scholarly journals Larvae of the Clothing Moth Tineola bisselliella Maintain Gut Bacteria that Secrete Enzyme Cocktails to Facilitate the Digestion of Keratin

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1415
Author(s):  
Andreas Vilcinskas ◽  
Michael Schwabe ◽  
Karina Brinkrolf ◽  
Rudy Plarre ◽  
Natalie Wielsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Annotation ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Disulfide Oxidoreductase ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Tineola Bisselliella

The evolutionary success of insects is promoted by their association with beneficial microbes that enable the utilization of unusual diets. The synanthropic clothing moth Tineola bisselliella provides an intriguing example of this phenomenon. The caterpillars of this species have adapted to feed on keratin-rich diets such as feathers and wool, which cannot be digested by most other animals and are resistant to common digestive enzymes. Inspired by the hypothesis that this ability may be conferred by symbiotic microbes, we utilized a simple assay to detect keratinase activity and a method to screen gut bacteria for candidate enzymes, which were isolated from feather-fed larvae. The isolation of DNA from keratin-degrading bacterial strains followed by de novo genome sequencing resulted in the identification of a novel bacterial strain related to Bacillus sp. FDAARGOS_235. Genome annotation identified 20 genes with keratinase domains. Proteomic analysis of the culture supernatant from this gut bacterium grown in non-nutrient buffer supplemented with feathers revealed several candidate enzymes potentially responsible for keratin degradation, including a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase and multiple proteases. Our results suggest that the unusual diet of T. bisselliella larvae promotes their association with keratinolytic microorganisms and that the ability of larvae to feed on keratin can at least partially be attributed to bacteria that produce a cocktail of keratin-degrading enzymes.

scholarly journals Extraordinary Multi-Organismal Interactions Involving Bacteriophages, Bacteria, Fungi, and Rotifers: Quadruple Microbial Trophic Network in Water Droplets

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2178
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Turnau ◽  
Edyta Fiałkowska ◽  
Rafał Ważny ◽  
Piotr Rozpądek ◽  
Grzegorz Tylko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Water Droplets ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Trophic Network ◽  
Negative Effect

Our observations of predatory fungi trapping rotifers in activated sludge and laboratory culture allowed us to discover a complicated trophic network that includes predatory fungi armed with bacteria and bacteriophages and the rotifers they prey on. Such a network seems to be common in various habitats, although it remains mostly unknown due to its microscopic size. In this study, we isolated and identified fungi and bacteria from activated sludge. We also noticed abundant, virus-like particles in the environment. The fungus developed absorptive hyphae within the prey. The bacteria showed the ability to enter and exit from the hyphae (e.g., from the traps into the caught prey). Our observations indicate that the bacteria and the fungus share nutrients obtained from the rotifer. To narrow the range of bacterial strains isolated from the mycelium, the effects of bacteria supernatants and lysed bacteria were studied. Bacteria isolated from the fungus were capable of immobilizing the rotifer. The strongest negative effect on rotifer mobility was shown by a mixture of Bacillus sp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The involvement of bacteriophages in rotifer hunting was demonstrated based on molecular analyses and was discussed. The described case seems to be an extraordinary quadruple microbiological puzzle that has not been described and is still far from being understood.

scholarly journals Drug resistant gut bacteria mimic a host mechanism for anticancer drug clearance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Spanogiannopoulos ◽  
Patrick H. Bradley ◽  
Jonathan Melamed ◽  
Ysabella Noelle Amora Malig ◽  
Kathy N. Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Drug Disposition ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Drug Clearance ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Strains

