scholarly journals Sustainable Processes in Aluminium, Magnesium, and Titanium Alloys Applied to the Transport Sector: A Review

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
David Blanco ◽  
Eva María Rubio ◽  
Raquel María Lorente-Pedreille ◽  
María Ana Sáenz-Nuño
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
Cryogenic Cooling ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Lightweight Materials ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Prisma Statement

The reduction of consumption and pollutant emissions is a top priority for the transport sector. One working line is the substitution of conventional structural materials with lightweight materials such as metallic alloys of aluminium, titanium, and/or magnesium. For this reason, and considering that the number of related articles is lower than the existing number of other structural lightweight materials, it is considered very convenient and helpful to carry out a systematic analysis of their latest trends through Open Access literature. A methodology adapted from the PRISMA statement is applied, in order to guarantee unbiasedness and quality in selecting literature and research. The final selection is made up of the 40 most cited research papers from 2015–2020, with an average of 20.6 citations per article. Turning and drilling are the most trending machining processes, and there is particular interest in the study of sustainable cooling, such as dry machining, cryogenic cooling, and MQL. In addition, another trending topic is multi-materials and joining dissimilar materials with guarantees. Additive manufacturing has also been identified as an increasingly trending theme, appearing in 18% of the selected studies. This work is complemented with summary tables of the most cited Open Access articles on sustainable machining and cooling, multi-materials or hybrid components, and additive manufacturing.

scholarly journals Thermal and Photocatalytic Performance of Unsaturated Polyester Resins Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles as Panel Bodies for Vehicles

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2036
Author(s):  
Miren Blanco ◽  
Cristina Monteserín ◽  
Nerea Uranga ◽  
Estíbaliz Gómez ◽  
Estíbaliz Aranzabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Curing Kinetics ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Photocatalytic Effect

The transport sector is the fastest growing contributor to climate emissions and experiences the highest growth in energy use. This study explores the use of TiO2 nanoparticles for obtaining photocatalytic nanocomposites with improved infrared reflectance properties. The nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing 0–20 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles in an unsaturated polyester resin. The effect of TiO2 on the curing kinetics was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, showing a significant delay of the curing reactions. The thermal reflectance of the modified resins was characterized by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry, measuring total solar reflectance (TSR). The TiO2 greatly increased the TSR of the resin, due to the reflectance properties of the nanoparticles and the change in color of the modified resin. These nanocomposites reflect a significant part of near-infrared radiation, which can contribute to a reduction of the use of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Moreover, the photocatalytic effect of the TiO2 modified nanocomposites was studied by monitoring the degradation of an organic model contaminant in an aqueous medium under UV light, and the reusability of the nanocomposites was studied with 5 cycles. The developed nanocomposites are proposed as a solution for reducing global warming and pollutant emissions.

scholarly journals Technoeconomic Analysis and Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicle Introduction in Taxis: A Case Study of Mexico City

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Daniel Arturo Maciel Fuentes ◽  
Eduardo Gutiérrez González
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Technoeconomic Analysis

In recent decades, urban air pollution has increased considerably in Mexico City, leading to harmful effects on the ecosystem. To reduce pollutant emissions, new sustainable technologies have been adopted in the transport sector. To date, no studies have conducted a technoeconomic analysis of the environmental impact of electric vehicles (EVs) in regard to taxis in Mexico. To address this gap in the research, this study aimed to perform a cost-environmental impact assessment of electric taxi introduction in Mexico City using the life-cycle cost (LCC) methodology and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify parameters with the greatest influence on the LCC. The LCC of EVs was found to be larger than that of internal combustion vehicles (ICVs); the acquisition cost was identified as the greatest contributor to the total LCC, followed by the maintenance cost. Worldwide, mixed results have been reported due to differences in the use of local parameters and values. To promote EVs, it is necessary to reduce either acquisition costs or battery costs. The environmental analysis showed that there is only a slight reduction in GHG emissions with electric taxi introduction. Nevertheless, cleaner renewable energy sources must be adopted and considered in order to achieve a much greater reduction and take full advantage of the benefits of EVs.

