scholarly journals Islet Health, Hormone Secretion, and Insulin Responsivity with Low-Carbohydrate Feeding in Diabetes

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Cassandra A. A. Locatelli ◽  
Erin E. Mulvihill
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Diabetes Research ◽  
Carbohydrate Restriction ◽  
Carbohydrate Feeding ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Islet Hormone ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

Exploring new avenues to control daily fluctuations in glycemia has been a central theme for diabetes research since the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Carbohydrate restriction has re-emerged as a means to control type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), becoming increasingly popular and supported by national diabetes associations in Canada, Australia, the USA, and Europe. This approval comes from many positive outcomes on HbA1c in human studies; yet mechanisms underlying their success have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we discuss the preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of carbohydrate restriction and physiological elevations in ketone bodies directly on pancreatic islet health, islet hormone secretion, and insulin sensitivity. Included studies have clearly outlined diet compositions, including a diet with 30% or less of calories from carbohydrates.

scholarly journals The impact of keto-adaptation on exercise performance and the role of metabolic-regulating cytokines

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Sherrier ◽  
Hongshuai Li
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThe ketogenic diet (KD) is a normocaloric diet composed of high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and adequate protein that induces fasting-like effects and results in the production of ketone bodies. Initially used widely for children with refractory epilepsy, the KD gained popularity due to its beneficial effects on weight loss, diabetes, and cancer. In recent years, there has been a resurgence in interest surrounding the KD and exercise performance. This review provides new insights into the adaptation period necessary for enhancement in skeletal muscle fat and ketone oxidation after sustained nutritional ketosis. In addition, this review highlights metabolically active growth factors and cytokines, which may function as important regulators of keto-adaptation in the setting of exercise and the KD.

scholarly journals Low-carbohydrate diets and cardiometabolic health: the importance of carbohydrate quality over quantity

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
John L Sievenpiper
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Carbohydrate Feeding ◽  
Carbohydrate Quality ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Carbohydrates are increasingly being implicated in the epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and their downstream cardiometabolic diseases. The “carbohydrate-insulin model” has been proposed to explain this role of carbohydrates. It posits that a high intake of carbohydrate induces endocrine deregulation marked by hyperinsulinemia, leading to energy partitioning with increased storage of energy in adipose tissue resulting in adaptive increases in food intake and decreases in energy expenditure. Whether all carbohydrate foods under real-world feeding conditions directly contribute to weight gain and its complications or whether this model can explain these clinical phenomena requires close inspection. The aim of this review is to assess the evidence for the role of carbohydrate quantity vs quality in cardiometabolic health. Although the clinical investigations of the “carbohydrate-insulin model” have shown the requisite decreases in insulin secretion and increases in fat oxidation, there has been a failure to achieve the expected fat loss under low-carbohydrate feeding. Systematic reviews with pairwise and network meta-analyses of the best available evidence have failed to show the superiority of low-carbohydrate diets on long-term clinical weight loss outcomes or that all sources of carbohydrate behave equally. High-carbohydrate diets that emphasize foods containing important nutrients and substances, including high-quality carbohydrate such as whole grains (especially oats and barley), pulses, or fruit; low glycemic index and load; or high fiber (especially viscous fiber sources) decrease intermediate cardiometabolic risk factors in randomized trials and are associated with weight loss and decreased incidence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular mortality in prospective cohort studies. The evidence for sugars as a marker of carbohydrate quality appears to be highly dependent on energy control (comparator) and food source (matrix), with sugar-sweetened beverages providing excess energy showing evidence of harm, and with high-quality carbohydrate food sources containing sugars such as fruit, 100% fruit juice, yogurt, and breakfast cereals showing evidence of benefit in energy-matched substitutions for refined starches (low-quality carbohydrate food sources). These data reflect the current shift in dietary guidance that allows for flexibility in the proportion of macronutrients (including carbohydrates) in the diet, with a focus on quality over quantity and dietary patterns over single nutrients.

scholarly journals Ketone body receptor GPR43 regulates lipid metabolism under ketogenic conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (47) ◽  
pp. 23813-23821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junki Miyamoto ◽  
Ryuji Ohue-Kitano ◽  
Hiromi Mukouyama ◽  
Akari Nishida ◽  
Keita Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Weight Decrease ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Deficient Mice

Ketone bodies, including β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, are important alternative energy sources during energy shortage. β-Hydroxybutyrate also acts as a signaling molecule via specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs); however, the specific associated GPCRs and physiological functions of acetoacetate remain unknown. Here we identified acetoacetate as an endogenous agonist for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) receptor GPR43 by ligand screening in a heterologous expression system. Under ketogenic conditions, such as starvation and low-carbohydrate diets, plasma acetoacetate levels increased markedly, whereas plasma and cecal SCFA levels decreased dramatically, along with an altered gut microbiota composition. In addition, Gpr43-deficient mice showed reduced weight loss and suppressed plasma lipoprotein lipase activity during fasting and eucaloric ketogenic diet feeding. Moreover, Gpr43-deficient mice exhibited minimal weight decrease after intermittent fasting. These observations provide insight into the role of ketone bodies in energy metabolism under shifts in nutrition and may contribute to the development of preventive medicine via diet and foods.

