

Rita Remeikienė ◽

Ligita Gasparėnienė ◽

Alius Sadeckas

Keyword(s):

Strong Correlation ◽

Clear Understanding ◽

Promotion Strategy ◽

Macroeconomic Factors ◽

Cultural Elements ◽

Country Level ◽

Export Competitiveness ◽

Social Contributions ◽

Macroeconomic Indicators ◽

The Impact

The development of an appropriate export promotion strategy in any country calls for consideration of such country-level determinants as macroeconomic indicators and cultural elements. Small economies, like Lithuania, must have a clear understanding of which macroeconomic factors most significantly contribute to the competitiveness of their exports. This article is aimed at assessment of the competitiveness of Lithuanian export in the macroeconomic context. The main purpose of the research is to assess the determinants of the competitiveness of Lithuanian export in the macroeconomic context. For accomplishment of the defined purpose, the following objectives were raised: 1) to review the general determinants of export competitiveness; 2) to develop the methodology for assessment of the country’s export competitiveness in the macroeconomic context; 3) to empirically assess the impact of macroeconomic determinants on the competitiveness of Lithuanian export over the period 2007–2015. The research methods include comparative and systematic literature analysis, correlation and regression analysis. It has been found that GDP (gross domestic product) per capita and general state’s revenue from taxes and social contributions explain the trends of Lithuanian export by 99.1 percent. A very strong correlation has been estimated between Lithuanian export and terms of financing for exporting enterprises, a negative medium-strong correlation has been estimated between the country’s export and its general tax level, while a positive medium-strong correlation has been captured between the country’s export and its minimum wages. Novelty. The results lead to the conclusion that the competitiveness of Lithuanian export is mainly affected by the state’s tax policy, terms of financing for exporting enterprises and social wage strategies. By improving the above-mentioned areas, the country could occupy stronger competitive positions in international markets.

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The Random Forest Method in Research of Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators of Regional Development on Informal Employment Rate

Voprosy statistiki ◽

10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-6-37-55 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 37-55

Author(s):

E. V. Zarova ◽

E. I. Dubravskaya

Keyword(s):

Random Forest ◽

Regional Development ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Regional Level ◽

Informal Employment ◽

Macroeconomic Factors ◽

Random Forest Method ◽

Macroeconomic Indicators ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Impact

The topic of quantitative research on informal employment has a consistently high relevance both in the Russian Federation and in other countries due to its high dependence on cyclicality and crisis stages in economic dynamics of countries with any level of economic development. Developing effective government policy measures to overcome the negative impact of informal employment requires special attention in theoretical and applied research to assessing the factors and conditions of informal employment in the Russian Federation including at the regional level. Such effects of informal employment as a shortfall in taxes, potential losses in production efficiency, and negative social consequences are a concern for the authorities of the federal and regional levels. Development of quantitative indicators to determine the level of informal employment in the regions, taking into account their specifics in the general spatial and economic system of Russia are necessary to overcome these negative effects. The article proposes and tests methods for solving the problem of assessing the impact of hierarchical relationships on macroeconomic factors at the regional level of informal employment in constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Majority of the works on the study of informal employment are based on basic statistical methods of spatial-dynamic analysis, as well as on the now «traditional» methods of cluster and correlation-regression analysis. Without diminishing the merits of these methods, it should be noted that they are somewhat limited in identifying hidden structural connections and interdependencies in such a complex multidimensional phenomenon as informal employment. In order to substantiate the possibility of overcoming these limitations, the article proposes indicators of regional statistics that directly and indirectly characterize informal employment and also presents the possibilities of using the «random forest» method to identify groups of constituent entities of the Russian Federation that have similar macroeconomic factors of informal employment. The novelty of this method in terms of research objectives is that it allows one to assess the impact of macroeconomic indicators of regional development on the level of informal employment, taking into account the implicit, not predetermined by the initial hypotheses, hierarchical relationships of factor indicators. Based on the generalization of the studies presented in the literature, as well as the authors’ statistical calculations using Rosstat data, the authors came to the conclusion about the high importance of macroeconomic parameters of regional development and systemic relationships of macroeconomic indicators in substantiating the differentiation of the informal level across the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

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The correlation between socioeconomic factors and COVID-19 among immigrants in Norway: a register-based study

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/14034948211015860 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 140349482110158

Author(s):

Marte Kjøllesdal ◽

Katrine Skyrud ◽

Abdi Gele ◽

Trude Arnesen ◽

Hilde Kløvstad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Low Income ◽

Emergency Preparedness ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Group Level ◽

Socioeconomic Indicators ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Low Income Families ◽

