scholarly journals Studies on the Formation and Processing of Aluminium Dross with Particular Focus on Special Metals

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Stefan Wibner ◽  
Helmut Antrekowitsch ◽  
Thomas C. Meisel
Keyword(s):  
Slag Phase ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Direct Transition ◽  
Residual Material ◽  
The Future ◽  
Aluminium Dross ◽  
Metallic Aluminium ◽  
Salt Slag ◽  
Melting Experiment

In terms of production volume, aluminium is the leading metal in non-ferrous metallurgy. In particular, the recycling of aluminium-containing residues has strongly increased in recent years and will continue to gain importance in the future. Due to the high affinity of aluminium to oxygen, the oxidation of the molten bath is unavoidable, which leads to the formation of dross on the surface. This has a high content of metallic aluminium and therefore represents a valuable residual material that must be further processed. In the presented work, a study is conducted on the formation and possible further processing of aluminium dross. Within the scope of this experimental work, the pyrometallurgical treatment of Al-dross in the salt drum furnace was evaluated on the basis of an experiment in a TBRC (top blown rotary converter) by adding a salt mixture. In addition, the behaviour of special metals, in particular the rare earth elements (REEs), was investigated during such a melting process. This knowledge will be particularly important in the future, as inadequate scrap processing leads to more of these partially valuable contaminants entering the aluminium scrap cycle. The result of the experimental study was that the metal yield of the dross used in the melting experiment at the Chair of Nonferrous Metallurgy was higher than that achieved by external reprocessing. Regarding the distribution of the rare earths, there was a direct transition of these from the dross into the emerging salt slag phase.

Melting Characteristics of the Stainless Steel Generated From the Uranium Conversion Plant

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Choi ◽  
P. S. Song ◽  
B. Y. Min ◽  
W. Z. Oh ◽  
C. H. Jung
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Calcium Fluoride ◽  
Uranium Oxide ◽  
Slag Phase ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Partition Ratio ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Natural Uranium ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Basicity Index

The partition ratio of cerium (Ce) and uranium (U) in the ingot, slag and dust phases has been investigated for the effect of the slag type, slag concentration and basicity in an electric arc melting process. An electric arc furnace (EAF) was used to melt the stainless steel wastes, simulated by uranium oxide and the real wastes from the uranium conversion plant in Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). The composition of the slag former used to capture the contaminants such as uranium, cerium, and cesium during the melt decontamination process generally consisted of silica (SiO2), calcium oxide (CaO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Also, Calcium fluoride (CaF2), nickel oxide (NiO), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) were added to provide an increase in the slag fluidity and oxidative potential. Cerium was used as a surrogate for the uranium because the thermochemical and physical properties of cerium are very similar to those of uranium. Cerium was removed from the ingot phase to slag phase by up to 99% in this study. The absorption ratio of cerium was increased with an increase of the amount of the slag former. And the maximum removal of cerium occurred when the basicity index of the slag former was 0.82. The natural uranium (UO2) was partitioned from the ingot phase to the slag phase by up to 95%. The absorption of the natural uranium was considerably dependent on the basicity index of the slag former and the composition of the slag former. The optimum condition for the removal of the uranium was about 1.5 for the basicity index and 15wt% of the slag former. According to the increase of the amount of slag former, the absorption of uranium oxide in the slag phase was linearly increased due to an increase of its capacity to capture uranium oxide within the slag phase. Through experiments with various slag formers, we verified that the slag formers containing calcium fluoride (CaF2) and a high amount of silica were more effective for a melt decontamination of stainless steel wastes contaminated with uranium. During the melting tests with stainless steel wastes from the uranium conversion plant (UCP) in KAERI, we found that the results of the uranium decontamination were very similar to those of the uranium oxide from the melting of stimulated metal wastes.

scholarly journals Recovery of Aluminum from Industrial Waste (Slag) by Melting and Electrorefining Processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maytham Mahmood Ali ◽  
Rabiha Saleh Yassen
Keyword(s):  
Slag Sample ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Secondary Aluminum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Melting Temperatures ◽  
Salt Slag ◽  
Melting Experiments