Microbiome surveys indicate that pharmaceuticals are the top predictor of inter-individual variations in gut microbial community structure1, consistent with in vitro evidence that non-antibiotic (i.e. host-targeted) drugs inhibit gut bacterial growth2and are subject to extensive metabolism by the gut microbiome3,4. In oncology, bacterial metabolism has been implicated in both drug efficacy5,6and toxicity7,8; however, the degree to which bacterial sensitivity and metabolism can be driven by conserved pathways also found in mammalian cells remains poorly understood. Here, we show that anticancer fluoropyrimidine drugs broadly inhibit the growth of diverse gut bacterial strains. Media supplementation, transcriptional profiling (RNA-seq), and bacterial genetics implicated pyrimidine metabolism as a key target in bacteria, as in mammalian cells. Drug resistant bacteria metabolized 5FU to its inactive metabolite dihydrofluorouracil (DHFU) mimicking the major host pathway for drug clearance. Functional orthologs of the bacterial operon responsible (preTA) are widespread across human gut bacteria from the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla. The observed conservation of both the targets and pathways for metabolism of therapeutics across domains highlights the need to distinguish the relative contributions of human and microbial cells to drug disposition9, efficacy, and side effect profiles.

scholarly journals Studies on decolorization of textile dye by using Pseudomonas and bacillus sp from the contaminated effluent soil samples of Kovilpatti, Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kannan D ◽  
Renuga Devi ◽  
A. G. Murugesan ◽  
S. Rajan
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Textile Dye ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Textile Industries ◽  
Source Of Pollution

Textile industries releasing large amount of effluent which contains textile dyes and toxic chemicals and it is one of the major source of pollution also contaminating water bodies. To remove that, bacteria have been of great attention because of their ability to treat effluent. The present study was undertaken to exploit the ability of Pseudomonassp and Bacillus sp from dye contaminated soil samples for bioremediation for dye effluent. Among the bacterial strains used in the study. Pseudomonas sp emerged out to be most potent decolorizer in comparison to Bacillus sp with the degree of decolorization of 90.0 %. Thus, it was concluded that the Pseudomonas sp had highest color removing capacity from contaminated effluent soil samples. 

Isolation, Detection and Estimation of Various Amylase Producing Bacteria in Various Soil Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 08 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Amin Mir ◽  
Mohammad Waqar Ashraf ◽  
Altaf Hussain ◽  
Bilal Ahmad Mir
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Litmus Test ◽  
Micro Organisms

Background: Soil is an ultimate source of all types of nutrients, which have both biological and non-biological importance. Studies are being carried out to isolate various types of micro-organisms from soil which have much more importance. So in the present study, amylase producing bacteria have been isolated from various soil samples. Aim: The isolation, identification, and estimation of various microbial strains for α-amylase enzyme production and then the inhibition of the growth of these microbial stains. Methods: The bacterial strains were isolated and then identified by various microbiological methods, including Gram’s staining method followed by several biochemical methods such as, litmus test, Gelatin test and Urea agar media and by viable cells. Results: Altogether, three microbial strains were identified from the soil samples in the concerned study. The concerned strains include- Shigella, Proteus and Bacillus, respectively. The concerned microbial strains were then analyzed for the amount of amylase enzyme and it had been found that Bacillus sp produces much more amount of amylase followed by Shigella sp, and lesser amylase enzyme producing activity was found in Proteus sp. The isolated bacteria were then analysed for inhibition of their growth by water and ethanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminuni. Among the extracts, it had been found that water extracts exhibited more inhibiting capacity than the ethanolic extracts. The study also revealed that among the bacterial strains, the Shigella sp got much more affected by the concerned plant extracts followed by Proteus sp and least inhibition was observed against the Bacillus sp. Conclusion: As per the above study, it is being concluded that - three amylase producing bacteria viz Shigella, proteus, bacillus sp were isolated from the soil samples. These isolated microbial strains could be used for the decomposition of cholesterol levels in human in addition to other microbial activity. These isolated bacterial could sometimes be averse therefore their growth could be stopped by various biological and chemical substances like Gentamicin and by various Plant extracts viz, Cuminum cyminuni Plant.

scholarly journals Induction of Human β-Defensin 2 by the Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Is Mediated through Flagellin