Crowded Housing

Aim: Immigrants in Norway have higher COVID-19 notification and hospitalisation rates than Norwegian-born individuals. The knowledge about the role of socioeconomic factors to explain these differences is limited. We investigate the relationship between socioeconomic indicators at group level and epidemiological data for all notified cases of COVID-19 and related hospitalisations among the 23 largest immigrant groups in Norway. Methods: We used data on all notified COVID-19 cases in Norway up to 15 November 2020, and associated hospitalisations, from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases and the emergency preparedness register at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. We report notified COVID-19 cases and associated hospitalisation rates per 100,000 and their correlation to income, education, unemployment, crowded housing and years of residency at the group level. Results: Crowded housing and low income at a group level were correlated with rates of both notified cases of COVID-19 (Pearson`s correlation coefficient 0.77 and 0.52) and related hospitalisations (0.72, 0.50). In addition, low educational level and unemployment were correlated with a high number of notified cases. Conclusions: Immigrant groups living in disadvantaged socioeconomic positions are important to target with preventive measures for COVID-19. This must include targeted interventions for low-income families living in overcrowded households.

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Comparative analysis in residential property price level and price dynamics in urban and rural areas of Hajdú-Bihar County

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/58/1977 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 85-90

Author(s):

Ákos Fischl

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Rural Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Price Volatility ◽

Sustainable Rural Development ◽

Macroeconomic Factors ◽

Macroeconomic Indicators ◽

Property Price ◽

Real Estate Prices ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

In modern market economies residential real estate prices, price shifts and their correlations with macroeconomic factors are surveyed quite frequently. However, in contrast with the wide scope of foreign examples, so far existing analyses in Hungary have ignored examining relation and extensity of macroeconomic indicators and failed to examine their effect on real estate pricing. The scope of this survey is to highlight these potential correlations and thus develop new aspects of analysis. Although the examination needs further extension both in time and space, the results of this survey may help to understand the importance of the responsible management of the most precious element of national wealth from the perspective of sustainable rural development. Based on my preliminary results, there exists a strong correlation between the number of inhabitants of a settlement and the average real estate prices. Nevertheless, the correlation seems to be significant only for cities. In the case of smaller settlements the correlation still exists but at a lower level. As opposed to the results of former publications and my own expectations, no direct link could be tackled between the amount of income tax paid by private individuals and real estate prices either in the cities or in the villages within the territory and time span examined in my analysis. Although this correlation is measurable on a macro-economic level, my micro-regional analyses revealed the complexity of asset pricing and price volatility. Continuing this survey, my goal is to identify the hidden factors influencing real estate prices, whose thorough mapping may promote conscious rural development.

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The Impact Of Macroeconomic Factors In Economic Growth

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2016.v12n7p331 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 331 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alush Kryeziu

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Development ◽

Public Debt ◽

Budget Deficit ◽

Econometric Model ◽

Macroeconomic Factors ◽

The Public ◽

Time Period ◽

Macroeconomic Indicators ◽

The Impact

In this paper will be discussed the main concepts and trends of the macro-fiscal indicators in economic growth, as well as their importance in the economic development of different countries, with special emphasis in Kosovo. One of the aims of this paper is to define and explain the connection between macroeconomic indicators with specific emphasis: the public debt, budget deficit and inflation on economic growth. In order to analyze this impact of variables in economic growth, the targeted time period of research is the period from 2004 to 2014. While the data taken regarding Kosovo were obtained from the year 2005, due to the fact that earlier the data have been limited because of the developments in which Kosovo went through. The model that best represents the link between macro-fiscal indicators on economic growth is the linear regression as an econometric model. We will have the opportunity to see and interpret these data. The overall results have emerged in accordance with theoretical discussions presented, but this relationship has not turned out to be very strong because the coefficients acquired did not have great explanatory skills for economic phenomena.

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Effects of socioeconomic factors on secular trends in suicide in Japan, 1953–86

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932000019234 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 221-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Y. Motohashi

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

Labour Force ◽

Divorce Rate ◽

Secular Trends ◽

Service Economy ◽

Socioeconomic Indicators ◽

Suicide Rates ◽

Socioeconomic Changes

SummaryThe effects of socioeconomic factors on secular trends in suicide rates in Japan for the periods 1953–72 and 1973–86 were investigated using twelve socioeconomic indicators. Multiple regression analysis showed that the socioeconomic indicators affecting suicide rates were not identical in the two periods. The rates in both sexes in 1953–72 were closely related to unemployment rate and the labour force but between 1973 and 1986, divorce rate and the proportion in tertiary industry were most influential. The changes reflect the socioeconomic changes in industrial structure in Japan in transition from an industrial to a service economy.