Slag of aluminum is a residue which results during the melting process of primary and secondary aluminum production. Salt slag of aluminum is hazardous solid waste according to the European Catalogue for Hazardous Wastes. Hence, recovery of aluminum not only saves the environment, but also has advantages of financial and economic returns. In this research, aluminum was recovered and purified from the industrial wastes generated as waste from both of State Company for Electrical and Electronic Industries (Baghdad/AlWaziriya) and General Company for Mechanical Industries (Babylon/-Al-Escandria). It was found that these wastes contain tiny proportions of other elements such as iron, copper, nickel, titanium, lead, and potassium. Wastes were recovered for green sustainability, saving energy and cost effectiveness. The method applied for recovering aluminum was pyro-metallurgical method by smelting and refining. X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy and X- Ray diffraction techniques of the slag sample were used to determine the chemical analysis and phases, respectively. Melting experiments were conducted by using different types of fluxes (KAlF4, NaCl, KCl and AlCl3) at different percentages (0, 5, 10 %) and different melting temperatures (700, 750, 800oC). Design of Experiment (DOE) by Taguchi method, orthogonal array L9, was used in melting experiments. Melting efficiency of aluminum was equal to 84.7%. Electro-refining of aluminum was done by using anhydrous aluminum chloride and NaCl as ionic liquids at low temperature 100 ◦C in electro-refining method producing aluminum of 99% purity.                                  

scholarly journals Evaluation of Recyclability of a WEEE Slag by Means of Integrative X-Ray Computer Tomography and SEM-Based Image Analysis

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Buchmann ◽  
Nikolaus Borowski ◽  
Thomas Leißner ◽  
Thomas Heinig ◽  
Markus A. Reuter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slag Phase ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
X Ray Computed

Waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing waste streams globally. Therefore, recycling of the valuable metals of this stream plays a vital role in establishing a circular economy. The smelting process of WEEE leads to significant amounts of valuable metals and rare earth elements (REEs) trapped in the slag phase. The effective manipulation of this phase transfer process necessitates detailed understanding and effective treatment to minimize these contents. Furthermore, an adequate process control to bring these metal contents into structures that make recycling economically applicable is required. Within the present study, a typical slag from a WEEE melting process is analyzed in detail. Therefore, the material is investigated with the help of X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based mineralogical analysis (MLA) to understand the typical structures and its implications for recycling. The influencing factors are discussed, and further processing opportunities are illustrated.

Salt Free Treatment of Aluminium Dross

2014 ◽  
Vol 794-796 ◽  
pp. 1071-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roar Jensen ◽  
Martin Syvertsen
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rotary Furnace ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Conventional Procedure ◽  
Free Treatment ◽  
Aluminium Dross ◽  
Metallic Compounds ◽  
Metallic Aluminium ◽  
Aluminium Metal

Aluminium dross is composed of metallic aluminium and non-metallic compounds such as oxides, nitrides and carbides. The dross created during primary and secondary aluminium production can amount up to 1% of the total tonnage and may contain up to 90% aluminium metal. The conventional procedure for dross treatment is to use salt for separating the metallic aluminium and the non-metallic compounds. The resulting salt cake has to be processed further. This paper describes a process using a plasma rotary furnace with a non-oxidizing atmosphere and heated by a graphite plasma torch to separate the aluminium from the non-metallic compounds. A pilot scale furnace (charge 500kg) has been designed and tested. In the experiment presented here a mixture of aluminium and aluminium dross were charged into the furnace. Good atmosphere control was maintained during the experiment. No wear on the refractory and only minor wear on the graphite electrodes was observed after the experiment. The result shows that 98.9% of the aluminium in the charged raw materials was recovered in tapped metal without using any salt anywhere in the process. The aluminium metal tapped from the process had only minor increase in the trace elements compared to the metal originally produced. The inclusion content in the metal was also not increased significantly. The residual non-metallic compounds should be possible to recycle in the electrolysis or used in the cement industry.

