scholarly journals Genomic Survey, Transcriptome, and Metabolome Analysis of Apocynum venetum and Apocynum hendersonii to Reveal Major Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathways

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Gao ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Jikang Chen ◽  
Kunmei Chen ◽  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Small Genome ◽  
Genome Survey ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Apocynum Venetum ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Apocynum plants, especially A. venetum and A. hendersonii, are rich in flavonoids. In the present study, a whole genome survey of the two species was initially carried out to optimize the flavonoid biosynthesis-correlated gene mining. Then, the metabolome and transcriptome analyses were combined to elucidate the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Both species have small genome sizes of 232.80 Mb (A. venetum) and 233.74 Mb (A. hendersonii) and showed similar metabolite profiles with flavonols being the main differentiated flavonoids between the two specie. Positive correlation of gene expression levels (flavonone-3 hydroxylase, anthocyanidin reductase, and flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase) and total flavonoid content were observed. The contents of quercitrin, hyperoside, and total anthocyanin in A. venetum were found to be much higher than in A. hendersonii, and such was thought to be the reason for the morphological difference in color of A. venetum and A. hendersonii. This study provides valuable genomic and metabolome information for understanding of A. venetum and A. hendersonii, and lays a foundation for elucidating Apocynum genus plant flavonoid biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Effect of Freeze Crystallization on Quality Properties of Two Endemic Patagonian Berries Juices: Murta (Ugni molinae) and Arrayan (Luma apiculata)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
María Guerra-Valle ◽  
Siegried Lillo-Perez ◽  
Guillermo Petzold ◽  
Patricio Orellana-Palma
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Ugni Molinae

This work studied the effects of centrifugal block freeze crystallization (CBFC) on physicochemical parameters, total phenolic compound content (TPCC), antioxidant activity (AA), and process parameters applied to fresh murta and arrayan juices. In the last cycle, for fresh murta and arrayan juices, the total soluble solids (TSS) showed values close to 48 and 54 Brix, and TPCC exhibited values of approximately 20 and 66 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 grams dry matter (d.m.) for total polyphenol content, 13 and 25 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 grams d.m. for total anthocyanin content, and 9 and 17 mg quercetin equivalents/100 grams d.m. for total flavonoid content, respectively. Moreover, the TPCC retention indicated values over 78% for murta juice, and 82% for arrayan juice. Similarly, the AA presented an increase over 2.1 times in relation to the correspondent initial AA value. Thus, the process parameters values were between 69% and 85% for efficiency, 70% and 88% for percentage of concentrate, and 0.72% and 0.88 (kg solutes/kg initial solutes) for solute yield. Therefore, this work provides insight about CBFC on valuable properties in fresh Patagonian berries juices, for future applications in health and industrial scale.

scholarly journals The Effect of Foliar Application of K2SO4 or KH2PO4 on Skin Color of the ‘Kyoho’ Grape

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2361
Author(s):  
Linnan Wu ◽  
Pengcheng Li ◽  
Haifeng Jia ◽  
Fesobi Olumide Phillip ◽  
Xingcheng Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Two Stages

Anthocyanins in red grape skin have a positive effect on fruit color and human health. The effect of foliar potassium application on anthocyanin accumulation in grape skin is not well understood. The study aimed to better understand the mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in grape skin in response to foliar sprays of K2SO4 and KH2PO4. In this study, we investigated the effects of foliar application of KH2PO4 (T2), K2SO4 (T1) and distilled water (CK) on the skin color of ‘Kyoho’ grapes at mid-ripe and mature stages. At 90 and 110 days after full bloom (DAFB), T2 had the greatest total soluble solids (TSS), flavonoid and total anthocyanin contents, followed by T1 and CK. At two stages, the titratable acid content decreased and the juice pH increased under T2 treatment relative to CK. T1 and T2 had lower lightness (L*) than CK, and the color index of red grapes (CIRG) under T1 and T2 increased at two stages compared to CK. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis was the most significantly enriched pathway in CK vs. T2 at 90 and 110 DAFB. At 90 DAFB, T2 had higher expressions of phenylalanine ammonia-lyas (PAL), cytochrome P450 CYP73A100 (CYP73A), 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-dioxygenase-like (F3H) and UDP glucose: flavonoid 3-o-glucosyl transferase (UFGT) than CK and T1. Foliar application of potassium fertilizer may accelerate anthocyanin accumulation by altering the transcript levels of PAL, CYP73A, 4CL, CHS, F3H, and UFGT of the flavonoid biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Genome survey and SSR analysis of Apocynum venetum

