scholarly journals Population-Based Distribution of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-743
Author(s):  
Kozo Morimoto ◽  
Manabu Ato ◽  
Naoki Hasegawa ◽  
Satoshi Mitarai
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Insurance Claim ◽  
Combined Analysis ◽  
Mycobacterium Intracellulare ◽  
National Insurance ◽  
Household Environment

This study aimed to clarify the population-based distributions of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in Japan. We conducted a combined analysis of the national insurance claim and microbiological databases. The incidence rates of M. avium by province were similar throughout the country, with some exceptions, such as in Okinawa, probably because the bathing customs are different from those in mainland Japan. In contrast, M. intracellulare showed a gradual increase from the central part of the country to the southwestern region, with precise gradation, which may indicate infection sources in the natural environment. This study found that assessment of the infection route of M. intracellulare in the natural environment, which is similar to the distribution of M. intracellular patients, is warranted. In conclusion, improvement of the household environment could decrease the incidence of M. avium, while environmental countermeasures will be required to decrease the incidence of M. intracellulare.

Epidemiology of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: population-based cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Alexander A Leung ◽  
Janice L Pasieka ◽  
Martin D Hyrcza ◽  
Danièle Pacaud ◽  
Yuan Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
True Frequency ◽  
Clinical Records

Objective Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, little is known about their epidemiology. The primary objective was to determine the incidence of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in an ethnically diverse population. A secondary objective was to develop and validate algorithms for case detection using laboratory and administrative data. Design Population-based cohort study in Alberta, Canada from 2012 to 2019. Methods Patients with pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma were identified using linked administrative databases and clinical records. Annual incidence rates per 100 000 people were calculated and stratified according to age and sex. Algorithms to identify pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, based on laboratory and administrative data, were evaluated. Results A total of 239 patients with pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma (collectively with 251 tumors) were identified from a population of 5 196 368 people over a period of 7 years. The overall incidence of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma was 0.66 cases per 100 000 people per year. The frequency of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma increased with age and was highest in individuals aged 60–79 years (8.85 and 14.68 cases per 100 000 people per year for males and females, respectively). An algorithm based on laboratory data (metanephrine >two-fold or normetanephrine >three-fold higher than the upper limit of normal) closely approximated the true frequency of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma with an estimated incidence of 0.54 cases per 100 000 people per year. Conslusion The incidence of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in an unselected population of western Canada was unexpectedly higher than rates reported from other areas of the world.

Differentiation of endemic areas by incidence rates of tick-borne infectious diseases as the basis for choosing prevention strategy and tactics

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
N.V. Rudakov ◽  
N.A. Penyevskaya ◽  
D.A. Saveliev ◽  
S.A. Rudakova ◽  
C.V. Shtrek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Prevention Strategy ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Integral Assessment ◽  
Very High

Research objective. Differentiation of natural focal areas of Western Siberia by integral incidence rates of tick-borne infectious diseases for determination of the strategy and tactics of their comprehensive prevention. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of official statistics for the period 2002-2018 for eight sub-federal units in the context of administrative territories was carried out. The criteria of differentiation were determined by means of three evaluation scales, including long-term mean rates of tick-borne encephalitis, tick-borne borreliosis, and Siberian tick-borne typhus. As a scale gradation tool, we used the number of sample elements between the confidence boundaries of the median. The integral assessment was carried out by the sum of points corresponding to the incidence rates for each of the analyzed infections. Results. The areas of low, medium, above average, high and very high risk of tick-borne infectious diseases were determined. Recommendations on the choice of prevention strategy and tactics were given. In areas of very high and high incidence rates, a combination of population-based and individual prevention strategies is preferable while in other areas a combination of high-risk and individual strategies is recommended. Discussion. Epidemiologic zoning should be the basis of a risk-based approach to determining optimal volumes and directions of preventive measures against natural focal infections. It is necessary to improve the means and methods of determining the individual risk of getting infected and developing tick-borne infectious diseases in case of bites, in view of mixed infection of vectors, as well as methods of post-exposure disease prevention (preventive therapy).

