scholarly journals Early-Stage Recovery of Lithium from Tailored Thermal Conditioned Black Mass Part I: Mobilizing Lithium via Supercritical CO2-Carbonation

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Lilian Schwich ◽  
Tom Schubert ◽  
Bernd Friedrich
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Autoclave Reactor

In the frame of global demand for electrical storage based on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their recycling with a focus on the circular economy is a critical topic. In terms of political incentives, the European legislative is currently under revision. Most industrial recycling processes target valuable battery components, such as nickel and cobalt, but do not focus on lithium recovery. Especially in the context of reduced cobalt shares in the battery cathodes, it is important to investigate environmentally friendly and economic and robust recycling processes to ensure lithium mobilization. In this study, the method early-stage lithium recovery (“ESLR”) is studied in detail. Its concept comprises the shifting of lithium recovery to the beginning of the chemo-metallurgical part of the recycling process chain in comparison to the state-of-the-art. In detail, full NCM (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide)-based electric vehicle cells are thermally treated to recover heat-treated black mass. Then, the heat-treated black mass is subjected to an H2O-leaching step to examine the share of water-soluble lithium phases. This is compared to a carbonation treatment with supercritical CO2, where a higher extent of lithium from the heat-treated black mass can be transferred to an aqueous solution than just by H2O-leaching. Key influencing factors on the lithium yield are the filter cake purification, the lithium separation method, the solid/liquid ratio, the pyrolysis temperature and atmosphere, and the setup of autoclave carbonation, which can be performed in an H2O-environment or in a dry autoclave environment. The carbonation treatments in this study are reached by an autoclave reactor working with CO2 in a supercritical state. This enables selective leaching of lithium in H2O followed by a subsequent thermally induced precipitation as lithium carbonate. In this approach, treatment with supercritical CO2 in an autoclave reactor leads to lithium yields of up to 79%.

scholarly journals Thermally-Induced Shape-Memory Behavior of Degradable Gelatin-Based Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5892
Author(s):  
Axel T. Neffe ◽  
Candy Löwenberg ◽  
Konstanze K. Julich-Gruner ◽  
Marc Behl ◽  
Andreas Lendlein
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Shape Memory Effect ◽  
Memory Effect ◽  
Shape Recovery ◽  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Thermomechanical Process ◽  
Triple Helices

Shape-memory hydrogels (SMH) are multifunctional, actively-moving polymers of interest in biomedicine. In loosely crosslinked polymer networks, gelatin chains may form triple helices, which can act as temporary net points in SMH, depending on the presence of salts. Here, we show programming and initiation of the shape-memory effect of such networks based on a thermomechanical process compatible with the physiological environment. The SMH were synthesized by reaction of glycidylmethacrylated gelatin with oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) α,ω-dithiols of varying crosslinker length and amount. Triple helicalization of gelatin chains is shown directly by wide-angle X-ray scattering and indirectly via the mechanical behavior at different temperatures. The ability to form triple helices increased with the molar mass of the crosslinker. Hydrogels had storage moduli of 0.27–23 kPa and Young’s moduli of 215–360 kPa at 4 °C. The hydrogels were hydrolytically degradable, with full degradation to water-soluble products within one week at 37 °C and pH = 7.4. A thermally-induced shape-memory effect is demonstrated in bending as well as in compression tests, in which shape recovery with excellent shape-recovery rates Rr close to 100% were observed. In the future, the material presented here could be applied, e.g., as self-anchoring devices mechanically resembling the extracellular matrix.

scholarly journals Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Zhiliang Dong ◽  
Sen Liu ◽  
Peixiang Jiang ◽  
Cuizhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Property of TiAl Alloys Prepared by Gas Atomization Powders

2013 ◽  
Vol 747-748 ◽  
pp. 497-501
Author(s):  
Na Liu ◽  
Zhou Li ◽  
Guo Qing Zhang ◽  
Hua Yuan ◽  
Wen Yong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Tial Alloy ◽  
Lamellar Microstructure ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Gas Atomization ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Fine Duplex ◽  
Step Heat Treatment

Powder metallurgical TiAl alloy was fabricated by gas atomization powders, and the effect of heat treatment temperature on the microstructure evolution and room tensile properties of PM TiAl alloy was investigated. The uniform fine duplex microstructure was formed in PM TiAl based alloy after being heat treated at 1250/2h followed by furnace cooling (FC)+ 900/6h (FC). When the first step heat treatment temperature was improved to 1360/1h, the near lamellar microstructure was achieved. The ductility of the alloy after heat treatment improved markedly to 1.2% and 0.6%, but the tensile strength decreased to 570MPa and 600MPa compared to 655MPa of as-HIP TiAl alloy. Post heat treatment at the higher temperature in the alpha plus gamma field would regenerate thermally induced porosity (TIP).

scholarly journals Heat treatment induces an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP content in human epidermoid A-431 cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
J G Kiang ◽  
Y Y Wu ◽  
M C Lin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
G Proteins ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Atp Breakdown ◽  
In Cells