scholarly journals Low Carbohydrate Dietary Approaches for People With Type 2 Diabetes—A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean D. Wheatley ◽  
Trudi A. Deakin ◽  
Nicola C. Arjomandkhah ◽  
Paul B. Hollinrake ◽  
Trudi E. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Carbohydrate Restriction ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
The Common

Although carbohydrate restriction is not a new approach for the management of Type 2 diabetes, interest in its safety and efficacy has increased significantly in recent years. The purpose of the current narrative review is to summarise the key relevant research and practical considerations in this area, as well as to explore some of the common concerns expressed in relation to the use of such approaches. There is a strong physiological rationale supporting the role of carbohydrate restriction for the management of Type 2 diabetes, and available evidence suggests that low carbohydrate dietary approaches (LCDs) are as effective as, or superior to, other dietary approaches for its management. Importantly, LCDs appear to be more effective than other dietary approaches for facilitating a reduction in the requirement for certain medications, which leads to their effects on other health markers being underestimated. LCDs have also been demonstrated to be an effective method for achieving remission of Type 2 diabetes for some people. The available evidence does not support concerns that LCDs increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, that such approaches increase the risk of nutrient deficiencies, or that they are more difficult to adhere to than other dietary approaches. A growing number of organisations support the use of LCDs as a suitable choice for individuals with Type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Nutritional ketosis as an intervention to relieve astrogliosis: Possible therapeutic applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerwyn Morris ◽  
Michael Maes ◽  
Michael Berk ◽  
André F. Carvalho ◽  
Basant K. Puri
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Lactate Shuttle ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Glucose Restriction

Abstract Nutritional ketosis, induced via either the classical ketogenic diet or the use of emulsified medium-chain triglycerides, is an established treatment for pharmaceutical resistant epilepsy in children and more recently in adults. In addition, the use of oral ketogenic compounds, fractionated coconut oil, very low carbohydrate intake, or ketone monoester supplementation has been reported to be potentially helpful in mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autistic spectrum disorder. In these and other neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders, there are detrimental effects of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation on neuronal function. However, they also adversely impact on neurone–glia interactions, disrupting the role of microglia and astrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Astrocytes are the main site of CNS fatty acid oxidation; the resulting ketone bodies constitute an important source of oxidative fuel for neurones in an environment of glucose restriction. Importantly, the lactate shuttle between astrocytes and neurones is dependent on glycogenolysis and glycolysis, resulting from the fact that the astrocytic filopodia responsible for lactate release are too narrow to accommodate mitochondria. The entry into the CNS of ketone bodies and fatty acids, as a result of nutritional ketosis, has effects on the astrocytic glutamate–glutamine cycle, glutamate synthase activity, and on the function of vesicular glutamate transporters, EAAT, Na+, K+-ATPase, Kir4.1, aquaporin-4, Cx34 and KATP channels, as well as on astrogliosis. These mechanisms are detailed and it is suggested that they would tend to mitigate the changes seen in many neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders. Hence, it is hypothesized that nutritional ketosis may have therapeutic applications in such disorders.

EPIZOOTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MODERN CATTLE LEUKEMIA

1970 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
V. V. Makarov ◽  
D. A. Lozovoy
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Negative Order ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
National Programs

  Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) has been known for more than a century and a half. Its occurrence and registration may have historically been associated with intensive breeding of dairy cattle in Western Europe to increase target productivity. It is known that any limiting intervention in the nature of the animal organism is always accompanied by an uncontrolled and unpredictable change in the genotype of a wider range than the required, particularly negative order. In particular, a decrease in the resistance to macroorganisms and the possibility of the new diseases emergence, including infectious ones (for example, immunodeficiencies such as BLAD syndrome of black-motley cattle and stress syndrome in pigs, the occurrence of scrapie and other slow sheep infections). In the last two decades of the last century, in many disadvantaged countries, primarily Western European, national programs for the eradication of EBL have been developed and subsequently successfully implemented. First of all the motivation was the economy of dairy cattle breeding (mainly the extension of productive age, as well as the tightening of requirements in international trade in cattle and bull products, breeding, pricing, etc.). In an analytical article are reviewed the elements of epizootology of EBL in the foreign countries with special attention to the situation in the USA, scenarios of various control programs, and promising methods for assessing the role of infected animals in the epizootic process. A critical assessment of the problem of EBL in the Russian Federation is given, the reasons for the ineffectiveness of against leucosis measures are discussed.

The Lattimore case

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Penrose
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Witch Hunt

Edith’s career and collaboration with Fritz Machlup at Johns Hopkins University flourished and she began work on the growth of the firm, and studied the Hercules Powder Company. As Cold War tensions increased during the 1950s she and Penrose became involved in the defence of their friend and colleague Owen Lattimore who was named as the top Soviet spy by Senator McCarthy. The chapter covers the persecution of Lattimore, his trials, the role of Judge Luther Youngdahl, and the operation of his defence fund. Other friends of E. F. Penrose became victims of the anti-communist ‘witch hunt’, he grew increasingly disillusioned with the USA, and determined he must leave. In 1953 Edith and Penrose testified before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. They were also investigated by the FBI. After five years the case against Lattimore was dropped. Edith’s father died and her brother Harvey was killed in an air accident.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document