scholarly journals Synergic Sustainability Implications of Additive Manufacturing in Automotive Spare Parts: A Case Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8461
Author(s):  
Luis Isasi-Sanchez ◽  
Jesus Morcillo-Bellido ◽  
Jose Ignacio Ortiz-Gonzalez ◽  
Alfonso Duran-Heras
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chain ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Disruptive Innovations

Triple bottom line (3BL) approaches to sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) often involve trade-offs between their three dimensions (economic, environmental, and social), thus curtailing its application and leading to goal unalignment among stakeholders. Under some circumstances, however, synergic approaches (typically involving disruptive innovations) might allow simultaneous improvement in one or more dimensions without compromising the others. This paper analyzes one such case: the potential of properly designed additive manufacturing approaches in the automotive spare parts industry to simultaneously boost profits and reduce environmental impact. It is based on the systematic analysis of the real spare parts business of a mid-size automotive brand in Spain. Its results suggest that such synergic, self-reinforcing opportunities do indeed exist, and might even be further developed by strategically integrating sustainability constituents such as circularity.

scholarly journals Reduction of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Pollutant Using Intelligent Transport Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostofa Kamal Nasir ◽  
Rafidah Md Noor ◽  
M. A. Kalam ◽  
B. M. Masum
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Intelligent Transport System ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Intelligent Transport

Greenhouse gas emitted by the transport sector around the world is a serious issue of concern. To minimize such emission the automobile engineers have been working relentlessly. Researchers have been trying hard to switch fossil fuel to alternative fuels and attempting to various driving strategies to make traffic flow smooth and to reduce traffic congestion and emission of greenhouse gas. Automobile emits a massive amount of pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Intelligent transport system (ITS) technologies can be implemented to lower pollutant emissions and reduction of fuel consumption. This paper investigates the ITS techniques and technologies for the reduction of fuel consumption and minimization of the exhaust pollutant. It highlights the environmental impact of the ITS application to provide the state-of-art green solution. A case study also advocates that ITS technology reduces fuel consumption and exhaust pollutant in the urban environment.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Diachronic Development of CO2 Emission Levels in Relation to Traffic Characteristics Along Major Road Axes During an Era of Recession: the Case of Greece

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-640
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The Road ◽  
Automotive Market ◽  
Traffic Characteristics ◽  
Key Factor

The problem of reducing CO2 emissions from transport, a major contributor to the greenhouse effect, has become a growing concern for the scientific community and various international committees monitoring climate change. Energy savings in the transport sector are a key factor towards rational management of oil reserves, while new trends in the automotive market have already been established, supported by research on efficient and environmentally-friendly technologies and alternative fuels to face fossil fuel dependency. The road transport sector is an important part for most developed economies but also a major source of pollutant emissions. In this framework, this paper focuses on transport emissions along the main road axis in Greece, connecting the country’s two largest urban areas, during the years 2008-2014, a period of prolonged recession. Based on traffic data collected at the toll stations along the highway, greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions were calculated using the COPERT4 emission estimation tool. According to the results, a sharp fall in emissions is observed largely due to traffic volume reductions, but also due to a prevailing trend for larger displacement vehicles and technologically improved vehicles with better environmental standards.

scholarly journals Exploring Low-Carbon Bus Options for Urban BRT Systems: The Case of Amman

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Imam ◽  
Seong-Cheol Kang ◽  
Diana Quezada
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Diesel Buses

Being able to provide high-quality, metro-like transit service at a fraction of the cost of other options, bus rapid transit (BRT) has been viewed as one of the most cost-effective public mass transport systems suitable for urban areas. Considering significant amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions are attributed to the transport sector, deploying low carbon buses for BRT systems should be of high priority. With a view to promoting low carbon buses instead of diesel buses for a BRT system currently being planned in Amman, Jordan, this paper evaluates several low carbon bus options – hybrid, plug-in hybrid, opportunity charging, trolleybus, and battery electric bus options – against the baseline case of diesel buses. While low carbon buses reduce GHG and air pollutant emissions often considerably, they usually require higher upfront capital costs and additional infrastructure investments. On the other hand, they tend to incur lower energy and maintenance costs and have a longer lifetime particularly for battery electric buses. All these advantages and disadvantages are included in the assessment of low carbon bus options relative to diesel buses. For the trunk routes of the Amman BRT, the analysis shows that the opportunity charging bus can be the most appealing option having a positive internal rate of return (IRR) for the incremental investment costs. For the feeder routes, both low carbon bus options considered, hybrid and battery electric, do not result in a positive IRR. Nevertheless, the battery electric bus is found to be a comparatively better option than the hybrid bus. In consideration of variability in several parameters used in the analysis such as capital expenditures, electricity price, and diesel price, a sensitivity analysis is conducted for both trunk and feeder routes. The results show that IRR could increase favorably under certain conditions.