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 2399-2407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Schlee ◽  
Jan Wehkamp ◽  
Artur Altenhoefer ◽  
Tobias A. Oelschlaeger ◽  
Eduard F. Stange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
Deletion Mutants ◽  
Strain Atcc ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Flagellin Gene ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Escherichia Coli Nissle 1917 ◽  
Stimulatory Factor ◽  
Escherichia Coli Nissle

ABSTRACT Human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) is an inducible antimicrobial peptide synthesized by the epithelium to counteract bacterial adherence and invasion. Proinflammatory cytokines, as well as certain bacterial strains, have been identified as potent endogenous inducers. Recently, we have found that hBD-2 induction by probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 was mediated through NF-κB- and AP-1-dependent pathways. The aim of the present study was to identify the responsible bacterial factor. E. coli Nissle 1917 culture supernatant was found to be more potent than the pellet, indicating a soluble or shed factor. Chemical analysis demonstrated the factor to be heat resistant and proteinase digestible. Several E. coli Nissle 1917 deletion mutants were constructed and tested for their ability to induce hBD-2 expression in Caco-2 cells. Deletion mutants for flagellin specifically exhibited an impaired immunostimulatory capacity. Reinsertion of the flagellin gene restored the induction capacity to normal levels. Isolated flagellin from E. coli Nissle 1917 and from Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis induced hBD-2 mRNA significantly in contrast to the flagellin of the apathogenic E. coli strain ATCC 25922. H1 flagellin antiserum abrogated hBD-2 expression induced by flagellin as well as E. coli Nissle 1917 supernatant, confirming that flagellin is the major stimulatory factor of E. coli Nissle 1917.

MITOS: Improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Bernt ◽  
Alexander Donath ◽  
Frank Jühling ◽  
Fabian Externbrink ◽  
Catherine Florentz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Genome Annotation ◽  
De Novo

scholarly journals Metagenome-Wide Association of Microbial Determinants of Host Phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Chaston ◽  
Peter D. Newell ◽  
Angela E. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Oxidation Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Genes

ABSTRACT Animal-associated bacteria (microbiota) affect host behaviors and physiological traits. To identify bacterial genetic determinants of microbiota-responsive host traits, we employed a metagenome-wide association (MGWA) approach in two steps. First, we measured two microbiota-responsive host traits, development time and triglyceride (TAG) content, in Drosophila melanogaster flies monoassociated with each of 41 bacterial strains. The effects of monoassociation on host traits were not confined to particular taxonomic groups. Second, we clustered protein-coding sequences of the bacteria by sequence similarity de novo and statistically associated the magnitude of the host trait with the bacterial gene contents. The animals had been monoassociated with genome-sequenced bacteria, so the metagenome content was unambiguous. This analysis showed significant effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis genes on development time, confirming the results of a published transposon mutagenesis screen, thereby validating the MGWA; it also identified multiple genes predicted to affect host TAG content, including extracellular glucose oxidation pathway components. To test the validity of the statistical associations, we expressed candidate genes in a strain that lacks them. Monoassociation with bacteria that ectopically expressed a predicted oxidoreductase or gluconate dehydrogenase conferred reduced Drosophila TAG contents relative to the TAG contents in empty vector controls. Consistent with the prediction that glucose oxidation pathway gene expression increased bacterial glucose utilization, the glucose content of the host diet was reduced when flies were exposed to these strains. Our findings indicate that microbiota affect host nutritional status through modulation of nutrient acquisition. Together, these findings demonstrate the utility of MGWA for identifying bacterial determinants of host traits and provide mechanistic insight into how gut microbiota modulate the nutritional status of a model host. IMPORTANCE To understand how certain gut bacteria promote the health of their animal hosts, we need to identify the bacterial genes that drive these beneficial relationships. This task is challenging because the bacterial communities can vary widely among different host individuals. To overcome this difficulty, we quantified how well each of 41 bacterial species protected Drosophila fruit flies from high fat content. The genomes of the chosen bacterial strains were previously sequenced, so we could statistically associate specific bacterial genes with bacterially mediated reduction in host fat content. Bacterial genes that promote glucose utilization were strongly represented in the association, and introducing these genes into the gut bacteria was sufficient to lower the animal’s fat content. Our method is applicable to the study of many other host-microbe interactions as a way to uncover microbial genes important for host health.