Nationwide trends in the incidence of orbital lymphoma from 1999 to 2016 in South Korea

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316796
Author(s):  
Su Kyung Jung ◽  
Jiwon Lim ◽  
Suk Woo Yang ◽  
Young-Joo Won
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Orbital Lymphoma

Background/AimsLymphomas are the most frequent neoplasm of the orbit. However, the epidemiology of orbital lymphomas is not well reported. This study aimed to provide a population-based report on the epidemiology of orbital lymphomas and measure the trends in the incidence of orbital lymphoma cancer in South Korea.MethodsNationwide cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2016 were obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Age-standardised incidence rates and annual percent changes were calculated according to sex and histological types. The analysis according to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results summary stage classifications was performed from 2006 to 2016. Survival rates were estimated for cases diagnosed from 1999 to 2016.ResultsA total of 630 patients (median age: 54 years) with orbital lymphoma in the orbital soft tissue were included in this study. The age-standardised incidence rates increased from 0.03 to 0.08 per 100 000 individuals between 1999 and 2016, with an annual percent change of 6.61%. The most common histopathological type of orbital lymphoma was extra marginal zone B cell lymphoma, accounting for 82.2% of all orbital lymphomas during 1999–2016, followed by diffuse large B cell lymphoma (9.2%). Five-year, 10-year and 15-year overall survival (OS) of orbital lymphoma was 90.8%, 83.8% and 75.8%, respectively. OS showed a significant decrease as age increased and no significant differences between men and women.ConclusionThe incidence rate of orbital lymphoma is very low in South Korea. However, the incidence rate has increased over the past years. Orbital lymphomas have a worse prognosis as age increases.

scholarly journals Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Preterm and Early Term Births: A Population-Based Register Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5865
Author(s):  
Salma Younes ◽  
Muthanna Samara ◽  
Rana Al-Jurf ◽  
Gheyath Nasrallah ◽  
Sawsan Al-Obaidly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Early Term ◽  
Incidence Risk

Preterm birth (PTB) and early term birth (ETB) are associated with high risks of perinatal mortality and morbidity. While extreme to very PTBs have been extensively studied, studies on infants born at later stages of pregnancy, particularly late PTBs and ETBs, are lacking. In this study, we aimed to assess the incidence, risk factors, and feto-maternal outcomes of PTB and ETB births in Qatar. We examined 15,865 singleton live births using 12-month retrospective registry data from the PEARL-Peristat Study. PTB and ETB incidence rates were 8.8% and 33.7%, respectively. PTB and ETB in-hospital mortality rates were 16.9% and 0.2%, respectively. Advanced maternal age, pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), assisted pregnancies, and preterm history independently predicted both PTB and ETB, whereas chromosomal and congenital abnormalities were found to be independent predictors of PTB but not ETB. All groups of PTB and ETB were significantly associated with low birth weight (LBW), large for gestational age (LGA) births, caesarean delivery, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)/or death of neonate in labor room (LR)/operation theatre (OT). On the other hand, all or some groups of PTB were significantly associated with small for gestational age (SGA) births, Apgar <7 at 1 and 5 minutes and in-hospital mortality. The findings of this study may serve as a basis for taking better clinical decisions with accurate assessment of risk factors, complications, and predictions of PTB and ETB.

scholarly journals Incidence of diabetes mellitus among people living with and without HIV in British Columbia, Canada between 2001 and 2013: a longitudinal population-based cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e048744
Author(s):  
Andreea Bratu ◽  
Taylor McLinden ◽  
Katherine Kooij ◽  
Monica Ye ◽  
Jenny Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Hiv Serostatus ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionPeople living with HIV (PLHIV) are increasingly at risk of age-related comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM). While DM is associated with elevated mortality and morbidity, understanding of DM among PLHIV is limited. We assessed the incidence of DM among people living with and without HIV in British Columbia (BC), Canada, during 2001–2013.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from a population-based cohort study linking clinical data and administrative health data. We included PLHIV who were antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve at baseline, and 1:5 age-sex-matched persons without HIV. All participants had ≥5 years of historic data pre-baseline and ≥1 year(s) of follow-up. DM was identified using the BC Ministry of Health’s definitions applied to hospitalisation, physician billing and drug dispensation datasets. Incident DM was identified using a 5-year run-in period. In addition to unadjusted incidence rates (IRs), we estimated adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) using Poisson regression and assessed annual trends in DM IRs per 1000 person years (PYs) between 2001 and 2013.ResultsA total of 129 PLHIV and 636 individuals without HIV developed DM over 17 529 PYs and 88,672 PYs, respectively. The unadjusted IRs of DM per 1000 PYs were 7.4 (95% CI 6.2 to 8.8) among PLHIV and 7.2 (95% CI 6.6 to 7.8) for individuals without HIV. After adjustment for confounding, HIV serostatus was not associated with DM incidence (adjusted IRR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.27). DM incidence did not increase over time among PLHIV (Kendall trend test: p=0.9369), but it increased among persons without HIV between 2001 and 2013 (p=0.0136).ConclusionsAfter adjustment, HIV serostatus was not associated with incidence of DM, between 2001 and 2013. Future studies should investigate the impact of ART on mitigating the potential risk of DM among PLHIV.