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-qi Li ◽  
Li-xiao Song ◽  
Chang-qing Jin ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
Shi-pei Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Repeated Sequences ◽  
Economic Plant ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Genome Survey ◽  
Apocynum Venetum

AbstractApocynum venetum is an eco-economic plant that exhibits high stress resistance. In the present paper, we carried out a whole-genome survey of A. venetum in order to provide a foundation for its whole-genome sequencing. High-throughput sequencing technology (Illumina NovaSep) was first used to measure the genome size of A. venetum, and bioinformatics methods were employed for the evaluation of the genome size, heterozygosity ratio, repeated sequences, and GC content in order to provide a foundation for subsequent whole-genome sequencing. The sequencing analysis results indicated that the preliminary estimated genome size of A. venetum was 254.40 Mbp, and its heterozygosity ratio and percentage of repeated sequences were 0.63 and 40.87%, respectively, indicating that it has a complex genome. We used k-mer = 41 to carry out a preliminary assembly and obtained contig N50, which was 3841 bp with a total length of 223949699 bp. We carried out further assembly to obtain scaffold N50, which was 6196 bp with a total length of 227322054 bp. We performed simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular marker prediction based on the A. venetum genome data and identified a total of 101918 SSRs. The differences between the different types of nucleotide repeats were large, with mononucleotide repeats being most numerous and hexanucleotide repeats being least numerous. We recommend the use of the ‘2+3’ (Illumina+PacBio) sequencing combination to supplement the Hi-C technique and resequencing technique in future whole-genome research in A. venetum.

scholarly journals Reducing SO2 Doses in Red Wines by Using Grape Stem Extracts as Antioxidants

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Esparza ◽  
Blanca Martínez-Inda ◽  
María José Cimminelli ◽  
Maria Carmen Jimeno-Mendoza ◽  
José Antonio Moler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Sample ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Red Wines ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Total Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Stem Extract

SO2 is a very important wine preservative. However, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of SO2 in wine. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the partial substitution of SO2 in the Tempranillo wine by a Mazuelo grape stem extract and by a commercial vine wood extract (Vinetan®). The results were compared with a control sample (with no addition of any extract). After 12 months of storage in a bottle, total anthocyanin content, together with total polyphenol and flavonoid content were slightly higher for control wines than for those treated with extracts. These differences were of little relevance, as no differences in antioxidant activity were found between any of the wines at the end of the study. The sensory analysis revealed that the use of both extracts as partial substitutes of SO2 could lead to wines with good organoleptic properties, similar or even better to the control ones.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Effects of Drying Methods on Antioxidant Activity of Dried Strawberry (Fragaria Var. Camarosa)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maritza Alonzo-Macías ◽  
Anaberta Cardador-Martínez ◽  
Sabah Mounir ◽  
Gerardo Montejano-Gaitán ◽  
Karim Allaf
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Steam Pressure ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Hot Air Drying ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Instant Controlled Pressure Drop

<p>Hot air drying (HAD), freeze-drying (FD), and swell-drying (SD, coupling instant controlled pressure drop, DIC, to standard hot air) were applied to strawberries (<em>Fragaria</em> var. Camarosa). The total phenol, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin contentswere evaluated versusthe drying methods. The correlations between the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity were investigated. The obtained results showed that the differences in phenol levels were no quite comparing the three drying techniques; however, great variations were reported for anthocyanin and flavonoid content.</p> A strong correlation between the antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content was found in SD strawberries. Also, it was observed that saturated steam pressure (P) of DIC texturing operation, had a significant effect on the studied parameters compared to the thermal holding time (t). The optimum conditions of DIC were P = 0.35 MPa for t = 10 s to obtain the highest levels of phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, as well as antioxidant activity.

scholarly journals Effects of the Addition of Herbs on the Properties of Doenjang

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1307
Author(s):  
Sunmin Lee ◽  
Yang-Bong Lee ◽  
Choong-Hwan Lee ◽  
Inmyoung Park
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Quinic Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Dpph Assay ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Soybean Paste ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Fermentation Period