Design and Manufacturing of a Metal 3D Printed kW Scale Axial Turboexpander

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaclav Novotny ◽  
Monika Vitvarova ◽  
Michal Kolovratnik ◽  
Barbora Bryksi Stunova ◽  
Vaclav Vodicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Surface Quality ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printed

Abstract Greater expansion of distributed power and process systems based on thermodynamic cycles with single to hundred kW scale power output is limited mainly there are not available cost-effective expanders. Turboexpanders have a perspective of high efficiency and flexibility concerning operating parameters even for the micro applications. However, they suffer from a high manufacturing cost and lead time in the development of traditional technologies (such as casting and machining processes). Additive manufacturing provides a possibility to overcome some of the issues. Manufacturing parts with complicated shapes by this technology, combining multiple components into a single part or rapid production by 3D printing for development purposes are among the prospective features with this potential. On the other hand, the 3D printing processes come with certain limitations which need to be overcome. This paper shows a design and manufacturing process of a 3 kW axial impulse air turbine working with isenthalpic drop 30 kJ/kg. Several samples to verify printing options and the turbine itself has been manufactured from stainless steel by the DMLS additive manufacturing method. Manufactured are two turbine variations regarding blade size and 3D printer settings while maintaining their specific dimensions. The turboexpanders testing method and rig is outlined. As the surface quality is an issue, several methods of post-processing of 3D printed stator and rotor blading to modify surface quality are suggested. Detailed experimental investigation is however subject of future work.

Systematic Evaluation of a Multi-Lane Green-Driving Algorithm in a Mixed Connected Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 036119812095932
Author(s):  
Hao Yang ◽  
Kentaro Oguchi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Connected Vehicles ◽  
Extended System ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Traffic Oscillations

Vehicles traveling under oscillated traffic have low energy efficiency and high air pollutant emissions. Green driving with the help of connected vehicles (CVs) attracts a lot of research effort to improve vehicle energy efficiency. However, it is very challenging to perform green driving on multi-lane freeways under a mixed connected environment. In the researchers’ previous work, one innovative green-driving algorithm was proposed to solve the multi-lane problem with only one CV. In this study, a systematic analysis of the algorithm is conducted to understand its benefits and limitations on smoothing traffic oscillations. The effect of the steady states and the number of lanes is also analyzed. In addition, the algorithm is extended to a more general scenario with multiple CVs. The extended system coordinates multiple CVs to form multiple moving bottlenecks to mitigate traffic oscillation more efficiently as well as providing more realistic instructions to CVs. The evaluation of the extended system concludes with the most effective strategies to control CVs to smooth oscillations.

Optimization of Seat Frame With Dissimilar Materials for Lightweight Materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 242-267
Author(s):  
Euy Sik Jeon ◽  
Yeong Jo Ju
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Approximate Model ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Development Cost ◽  
Lightweight Materials ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Seat Frame

High-strength and lightweight methods for vehicle parts include methods such as optimization and application of lightweight materials by reflecting load or material characteristics. Safety regulations have been established in accordance with the loads affecting the vehicle to secure the safety of the vehicle. In order to reduce the weight, high strength materials such as high strength steel (HSS) or high tensile strength steel (AHSS) have been studied. In addition, research on additional lightweight optimization is actively performed by removing parts that do not require high strength or replacing them with plastics. The process of designing a vehicle or part with different properties and considering various loads is costly and time consuming. In order to secure safety and light weight, the authors propose an approximate model for the optimal design of the seat frame that has a direct impact on occupants among the parts of the vehicle, and reduces the development cost, time, and intuitive design through the procedure.

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