scholarly journals Penghilangan Senyawa Fenol Oleh Bakteri Yang Diisolasi dari Area Pertambangan Minyak Bumi

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joko Prayitno
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Phenol Removal ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Bacterial Strains

The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of local bacterial strains from oil-contaminated soil to degrade phenol. The study consisted of two experiments, using six individual strains and using mix of strains. Bacterial strains used in the first experiment were 1.3, 3.3 dan 8.2.1 (Bacillus sp.), strain 3.2 (Propionibacterium), strain 3.4 (Pseudomonas sp.), and strain 8.1.2 (Enterobacter sp.).Bacterial strains used in the second experiment were mix of all six strains (K6) and mix of three strains (K3) consisted of  strain 3.4, 8.1.2 and 8.2.1 with the same ratio. The experiments were conducted in 100 mL Bushnell and Haas medium containing 300-400 ppm phenol for three days.Three strains (strain 3.4, 8.1.2, dan 8.2.1) had the highest phenol removal efficiency at day 3, i.e. 99-100%. COD values were decreased to 345-393 mg/L or 56-61.3% by those three strains. Mix culture K6 effectively removed phenol form the medium, but COD value decreased to only 56.7%. The fate of COD decrease was not the same as phenol removal by these strains (either in idividual or mix cultures), because phenol was degraded into intermediate compounds. 

scholarly journals Screening and Potential Uses of Contaminated Spent Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathipriya Shanmugavelu ◽  
Ganesan Sevugaperumal
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Mushroom Compost ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Activities ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Aspergillus Sp

The commercial production of mushrooms generates a co-product, a virtually inexhaustible supply of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). It represents an ideal growth medium for plants and plant disease suppressive quality. Here we discussed about the contaminated microbial flora of SMS, potential antifungal and plant growth promoting activities, the results of these findings were also discussed in relation to the usage of SMS as a potential product for organic farming. SMS contained moisture content 72%, EC 1.75 mmho.cm−1 and had pH of 6.1. The cellulose and hemicellulose content of paddy straw substrate were 30.25%, 23.18% and 15.31% dry weight respectively. Growth in terms of root and shoot weight of the seedlings of green gram, black gram, tomato and chili were significantly higher when grown in 60% SMS amended soil. Spent mushroom compost from Pleurotus eous used in this study harbored bacterial population including, Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas sp. and E. coli. Bacterial isolate B1 was identified as Bacillus sp., isolate B2 was identified as Clostridium sp., isolate B3 as Pseudomonas sp. and B4 as Escherichia coli. These bacterial strains showed significant antagonistic activity against soil borne pathogenic fungi viz., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Phytophthora sp. and Aspergillus sp.

scholarly journals Search for promising bacterial strains to create new biological preparations for increasing wheat yield

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Veselova ◽  
◽  
G. V. Mirskaya ◽  
Yu. V. Ostankova ◽  
T. A. Kuznetsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
16 S Rrna

The aim of this study is to search for promising strains of bacteria to create new biological products. New bacteria were isolated from wheat grains and identified by 16 S rRNA sequencing as Bacillus sp. L1 and Panaebacillus sp. L2. The cytokinin-producing bacteria Bacillussp.L 1 increased the length of the roots of plants by 70 %, the mass of roots by 17 %. N-fixing Panaebacillus sp. L2 increased the root length by 39 % and the mass by 27 %. The results of vegetation experiments on growing wheat of the ‘Leningradskaya 6’ variety under controlled conditions showed an increase in wheat productivity by 15.6 % when inoculated with Bacillus sp. L1 and by 31.2 % when inoculated with Panaebacillus sp. L2. Preliminary results of vegetative experiments indicate that Bacillus sp. L1 and Panaebacillus sp. L2 can be used as an active components of biological products to increase wheat productivity.

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