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The Association between Socioeconomic Factors and Visual Function among Patients with Age-Related Cataracts

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2020/7236214 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Yu Wan ◽

Yinhao Wang ◽

Liming Zhao ◽

Zhenyu Wang ◽

Min Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Health Systems ◽

Visual Function ◽

Population Based ◽

Energy Industry ◽

Socioeconomic Indicators ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Age Related ◽

The Status ◽

Per Capita

Background. With the development of the economy, socioeconomic factors, such as inequalities in the status of regional economies and the subsequent effects on health systems, have influenced the status of health. We explored the association between age-related cataracts and socioeconomic indicators, including the regional economy, health systems, and energy industries. Methods. This was a prospective, multicenter, Chinese population-based, cross-sectional study. A total of 830 participants from seven centers were enrolled. Data on the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III) score, Visual Function Index-14 (VF-14) score, total and subscale scores of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25), per capita disposable income (PCDI), medical resource-related indicators, and investments in the energy industry were obtained. Associations among these parameters were analyzed. Results. The PCDI ranking was correlated with the VF-14 score (R = −0.426, P < 0.01 ), total score of NEI-VFQ-25 (r = −0.500, P < 0.01 ), and BCVA (r = 0.278, P < 0.01 ). The number of health agencies (r1 = 0.267, r2 = −0.303, r3 = −0.291,), practicing or assistant practicing doctors (r1 = -0.283, r2 = 0.427, r3 = 0.502,), registered nurses (r1 = −0.289, r2 = 0.409, r3 = 0.469, P < 0.01 ), and health technicians (r1 = −0.278, r2 = 0.426, r3 = 0.500, P < 0.01 ) per 10,000 of the population was each correlated with the BCVA, VF-14 score, and total score of NEI-VFQ-25, respectively. Health expenditure per capita was correlated with the VF-14 score (r = 0.287, P < 0.01 ) and total score of NEI-VFQ-25 (r = 0.459, P < 0.01 ). The LOCS III P score was correlated with investments in the energy industry (r = 0.485, P < 0.001 ). Conclusions. Patients in higher economic regions with greater medical resources show a greater demand to undergo cataract surgery at a better subjective and objective visual function. The energy industry has a significant effect on cataracts, especially the posterior subcapsular cataract, and thus more attention should be paid to people in regions with abundant energy industries.

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Investigation of Socioeconomic Determinants on Child Death in South Asian Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis

OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying ◽

10.1177/0030222820915023 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 003022282091502

Author(s):

Shazia Kousar ◽

Aiza Shabbir ◽

Rukia Shafqat

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Least Squares ◽

Child Mortality ◽

South Asian ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Long Run ◽

The Relationship

This article is aimed to examine the relationship between socioeconomic factors and child mortality in South Asia because the relationship between child mortality and socioeconomic factors cannot be overlooked for better progress. Panel data were obtained from (World Development Indicators) and (Human Development Index) for the period 1990–2017. The data were quantitative. Levin, Lin, and Chu and I’m, Pesaran, and Shin test were used to check the stationarity of data. A cointegration test was applied to check the long-run association. Granger causality test was used to determine the direction of the relationship. Fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares techniques were used to examine the long-run and short-run impact of socioeconomic determinants on child mortality. The findings from this study showed the significant impact of education, unemployment, and health expenditure, access to improved water and sanitation facilities, and income inequality on child mortality. Overall results showed that there is a negative association between education and child mortality, access to improved water and access to sanitation facilities and child mortality, and health expenditure and child mortality, but there is a positive association between unemployment and income inequality with child mortality. The rate of child mortality is still very alarming in South Asian countries.

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The Impact of Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Factors on Financial Structure: Evidence from United States

The Journal of Economics Studies and Research ◽

10.5171/2021.159931 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Diana Alexandra TOADER ◽

Georgeta VINTILĂ ◽

Ștefan Cristian GHERGHINA

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Financial Structure ◽

Effective Tax Rate ◽

Financial Return ◽

Macroeconomic Factors ◽

Tax Rate ◽

Growth Opportunity ◽

Macroeconomic Indicators ◽

The Impact

This paper explores the microeconomic and macroeconomic drivers of financial structure, through a sample of 30 technology companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange, over the period 2005-2018. The financial structure was assessed via long-term debt rate, short-term debt rate and total debt rate, whereas the size of the company, tangibility of assets, growth opportunity, effective tax rate and financial return were selected as microeconomic factors, alongside macroeconomic indicators concerning interest rate, inflation rate and gross domestic product per capita.

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