scholarly journals Recovery of Aluminum from Industrial Waste (Slag) by Melting and Electrorefining Processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Maytham Mahmood Ali ◽  
Rabiha Saleh Yassen
Keyword(s):  
Slag Sample ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Secondary Aluminum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Melting Temperatures ◽  
Salt Slag ◽  
Melting Experiments

Slag of aluminum is a residue which results during the melting process of primary and secondary aluminum production. Salt slag of aluminum is hazardous solid waste according to the European Catalogue for Hazardous Wastes. Hence, recovery of aluminum not only saves the environment, but also has advantages of financial and economic returns. In this research, aluminum was recovered and purified from the industrial wastes generated as waste from both of State Company for Electrical and Electronic Industries (Baghdad/AlWaziriya) and General Company for Mechanical Industries (Babylon/-Al-Escandria). It was found that these wastes contain tiny proportions of other elements such as iron, copper, nickel, titanium, lead, and potassium. Wastes were recovered for green sustainability, saving energy and cost effectiveness. The method applied for recovering aluminum was pyro-metallurgical method by smelting and refining. X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy and X- Ray diffraction techniques of the slag sample were used to determine the chemical analysis and phases, respectively. Melting experiments were conducted by using different types of fluxes (KAlF4, NaCl, KCl and AlCl3) at different percentages (0, 5, 10 %) and different melting temperatures (700, 750, 800oC). Design of Experiment (DOE) by Taguchi method, orthogonal array L9, was used in melting experiments. Melting efficiency of aluminum was equal to 84.7%. Electro-refining of aluminum was done by using anhydrous aluminum chloride and NaCl as ionic liquids at low temperature 100 ◦C in electro-refining method producing aluminum of 99% purity.                                  

scholarly journals Strategy of the sour cherry verticum in the Northern Great Plain Region Hungary (Analytic study)

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nyéki ◽  
M. Soltész ◽  
L. Popovics ◽  
T. Szabó ◽  
S. Thurzó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Great Plain ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Northern Great Plain ◽  
The World ◽  
Plain Region ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fruit Growing

Sour cherry growing and consumption grows dynamically around the world. The present volume of 1 million tons will incerase within 10 years with 20-30, or even with 50%. In the world wide sour cherry production, Europe is a decisive factor, i.e. 2/3 of the volume is grown there. Prominent capacities are concentrated in East-Central Europe, mainly Poland, Germany and Hungary. In the future, new concurrent exporters are expected on the European market as Turkey, Iran, Serbia-Montenegro. Hungarian sour cherry production has rich traditions, so the growing techniques and the assortment of sour cherry varieties make Hungary a „Great Power" on this field. Fresh fruit and products developed from sour cherry represent values distinguished as „Hungaricum" on the markets. Sour cherry growing and the path of its products are one of the „pulling branches" of Hungarian fruit growing. Sour cherry occupies 15% of area for fruit growing and 40% within the stone fruits. Sour cherry was grown widely in Hungary, it was grown everywhere as for utilizing waste areas. This is the main reason that yields are low as a mean of 15 000 ha and the volume is low (50-60 000 tons) only. To that poor figure the heavy infections of Monilia contributed substantially in the last couple of years. The two most valid arguments of using the present varieties as the best solution are 1) the cross bred new varieties, and 2) the selections of local, traditional varieties, which substituted the earlier dominant 'Pándy meggy' variety, which had a good quality but yielded poorly. Sour cherry growing of Hungary shifted from the dry regions of the country toward the cooler and more humid regions, where the weather excesses secure a less risky production. The most decisive region is the Norther Great Plain Region comprising Szabolcs­Szatmar-Bereg county, where more than the half of the Hungarian sour cherry volume is produced, and which is bound to increase its production in the future. The majority of sour cherry produced in Hungary is processed, moreover, an important fraction of the exported fresh fruit is also used by the industry. The main importer of Hungarian sour cherry is Germany. The industry manufactures mainly canned products, a smaller fraction will be processed to other products. The expected volumes of sour cherry grown in Hungary in the next 5 and 10-year-period was estimated from data based on the ratio of young plantations, predicted consequences of the global climatic changes, phytosanitary aspects, furthermore, on the development of the technological level. In the region, the volume grown within 5 years, 40 000 t/year will increase within 10 years to 55 000 t/y. The processing in Hungary is not sufficiently differenciated, which is attributed partly to the characters of the varieties, partly to the weaknesses of the processing industry. One of the reasons is the suitability of varieties mainly for canning products. Processed sour cherry products could not be sold at the same price levels achieved by concurrent sour cherry growing countries. The vertical structure of the path of products of sour cherry disposes of adequate processing capacity being ready to be developed or there is sufficient intention of making investments for the purpose of manufacturing special sour cherry products. Significant tasks of development are actual in the field of the ecological and biological conditions of production. Volume and yield security as well as the maturity time and diversification of processing possibilities are the main endeavours in widening the assortment of varieties to be grown in the near future. The main objective in growing techniques is the modernization of phytotechnical procedures, and new solutions of methods of mechanical harvesting and related technical innovations are necessary in the sour cherry verticum. A key question is the effectiveness of phytosanitary procedures with special reference to the Monilia fungus and to the cherry fruit fly as the most important pest. There are two points of break through in the Hungarian sour cherry verticum. On the one hand, meeting the increasing demands in fuits for fresh consumption, on the other hand, the diversification of processed sour cherry products and their introduction to the markets. Both are aiming to increase the competitiveness of the Hungarian sour cherry. For that purpose, outstanding varieties and excellent as well as internationally recognised fruit qualities are ready to be utilized. The most susceptible problems of the Hungarian sour cherry verticum are associated with marketing, alliance of the grower-and processor organisations and their co-operation because no overall integration within the sour cherry verticum has been established yet. Most urgent necessity as well as possibility of changes are felt in the Northern Great Plain Region.