The basal level of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMPi) in A-431 cells incubated at 37 degrees C in Na(+)-containing Hanks solution is 2086 +/- 139 fmol/10(6) cells. When cells are exposed to 45 degrees C for 10 min, cAMPi increases by 40 +/- 4%, and then returns to basal levels within 30 min. Incubating cells in Ca(2+)-free or Mg(2+)-free Hanks solution has no effect on the heat-induced increase in cAMPi, but the increase is inhibited by acid-loading cells to intracellular pH 7.0 or 6.8. In unheated cells, cAMPi increases by 16 +/- 8%, 53 +/- 7%, or 39 +/- 8%, when incubated with isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (1 mM), Ro 20-1724 (0.5 mM), or theophylline (1 mM) respectively. However, heat treatment further elevates cAMPi in cells treated with phosphodiesterase inhibitors, indicating that heat treatment and phosphodiesterase inhibitors elevate cAMPi by a different pathway(s). Heat treatment increases adenylate cyclase activity 2.5-fold. When forskolin (150 microM), an adenylate cyclase stimulator, is applied to cells, the basal cAMPi increases 28 +/- 6-fold compared with controls. Subsequent heating of these cells lowers cAMPi levels to 7.0 +/- 0.5 times that in control cells. This decrease is prevented by pretreatment with pertussis toxin (30 ng/ml, 24 h), suggesting that G-proteins are involved in the process of heat-induced cAMPi increase. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (10 mM), NaN3 (10 mM) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (1 mM) also increase cAMPi in A-431 cells. However, application of these metabolic inhibitors to cells before heat treatment does not result in cAMPi levels greater than that observed in cells with heat alone. Similar observations are obtained in heat-treated cells previously exposed to adenosine, but not to AMP or ADP. These data are the first to suggest that thermally induced increase in cAMPi is due to a combination of activation of adenylate cyclase and G-proteins, and an increase in adenosine owing to ATP breakdown caused by hyperthermia.

scholarly journals Colorless and Transparent Polyimide Microporous Film with Excellent Physicochemical Property

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1298
Author(s):  
Jong Won Kim ◽  
Seon Ju Lee ◽  
Moon Young Choi ◽  
Jin-Hae Chang
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Porous Membrane ◽  
Amic Acid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Blend Films ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding Interactions ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Microporous Film

4,4′-(4,4′-isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride) (BPADA) as a dianhydride and bis(3-aminophenyl) sulfone (APS) and bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (APS-OH) as diamines were used to synthesize two types of poly(amic acid) (PAA). Varying amounts (0–5.0 wt%) of water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were mixed with PAA, and the resulting blend was heat-treated at different stages to obtain the colorless and transparent polyimide (CPI) blend films. The synthesized blended film completely removed water-soluble PVA in water. The possibility as a porous membrane according to the pore size varied according to the amount of PVA was investigated. The dispersibility and compatibility of CPI containing APS-OH monomer were higher than those of the APS monomer. This could be attributed to the hydrogen-bonding interactions between the CPI main chains and PVA. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to characterize the material. The results revealed that the pore size of the CPI blend film increased as the PVA concentration increased. It was confirmed that uniform pores of μm-size were observed in CPI. The thermal stabilities, morphologies, optical properties, and solubilities of two CPIs obtained using APS and APS-OH monomers were investigated and their properties were compared with each other.

Water-soluble-template-derived nanoscale silicon nanoflake and nano-rod morphologies: Stable architectures for lithium-ion battery anodes

Nano Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4284-4297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat Gattu ◽  
Prashanth Hanumantha Jampani ◽  
Moni Kanchan Datta ◽  
Ramalinga Kuruba ◽  
Prashant N. Kumta
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Water Soluble

scholarly journals Purification of Lithium Carbonate from Sulphate Solutions through Hydrogenation Using the Dowex G26 Resin

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Sheng Chen ◽  
Cheng-Han Lee ◽  
Hsing-Jung Ho
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Selective Precipitation ◽  
Freundlich Isotherms ◽  
Hydrogenation Temperature ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Battery Industry

Purification of lithium carbonate, in the battery industry, is an important step in the future. In this experiment, the waste lithium-ion batteries were crushed, sieved, leached with sulfuric acid, eluted with an extractant, and finally sulphate solutions were extracted, through selective precipitation. Next, sodium carbonate was first added to the sulphate solutions, to precipitate lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). After that, lithium carbonate was put into the water to create lithium carbonate slurry and CO2 was added to it. The aeration of CO2 and the hydrogenation temperature were controlled, in this experiment. Subsequently, Dowex G26 resin was used to remove impurities, such as the calcium and sodium in lithium carbonate. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms, described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were used to investigate the ion-exchange behaviors of impurities. After removing the impurities, the different heating rate was controlled to obtain lithium carbonate. In a nutshell, this study showed the optimum condition of CO2 aeration, hydrogenation temperature, ion-exchange resin and the heating rate to get high yields and purity of lithium carbonate.

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