scholarly journals Incidence and Trends of the Leading Cancers with Elevated Incidence Among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations, 2012–2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie C Melkonian ◽  
Hannah K Weir ◽  
Melissa A Jim ◽  
Bailey Preikschat ◽  
Donald Haverkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Age Adjusted Rates ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Cancer incidence varies among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations, as well as between AI/AN and White populations. This study examined trends for cancers with elevated incidence among AI/AN compared with non-Hispanic White populations and estimated potentially avoidable incident cases among AI/AN populations. Incident cases diagnosed during 2012–2016 were identified from population-based cancer registries and linked with the Indian Health Service patient registration databases to improve racial classification of AI/AN populations. Age-adjusted rates (per 100,000) and trends were calculated for cancers with elevated incidence among AI/AN compared with non-Hispanic White populations (rate ratio &gt;1.0), by region. Trends were estimated using joinpoint regression analyses. Expected cancers were estimated by applying age-specific cancer incidence rates among non-Hispanic White populations to population estimates for AI/AN populations. Excess cancer cases among AI/AN populations were defined as observed minus expected cases. Liver, stomach, kidney, lung, colorectal and female breast cancers had higher incidence rate among AI/AN populations across most regions. Between 2012 and 2016, nearly 5,200 excess cancers were diagnosed among AI/AN populations, with the largest number of excess cancers (1,925) occurring in the Southern Plains region. Culturally informed efforts may reduce cancer disparities associated with these and other cancers among AI/AN populations.

scholarly journals Osteoarthritis and risk of hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions: A general population-based cohort study

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kiadaliri ◽  
Martin Englund
Keyword(s):  
Ambulatory Care ◽  
Hazard Model ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Main Diagnosis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ambulatory Care Sensitive ◽  
Sensitive Conditions

Abstract Objective To determine the association between osteoarthritis (OA) and risk of hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (HACSCs). Methods We included all individuals aged 40–85 years who resided in Skåne, Sweden on 31st December 2005 with at least one healthcare consultation during 1998–2005 (n = 515 256). We identified those with a main diagnosis of OA between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2016. People were followed from January 1st 2006 until an HACSC, death, relocation outside Skåne, or December 31st 2016 (whichever occurred first). OA status was treated as a time-varying covariate (those diagnosed before January 1, 2006 considered as exposed for whole study period). We assessed relative (hazard ratios (HRs) using Cox proportional hazard model) and absolute (hazard difference using additive hazard model) effects of OA on HACSCs adjusted for potential confounders. Results Crude incidence rates of HACSCs were 239 (95% CI 235, 242) and 151 (150, 152) per 10 000 person-years among OA and non-OA persons, respectively. The OA persons had an increased risk of HACSCs (HR [95% CI] 1.11 [1.09, 1.13]) and its subcategories of medical conditions except chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR [95% CI] 0.86 [0.81, 0.90]). There were 20 (95% CI 16, 24) more HACSCs per 10 000 person-years in OA compared with non-OA persons. While HRs for knee and hip OA were generally comparable, only knee OA was associated with increased risk of hospitalization for diabetes. Conclusion OA is associated with an increased risk of HACSCs, highlighting the urgent need to improve outpatient care for OA patients.

scholarly journals The Incidence, Characteristics, and Outcomes of Community and Hospital-Associated S. aureus Disease in Fulton County, Georgia

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s81-s82
Author(s):  
Andrew Webster ◽  
Scott Fridkin ◽  
Susan Ray
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Hospital Discharge Data ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Inpatient Hospitalization ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Total Treatment