MARKET CAPACITY AS AN INDICATOR OF AN ORGANIZATION'S EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
M.S. Santalova ◽  
◽  
I.V. Soklakova ◽  
D.K. Balahanova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Construction Market ◽  
Market Capacity ◽  
The Future ◽  
Effective Performance ◽  
Definition Of

The article considers the value of the market capacity indicator for the effective operation of a modern organization. The definition of market capacity indicators that will be used in this study is given as the actual or potential number of products that are sold or may be sold in the future for a certain period of time in the market under study. Market capacity indicators are estimated for the company Mir Kraski LLC, which is located in Rostov-on-don. We study competitor companies selling paint and varnish materials in the construction market of the Rostov region, study the types of competitors and determine their place in relation to the organization under study. Based on statistical data, we study the performance of the production volume of paints, analyzes the seasonality of demand for these products, calculated potential, actual, and available market capacity covered by the organization that sells building materials and its main competitors. The dependence of sales on the season is revealed, there is an increase in the spring months and a decline in sales in the fall. The analysis will be carried out on the basis of activities such as wholesale and retail trade in building materials, taking into account the location, market level, assortment of goods and the involvement of middle-level consumers in trade relations. According to the results of the analysis, it was revealed that the organization under study occupies the third place among its competitors on the basis of calculating the potential, actual and available market capacity, and it is concluded that it is possible to use market capacity indicators to assess the organization’s effective activity. The company “World of Colors” was invited to introduce new strategies for the development of the organization’s economic activity so that in the future it could outperform the economic indicators of competing firms.

Preserving Metal Units Utilising the Latest Generation of Aluminium Dross Press

2011 ◽  
Vol 693 ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Peel ◽  
James Herbert ◽  
Robert Connaughton ◽  
Hugh Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Economic Models ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Cast House ◽  
Aluminium Dross ◽  
Salt Slag ◽  
Positive Effect

The handling of dross is an unfortunate but necessary activity in any aluminum cast house. One technology designed to cool dross and maximise metal recoveries is the dross press. Since its introduction to the industry in the mid 1990’s this technology has evolved to meet the demands of the modern cast house and ever more stringent environmental legislation. This paper describes developments that address the weaknesses and limitations of early systems and enhancements that have enabled the cooling of a wide variety of dross types including salt slag from rotary furnaces. The paper will discuss data and results from the first fully commercialized installation of a specially designed press for cooling salt slag from Tilt Type Rotary Furnaces. Finally the paper will look at some of the economical benefits of using a press through various economic models showing the positive effect small improvements in dross recoveries can have on plant profitability.

