scholarly journals Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins Contaminating Veterinary Diets for Dogs and Cats

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Witaszak ◽  
Łukasz Stępień ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Eu

Veterinary diets are intended for diseased animals and may contain cereal grains, mainly maize and/or wheat. These, in turn, are often infected with pathogens of the Fusarium genus, which are able to produce numerous harmful mycotoxins. Forty-two samples of veterinary diets for dogs and cats were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. Species were identified using molecular methods and the ergosterol and mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) were quantified using HPLC methods. Two Fusarium species were identified: Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides. The highest concentrations of fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone were 74.83, 2318.05, 190.90, and 45.84 ng/g, respectively. Only 9.5% of the samples were free from Fusarium mycotoxins. The acceptable limits of mycotoxin content in animal feed, specified by the EU regulations, were not exceeded in any of the samples tested. The mean mycotoxin content in veterinary diets for cats was lower than for dogs. Thus, it is recommended that veterinary diets are examined, since the mycotoxin contamination pose additional risk to animal health. The knowledge on Fusarium occurrence in veterinary diets is scarce and as far as we are aware this is the first report concerning the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and their important secondary metabolites—mycotoxins—in different types of veterinary diets for companion animals in Poland.

scholarly journals Fumonisins at Doses below EU Regulatory Limits Induce Histological Alterations in Piglets

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terciolo ◽  
Bracarense ◽  
Souto ◽  
Cossalter ◽  
Dopavogui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Histological Alterations ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species that can contaminate human food and animal feed. Due to the harmful effects of FBs on animals, the European Union (EU) defined a recommendation of a maximum of 5 mg FBs (B1 + B2)/kg for complete feed for swine and 1 µg FBs/kg body weight per day as the tolerable daily intake for humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of dietary exposure to low doses of FBs, including a dose below the EU regulatory limits. Four groups of 24 weaned castrated male piglets were exposed to feed containing 0, 3.7, 8.1, and 12.2 mg/kg of FBs for 28 days; the impact was measured by biochemical analysis and histopathological observations. Dietary exposure to FBs at a low dose (3.7 mg/kg of feed) significantly increased the plasma sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio. FBs-contaminated diets led to histological modifications in the intestine, heart, lung, lymphoid organs, kidney, and liver. The histological alterations in the heart and the intestine appeared at the lowest dose of FBs-contaminated diet (3.7 mg/kg feed) and in the kidney at the intermediate dose (8.1 mg/kg feed). At the highest dose tested (12.2 mg/kg feed), all the organs displayed histological alterations. This dose also induced biochemical modifications indicative of kidney and liver alterations. In conclusion, our data indicate that FBs-contaminated diets at doses below the EU regulatory limit cause histological lesions in several organs. This study suggests that EU recommendations for the concentration of FBs in animal feed, especially for swine, are not sufficiently protective and that regulatory doses should be modified for better protection of animal health.

scholarly journals FumDSB Can Reduce the Toxic Effects of Fumonisin B1 by Regulating Several Brain-Gut Peptides in Both the Hypothalamus and Jejunum of Growing Pigs

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
Quancheng Liu ◽  
Fuchang Li ◽  
Libo Huang ◽  
Wenjie Chen ◽  
Zhongyuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
Food Borne

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most common food-borne mycotoxin produced by the Fusarium species, posing a potential threat to human and animal health. Pigs are more sensitive to FB1 ingested from feed compared to other farmed livestock. Enzymatic degradation is an ideal detoxification method that has attracted much attention. This study aimed to explore the functional characteristics of the carboxylesterase FumDSB in growing pigs from the perspective of brain–gut regulation. A total of 24 growing pigs were divided into three groups. The control group was fed a basal diet, the FB1 group was supplemented with FB1 at 5 mg/kg feed, and the FumDSB group received added FumDSB based on the diet of the FB1 group. After 35 days of animal trials, samples from the hypothalamus and jejunum were analyzed through HE staining, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that the ingestion of FB1 can reduce the feed intake and weight gain of growing pigs, indicating that several appetite-related brain-gut peptides (including NPY, PYY, ghrelin and obestatin, etc.) play important roles in the anorexia response induced by FB1. After adding FumDSB as detoxifying enzymes, however, the anorexia effects of FB1 were alleviated, and the expression and distribution of the corresponding brain-gut peptides exhibited a certain degree of regulation. In conclusion, the addition of FumDSB can reduce the anorexia effects of FB1 by regulating several brain-gut peptides in both the hypothalamus and the jejunum of growing pigs.