Background: Due to reliance on hospital discharge data for case identification, the burden of noninvasive and community-acquired S. aureus disease is often underestimated. To determine the full burden of S. aureus infections, we utilized population-based surveillance in a large urban county. Methods: The Georgia Emerging Infections Program (GA EIP) conducted CDC-funded, population-based surveillance by finding cases of S. aureus infections in 8 counties around Atlanta in 2017. Cases were residents with S. aureus isolated from either a normally sterile site in a 30-day period (invasive cases) or another site in a 14-day period (noninvasive cases). Medical records (all invasive and 1:4 sample of noninvasive cases) among Fulton County residents were abstracted for clinical, treatment, and outcome data. Cases treated were mapped to standard therapeutic site codes. Noninvasive specimens were reviewed and attributed to an invasive case if both occurred within 2 weeks. Incidence rates were calculated using 2017 census population and using a weight-adjusted cohort to account for sampling. Results: In total, 1,186 noninvasive (1:4 sample) and 529 invasive cases of S. aureus in Fulton county were reviewed. Only 35 of 1,186 (2.9%) noninvasive cases were temporally linked to invasive cases, resulting in 5,133 cases after extrapolation (529 invasive, 4,604 noninvasive). All invasive cases and 3,776 of 4,604 noninvasive cases (82%) were treated (4,305 total). Treatment was highest in skin (90%) and abscess (97%), lowest in urine (62%) and sputum (60%), and consisted of antibacterial agents alone (65%) or in addition to drainage procedures (35%). Overall, 41% of all cases were hospitalized, 12% required ICU admission, and 2.7% died, almost exclusively with bloodstream and pulmonary infections. Attribution of noninvasive infection was most often outside healthcare settings (87%); only 341 (7.9%) were hospital-onset cases; however, 34% of cases had had healthcare exposure in the preceding year, most often inpatient hospitalization (75%) or recent surgery (35%). Estimated countywide incidence was 414 per 100,000 (130 for MRSA and 284 for MSSA), invasive infection was 50 per 100,000. Among treated cases, 57% were SSTI, and the proportion of cases caused by MRSA was ~33% but varied slightly by therapeutic site (Fig. 1). Conclusions: The incidence of treated S. aureus infection in our large urban county is estimated to be 414 per 100,000 persons, which exceeds previously estimated rates based on hospital discharge data. Only 12% of treated infections were invasive, and <1 in 10 were hospital onset. Also, two-thirds of treated disease cases were MSSA; most were SSTIs.Funding: Proprietary Organization: Pfizer.Disclosures: Scott Fridkin, consulting fee - vaccine industry (spouse).

scholarly journals Association between systolic blood pressure trajectories and hypertension risk at late adolescence: results from 10-year longitudinal follow-up in Chinese boys

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e042594
Author(s):  
Xijie Wang ◽  
Bin Dong ◽  
Sizhe Huang ◽  
Zhaogeng Yang ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Hypertension Risk ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Physical Examinations

ObjectiveTo identify various systolic blood pressure (SBP) trajectories in Chinese boys between 7 and 18 years of age, and to explore their high blood pressure (HBP) risk in their late adolescence years.Design and settingsA population-based cohort study in Guangdong, China.Participants4541 normal tensive boys who started primary school in 2005 in Zhongshan, Guangdong were included.OutcomesBlood pressure and relevant measurements were obtained by annual physical examinations between 2005 and 2016. HBP was defined by SBP or diastolic blood pressure ≥95th percentile for children under 13, and BP ≥130/80 mm Hg for children ≥13 years old. Logit regression for panel data and log-binomial regression model was used to estimate the risk of HBP among SBP trajectory groups.ResultsFour distinct SBP trajectory groups via group-based trajectory modelling: low stable (13.0%), low rising (42.4%), rising (37.4%) and high rising (7.3%). The overall incidence rates of HBP during the follow-up ranged from 40.24 (95% CI 36.68 to 44.19)/1000 person-years in the low stable group to 97.08 (95% CI 94.93 to 99.27)/1000 person-years in the high rising group. Compared with children with low stable SBP, those of other SBP trajectories suffered 3.05 (95% CI 2.64 to 3.46) to 4.64 (95% CI 4.18 to 5.09) times of higher risk of HBP in their late adolescence, regardless of their age, body mass index and BP level at baseline.ConclusionsSubgroups of SBP trajectories existed in Chinese boys, and are related to hypertension risk at late adolescence. Regular physical examinations could help identify those with higher risks at the beginning of pubertal growth.