Synthesis of Hercynite from Aluminium Dross at 1550°C: Implication for Industrial Waste Recycling

2020 ◽  
Vol 977 ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Chirakit Chobtham ◽  
Somyote Kongkarat
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Pure Iron ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aluminium Dross

Aluminium dross is a waste from aluminium melting process, containing approximately 70 wt% of Al2O3. Disposal of dross in landfill causes soil and ground water pollutions, leading to the difficulty of waste management. This work aims to utilize aluminium dross as a source of Al2O3 for the synthesis of hercynite (FeAl2O4). Aluminium dross was heated at 1200°C for 1 hour in air and then compacted into a substrate using a hydraulic press. The substrate was brought into contact with two different types of iron chip at 1550°C in air for 6 hours. Pure iron chip and iron chips containing 0.8 wt% carbon were employed in this experiment in order to investigate the effect of carbon content in the iron chip on the formation of hercynite. The samples after reactions were characterized using XRD, SEM and EDS techniques. It was found that the final product is hercynite having a dark grey solid phase. The formation of hercynite was due to the interaction of Al2O3 in the dross with Fe and/or FeO in the system. FeO came from the oxidization of iron chip due to the excess of oxygen in the system. Carbon content in the iron was found to effect the formation of FeO in the system, which in turn effect the formation of hercynite. This research is one of the possible way to recycling aluminium dross instead of bury in a landfill.

FORECASTING THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF UKRAINIAN GRAIN INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC SELECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Ivan CHERNIAVSKYI
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
The Future ◽  
Yield Forecast

The scientific article is devoted to the problem of forecasting the grain production volume and enterprise export potential of the Ukrainian grain industry (taking into account the development level of domestic breeding) for the medium term under 3 alternative scenarios. Grain sowing area was forecasted by 2023 using an adaptive forecasting model. The results of the conducted research show that by 2023 the area of corn sowing will increase to 4922 thousand hectares. The corn yield forecast for 2023 has been developed, which shows that the yield level will increase substantially. So, if in 2017 the yield of this crop was 61 hwt / ha, then on average in 2023 it will be 76.6 hwt / ha. It is established that yield is one of the main factors for increasing the volume of grain production. The forecast suggests that on average, corn grain exports from Ukraine tend to grow in the future, namely that it will grow by 11.8 % in 2023 compared to the 2018/2019 marketing year and amount to 30835 thousand tons. Under the optimistic scenario, corn production in the year 2023 will be 42536 thousand tons, which is 54.4 % more than in the 2018/2019 marketing year. The results of the study show that in the future (by 2023), the volumes of maize seeds use will increase – on average they will increase by 8 %, and by the optimistic forecast – by 25 % compared to the 2018/2019 marketing year and will amount to 585 thousand tons. The analysis shows that in 2019 there was a rapid development of both world and Ukrainian breeding. Thus, analyzing the varieties of the main grain crops, it should be noted that in the analyzed period the number of registered varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine increased by 11.7 times, including the domestic ones – 10.5 times. Accordingly, maize grew 21.8 times and 14.4 times, respectively. It is worth noting a fairly high proportion of domestic wheat varieties, whose share is 72 %. What cannot be said for other crops, in particular, the share of domestic varieties is only 47 %. In the medium to long term, Ukraine can increase its seed exports by a dozen times. Opportunities for capacity-building of seed plants are steadily increasing every year. Large seed companies, such as “Pioneer”, “Monsanto”, “Syngenta”, “Moisadur”, “Euralis Semens” and domestic “Mais”, “Eridon”, “Selena”, “Eurostandard”, have potential to attract foreign investments to bring Ukraine to the forefront in sales of cereal seeds (wheat, barley, oats, rye and corn) and oilseeds (sunflower, soybean, mustard and rapeseed). Key words: cereals, corn, corn seeds, forecasting, adaptive forecasting models, export potential, acreage, yield.

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