scholarly journals Insects: a novel animal-feed protein source for the Australian market

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2037
Author(s):  
K. DiGiacomo ◽  
H. Akit ◽  
B. J. Leury
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Feed Conversion

The increasing demands on natural resources to provide food and feed has led to increased global initiatives to improve production sustainability and efficiency. The use of insects as an alternate source of protein for human food and production-animal feed is one such avenue gaining attention. With there being a large variety of insect species endemic to each region, there is likely to be an ideal candidate for each specific production system and region. Insects require less land and water than do terrestrial animals, have high feed-conversion efficiency (FCE) and emit low levels of greenhouse gases (GHG). Insect species currently investigated for mass production include black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), mealworms and crickets. In western societies, it is less likely that wide-scale adoption of insects as a food source will occur, although speciality products with ‘hidden’ insects, such as cricket flour, are commercially available. It is likely to be more achievable for insects to be included into the diets of production and companion animals. While there has been significant investment in research and development of large-scale insect-production systems, such facilities are yet to start producing at a significant scale. The safety and efficacy of insects as a food or feed must be established in conjunction with the development of mass rearing facilities and the optimisation of insect-rearing substrates. Insects also have nutraceutical properties that may have beneficial impacts on animal health and growth, with scope for these properties to be exploited as feed or food additives. The present review will explore the following question: ‘are insects a future livestock industry for Australia?’.

PCR Detection Assay of Fumonisin-Producing Fusarium verticillioides Strains

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1278-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
BELÉN PATIÑO ◽  
SALVADOR MIRETE ◽  
M. TERESA GONZÁLEZ-JAÉN ◽  
GIUSEPPINA MULÉ ◽  
M. TERESA RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Intergenic Spacer Region ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
A Minor

Fusarium verticillioides is considered to be the main source of fumonisins, a group of toxins that contaminate commodities and result in chronic and acute diseases affecting humans and animals. The detection and control of this species is crucial to prevent fumonisins from entering the food chain. The objective of the present research was to develop a specific, sensitive, and robust PCR assay to detect F. verticillioides strains using two pairs of specific primers for F. verticillioides, which have been designed on the basis of the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA units. The first pair of primers was F. verticillioides species specific, whereas the second pair of primers detected fumonisin-producing F. verticillioides strains. This second pair of primers allowed for the discrimination between the major group of F. verticillioides strains, fumonisin-producing strains that are mainly associated with crops, and a minor group of strains, non–fumonisin-producing strains that are associated with bananas. Fifty-four strains of F. verticillioides from different geographical regions and hosts were tested using both sets of primers. Sixteen additional Fusarium species were examined. The specificity of the primer sequences provides the basis for a simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection and identification method of this fungal species that represents a risk for human and animal health.

Fungal mycoflora and contamination of maize from Vietnam with aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Trung ◽  
C. Tabuc ◽  
S. Bailly ◽  
A. Querin ◽  
P. Guerre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Animal Consumption