scholarly journals POS0803 TRENDS IN THE INCIDENCE OF GIANT CELL ARTERITIS ACROSS SEVEN DECADES AND CHANGES IN DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES: A POPULATION-BASED STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 654.1-654
Author(s):  
T. Garvey ◽  
C. S. Crowson ◽  
M. Koster ◽  
K. J. Warrington
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell Arteritis ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Vessel Imaging ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities ◽  
Incident Cases

Background:Diagnostic methods for giant cell arteritis (GCA) have evolved over recent decades, and large vessel imaging plays an increasing role in disease detection.Objectives:This study aims to estimate the incidence of GCA over the past 10 years in a population and compare it to preceding incidence estimates. It also explores trends in the diagnostic modalities used to identify GCA.Methods:A pre-existing population-based cohort of patients diagnosed with GCA between 1950 and 2009 was extended with incident cases from 2010 to 2019. The diagnosis of GCA was confirmed by review of medical records of patients with ICD9/10 codes for GCA between 1/1/2010 and 12/31/2019. Incident cases that met either one of the following sets of inclusion criteria were added to the cohort: one, American College of Rheumatology 1990 GCA classification criteria; or two, patients aged ≥50 years with elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein and radiographic evidence of large vessel vasculitis attributed to GCA. Incident cases were classified into one of three groups: group 1, temporal artery biopsy (TAB) positive; group 2, TAB negative or not done with positive large-vessel imaging; or group 3, clinical diagnosis of GCA.Results:The study cohort included 305 patients diagnosed with GCA from 1950 until 2019. Fifty-five incident cases were diagnosed between 2010 and 2019; 37 females (67%) and 18 males (33%). The age and sex adjusted incidence rates (95% CI) per 100,000 between 2010 and 2019 for females, males, and the total population were 13.0 (8.8, 17.3), 8.6 (4.6, 12.7), and 10.8 (8.0, 13.7), respectively. The corresponding incidence rates from 2000-2009 were 28.0 (21.0, 35.1), 10.2 (5.0, 15.5), and 20.5 (15.9, 25.1), respectively. This represents a significant decline in the incidence rates in females (p<0.001) and the total group (p<0.001) between the 2000-2009 and 2010-2019 cohorts but no change in males (p=0.64). Of the 55 patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2019, there were 37 (67%) in group 1, 10 (18%) in group 2, and 8 (15%) in group 3. In contrast, of the 250 patients diagnosed between 1950 and 2009 there were 209 (84%) in group 1, 4 (2%) in group 2, and 37 (15%) in group 3. There was a significant difference between the 1950-2009 and 2010-2019 cohorts in the composition of these groups (p<0.001).Conclusion:In this population-based cohort of patients with GCA diagnosed over a 70-year period, the incidence of GCA has declined in recent years. The total decline is driven by a decline in females but not in males. The reasons for this are unclear but should be followed over time and investigated in other population-based cohorts. There has also been a shift in the diagnostic modalities for GCA. In recent years, there are fewer TAB positive patients, and more patients diagnosed with large vessel imaging. This is the first population-based incidence cohort demonstrating a trend towards increased use of large vessel imaging for the diagnosis of GCA.References:[1]Chandran AK, et al. Incidence of Giant Cell Arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over a 60-year period 1950-2009. Scand J Rheumatol. 2015;44(3):215-218.[2]Gonzalez-Gay MA, et al. Giant cell arteritis: is the clinical spectrum of the disease changing? BMC Geriatr. 2019; Jul 29;19(1):200.[3]Rubenstein E, et al. Sensitivity of temporal artery biopsy in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a systemic literature review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 May 1:59(5):1011-1020.Figure 1.Trends in the incidence of GCA in Olmsted County by sex (1950-2019).Acknowledgements:This study was made possible using the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, which is supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award Number R01 AG034676, and CTSA Grant Number UL1 TR000135 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), a component of the NIH. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.Disclosure of Interests:Thomas Garvey: None declared, Cynthia S. Crowson: None declared, Matthew Koster: None declared, Kenneth J Warrington Grant/research support from: Clinical research support from Eli Lilly and Kiniksa

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