Three types of doenjang, a fermented soybean paste, were prepared by adding coriander (CR), Korean mint (KM), and peppermint (PM) and compared to the control group (CN) by studying their metabolite profiles and antioxidant activities followed by different fermentation periods (1, 30, and 150 days, respectively). The primary metabolome was analyzed by GC-TOF-MS, and 36 of metabolites were identified in four types of doenjang samples (CN, CR, KM, and PM). Samples were clustered based on the herb type and fermentation period in PCA and PLS-DA analysis. For the secondary metabolome analysis, UHPLC-Q-orbitrap-MS was used, and 26 metabolites were identified. The statistical analysis showed that the samples were clustered by herb type rather than fermentation period, and the samples containing KM and PM were located in the same group. The DPPH assay showed that PM-containing doenjang had the highest antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis indicated that organic acids such as lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, uracil, vanillic acid, and quinic acid showed positive correlation with the DPPH activity. Overall, our results demonstrated that incorporating herbs in doenjang during fermentation caused significant shifts (p-value < 0.05) in the doenjang metabolites and antioxidant activity. Hence, herbs could be utilized for enhancing doenjang fermentation.

scholarly journals Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Key Metabolites Involved in Camellia oleifera Defense against Anthracnose

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
Chaochen Yang ◽  
Pengfei Wu ◽  
Xiaohua Yao ◽  
Yu Sheng ◽  
Chengcai Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Isoquinoline Alkaloid ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Camellia Oleifera ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Tyrosine Metabolism

Camellia oleifera (Ca. oleifera) is a woody tree species cultivated for the production of edible oil from its seed. The growth and yield of tea-oil trees are severely affected by anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). In this study, the transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to detect the key transcripts and metabolites associated with differences in the susceptibility between anthracnose-resistant (ChangLin150) and susceptible (ChangLin102) varieties of Ca. oleifera. In total, 5001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, of which 479 DEGs were common between the susceptible and resistant varieties and further analyzed. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in tyrosine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, 68 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected, including flavonoids, such as epicatechin, phenethyl caffeate and procyanidin B2. Comparison of the DEGs and DAMs revealed that epicatechin, procyanidin B2 and arachidonic acid (peroxide free) are potentially important. The expression patterns of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were confirmed by qRT-PCR. These results suggested that flavonoid biosynthesis might play an important role in the fight against anthracnose. This study provides valuable molecular information about the response of Ca. oleifera to Co. gloeosporioides infection and will aid the selection of resistant varieties using marker-assisted breeding.

scholarly journals Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Alfalfa Response to Thrips Infection

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1967
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Zhang ◽  
Qi Chen ◽  
Yao Tan ◽  
Shuang Shuang ◽  
Rui Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
Induced Plant Resistance

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major insect pest for alfalfa which can result in decreased plant nutrients, low yields, and even plant death. To identify the differentially expressed genes and metabolites in response to thrips in alfalfa, a combination of metabolomics and transcriptomics was employed using alfalfa (Caoyuan No. 2) with and without thrips infestation. The results showed that the flavonoid biosynthesis and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways were the most significantly enriched pathways in response to thrips infection, as shown by the combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The transcriptome results showed that SA and JA signal transduction and PAPM-triggered immunity and the MAPK signaling pathway–plant pathways played a crucial role in thrips-induced plant resistance in alfalfa. In addition, we found that thrips infestation could also induce numerous changes in plant primary metabolism, such as carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism as compared to the control. Overall, our results described here should improve fundamental knowledge of molecular responses to herbivore-inducible plant defenses and contribute to the design of strategies against thrips in alfalfa.

scholarly journals Induction of flavonoid biosynthesis by in vitro cultivation of Astragalus glycyphyllos L.

Pharmacia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Pavlinka Popova ◽  
Yancho Zarev ◽  
Aleksandar Shkondrov ◽  
Ilina Krasteva ◽  
Iliana Ionkova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Total Flavonoid ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Total Flavonoid Content ◽  
Flavonoid Content

Establishment of in vitro cultures from Astragalus glycyphyllos, determination of biomass and analysis of total flavonoids, rutin and camelliaside A were performed. To increase flavonoid production various combinations of plant hormones and light/dark regimen were investigated. Suspension cultures with exogenous quercetin were evaluated for possible increase in flavonoid production. Shoots, calli and suspensions were successfully established. Rutin and camelliaside A were proved in highest amount in shoots. Calli, cultivated on modified G48 medium, with double amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+, achieved higher total flavonoid content (2.37 and 2.03 mg/g DW). Suspensions cultures, cultivated on modified G48 medium with 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL quercetin achieved higher total flavonoid content (0.09, 0.10 and 0.13 mg/mg DW). Biotransformation of quercetin to isoquercitrin was achieved. The highest concentration of isoquercitrin (56.73 ng/mg DW) was observed on suspensions cultures cultivated on modified G48 medium, with 20 mg/mL quercetin.

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