Twenty five samples of maize intended for human or animal consumption coming from North, Central and South Vietnam were analysed for fungal contamination and for the presence of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. The total fungal load was found to be greater in maize intended for animal feed than for human consumption with average levels of 4x106 and 7x105 CFU/g, respectively. Identification of fungal strains revealed that Aspergillus was the most frequent genus, found in all maize samples whatever their intended use or their geographic origin. Among the Aspergillus species, A. flavus was the most frequent contaminant, observed in more than 90% of the samples. Other fungal strains found in the Vietnamese maize samples belonged to Penicillium species, Fusarium verticillioides and to the Mucorales, and were found in up to 53, 33 and 23% of the samples, respectively. All samples were tested for both aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 17 samples (68%). Five of these samples showed aflatoxin B1 levels below 10 µg/kg, ten samples were found to be contaminated in a range of 11.3 to 47.2 µg/kg, and 2 samples showed contamination levels of 98.4 and 126.5 µg/kg, respectively. The maize samples for human consumption were found frequently contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (77%), but the level of contamination was lower than those for animal consumption. Fumonisin B1 contamination was found in 8 out of 25 samples (32%). Detected amounts of fumonisin B1 ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 mg/kg.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins: Risks, regulations and European co-operation

2013 ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egmond Van
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Mycotoxins and mycotoxicises have been problems of the past and the present, but scientific attention for mycotoxins did not start until the early 1960?s. Nowa?days, many mycotoxins are known, and their occurrence in food and animal feed may cause various adverse effects on human and animal health, including carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, oestrogenic and teratogenic effects. Some important mycotoxins include the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, the fumonisins and the trichothecenes, and their significance is briefly described. To protect human and animal health, many countries have enacted specific regulations for mycotoxins in food and animal feed. Risk assessment is a major factor for scientific underpinning of regulations, but other factors such as availability of adequate sampling and analysis procedures also play an important a role in the establishment of mycotoxin regulations. In addition, socio-economic factors such as cost-benefit considerations, trade issues and sufficiency of food supply are equally important in the decision-taking process to come to meaningful regulations. Nowadays, more than 100 countries have formal mycotoxin regulations for food and feed. The mycotoxin regulations are the most stringent in the EU, where various organizations and pan-European networks contribute to combat the mycotoxin problem. It is to be expected that mycotoxins will stay with us in the future and climate change might have a negative influence in this respect. Several possibilities exist to mitigate the problems caused by mycotoxins. In particular prevention of mould growth and mycotoxin formation is key to the control of mycotoxins.

A Dilute-and-Shoot UHPLC-MS/MS Isotope Dilution Method for Simultaneous Determination and Confirmation of Eleven Mycotoxins in Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina B Nochetto ◽  
Li Hui
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Distiller's Grains ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract Background Natural contamination of mycotoxins in dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) as a mainstream animal feed ingredient poses risk to animal health. Objective A regulatory method was needed for the agency to simultaneously detect eleven mycotoxins of high regulatory priority in DDGS. Methods Ten grams of DDGS sample were extracted twice with acetonitrile/water under mildly acidic condition. Two aliquots from the combined crude extract were taken and processed separately: (1) diluted 400-fold with solvent for analysis of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B1 and B2; (2) pH adjusted to 7.5, then diluted 15.7-fold for analysis of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Uniformly-labelled 13C-isotopologues of these mycotoxins were added as internal standards to the diluted extracts for quantitative analysis by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Results. The linear quantitation ranges (µg/kg) were: aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2, 1.57 to 105; zearalenone, 16.3 to 1090; T-2 toxin, 3.14 to 208; HT-2 toxin, 48.2 to 3220; ochratoxin A, 0.47 to 31.4; deoxynivalenol, 240 to 16000; fumonisin B1 and B2, 320 to 21200. Accuracies for these analytes at each of three fortification levels range from 70.7% to 100%, with corresponding relative standard deviations between 1.4% to 10.5%. True recoveries were all higher than 83%. Conclusions This method was successfully validated to meet the agency’s performance guidelines for regulatory methods. Highlights This method is easy, quick and robust to simultaneously quantify and confirm presence of eleven regulated mycotoxins in DDGS.

Natural Occurrence of Fusarium Species, Fumonisin Production by Toxigenic Strains, and Concentrations of Fumonisins B1 and B2 in Conventional and Organic Maize Grown in Spain

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGUSTÍN ARIÑO ◽  
TERESA JUAN ◽  
GLORIA ESTOPAÑAN ◽  
JOSÉ F. GONZÁLEZ-CABO
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Organic Farming System ◽  
Fumonisins B1 And B2

Sixty samples of corn from both conventional and organic farms were tested for internal fungal contamination. Molds were identified to genus, and those belonging to the genus Fusarium were identified to species. Twenty isolates of Fusarium verticillioides were tested with a high-performance liquid chromatography–naphthalene dicarboxaldehyde–fluorescence method for their ability to produce fumonisins B1 and B2. The internal fungal infection in organic maize (63.20%) was significantly higher than that in conventional maize (40.27%) (P < 0.05). However, the distribution of fungal genera indicated a significantly higher prevalence of Fusarium in conventional (34.93%) than in organic (18.15%) maize, making Fusarium the predominant fungus in conventional maize. This difference in mold distribution between organic and conventional maize was attributed to the difference in cultivation system. The dominant Fusarium species in both conventional and organic samples was F. verticillioides. There were no significant differences in the ability of 20 selected isolates of F. verticillioides to produce fumonisins on conventional or organic corn. Up to 13.3% of the conventional corn samples contained fumonisins B1 and B2 at mean concentrations of 43 and 22 ng/g, respectively. Organic corn samples had somewhat lower levels of contamination: 35 ng/g fumonisin B1 and 19 ng/g fumonisin B2 (P > 0.05). The organic farming system, with well-balanced crop rotation, tillage, and compost fertilization, produced corn that was less likely to be contaminated with Fusarium species, although no significant difference in fumonisin concentrations was found between the two types of contaminated corn.

Fumonisin-Producing Strains of Fusarium: A Review of Their Ecophysiology

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1792-1805 ◽  
Author(s):  
SONIA MARÍN ◽  
NARESH MAGAN ◽  
ANTONIO J. RAMOS ◽  
VICENTE SANCHIS
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
And Storage

This review focuses on the fumonisin-producing Fusarium species and the ecophysiology of these species. The effects of environmental biotic and abiotic factors on germination, growth, and fumonisin B1 production by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum have been investigated under laboratory, field, and storage conditions. An understanding of the factors involved in production of fumonisins is the first step in preventing accumulation of these toxins.

scholarly journals Fusarium Species from Nepalese Rice and Production of Mycotoxins and Gibberellic Acid by Selected Species

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 1020-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Desjardins ◽  
H. K. Manandhar ◽  
R. D. Plattner ◽  
G. G. Manandhar ◽  
S. M. Poling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Mating Population ◽  
Fusarium Semitectum

ABSTRACT Infection of cereal grains with Fusarium species can cause contamination with mycotoxins that affect human and animal health. To determine the potential for mycotoxin contamination, we isolated Fusarium species from samples of rice seeds that were collected in 1997 on farms in the foothills of the Nepal Himalaya. The predominant Fusarium species in surface-disinfested seeds with husks were species of the Gibberella fujikuroicomplex, including G. fujikuroi mating population A (anamorph, Fusarium verticillioides), G. fujikuroi mating population C (anamorph, Fusarium fujikuroi), and G. fujikuroi mating population D (anamorph, Fusarium proliferatum). The widespread occurrence of mating population D suggests that its role in the complex symptoms of bakanae disease of rice may be significant. Other common species were Gibberella zeae (anamorph, Fusarium graminearum) and Fusarium semitectum, withFusarium acuminatum, Fusarium anguioides,Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium chlamydosporum,Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium oxysporumoccasionally present. Strains of mating population C produced beauvericin, moniliformin, and gibberellic acid, but little or no fumonisin, whereas strains of mating population D produced beauvericin, fumonisin, and, usually, moniliformin, but no gibberellic acid. Some strains of G. zeae produced the 8-ketotrichothecene nivalenol, whereas others produced deoxynivalenol. Despite the occurrence of fumonisin-producing strains of mating population D, and of 8-ketotrichothecene-producing strains of G. zeae, Nepalese rice showed no detectable contamination with these mycotoxins. Effective traditional practices for grain drying and storage may prevent contamination of Nepalese rice with Fusariummycotoxins.

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