scholarly journals Human Gut Microbiome and Liver Diseases: From Correlation to Causation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Rui Li ◽  
Zhengsheng Mao ◽  
Xujun Ye ◽  
Tao Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Traditional Function ◽  
High Throughput Dna Sequencing

The important role of human gut microbiota in liver diseases has long been recognized as dysbiosis and the translocation of certain microbes from the gut to liver. With the development of high-throughput DNA sequencing, the complexity and integrity of the gut microbiome in the whole spectrum of liver diseases is emerging. Specific patterns of gut microbiota have been identified in liver diseases with different causes, including alcoholic, non-alcoholic, and virus induced liver diseases, or even at different stages, ranging from steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. At the same time, the mechanism of how microbiota contributes to liver diseases goes beyond the traditional function of the gut–liver axis which could lead to liver injury and inflammation. With the application of proteomics, metabolomics, and modern molecular technologies, more microbial metabolites and the complicated interaction of microbiota with host immunity come into our understanding in the liver pathogenesis. Germ-free animal models serve as a workhorse to test the function of microbiota and their derivatives in liver disease models. Here, we review the current evidence on the relationship between gut microbiota and liver diseases, and the mechanisms underlying this phenotype. In addition to original liver diseases, gut microbiota might also affect liver injury in systemic disorders involving multiple organs, as in the case of COVID-19 at a severe state. A better understanding of the gut microbial contribution to liver diseases might help us better benefit from this guest–host relationship and pave the way for novel therapies.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Cirrhosis Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, diseases such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease of other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver fibrosis.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome and Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Suneeta Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tremendous Amount

With technological advancements in the medical field, new discoveries have been unfolded about the human microbiota. A tremendous amount of work has been studied within the last two decades. Some of the human microbiota sites include nonsterile areas such as mouth, skin, gut, nose, and vagina. Additionally, there are bacterial cells in areas that were considered sterile such as lungs and placenta before delivery. Out of all the sites, the gut houses the most with an amount of 100 trillion bacteria (Guinane, 2013). Environmental implications have been known to impact these new areas of medicine. There has been a growing interest by the social epidemiologists on how health inequalities impact the role of human gut microbiota.

scholarly journals The Gut-Liver Axis in Health and Disease: The Role of Gut Microbiota-Derived Signals in Liver Injury and Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Zheng ◽  
Baohong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Liver Regeneration ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Pathophysiological Process ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Health And Disease

Diverse liver diseases undergo a similar pathophysiological process in which liver regeneration follows a liver injury. Given the important role of the gut-liver axis in health and diseases, the role of gut microbiota-derived signals in liver injury and regeneration has attracted much attention. It has been observed that the composition of gut microbiota dynamically changes in the process of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and gut microbiota modulation by antibiotics or probiotics affects both liver injury and regeneration. Mechanically, through the portal vein, the liver is constantly exposed to gut microbial components and metabolites, which have immense effects on the immunity and metabolism of the host. Emerging data demonstrate that gut-derived lipopolysaccharide, gut microbiota-associated bile acids, and other bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites, may play multifaceted roles in liver injury and regeneration. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the possible molecular mechanisms by which gut microbiota-derived signals modulate liver injury and regeneration, highlighting the potential roles of gut microbiota in the development of gut microbiota-based therapies to alleviate liver injury and promote liver regeneration.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, genetic conditions such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease from other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver cirrhosis.

scholarly journals The Human Gut Microbiome and Body Metabolism: Implications for Obesity and Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridevi Devaraj ◽  
Peera Hemarajata ◽  
James Versalovic
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Energy Harvest ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

BACKGROUND Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are major public health challenges. Recently, interest has surged regarding the possible role of the intestinal microbiota as potential novel contributors to the increased prevalence of these 3 disorders. CONTENT Recent advances in microbial DNA sequencing technologies have resulted in the widespread application of whole-genome sequencing technologies for metagenomic DNA analysis of complex ecosystems such as the human gut. Current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota affect nutrient acquisition, energy harvest, and a myriad of host metabolic pathways. CONCLUSION Advances in the Human Microbiome Project and human metagenomics research will lead the way toward a greater understanding of the importance and role of the gut microbiome in metabolic disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.

scholarly journals The gut mycobiome: a novel player in chronic liver diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Jiang ◽  
Peter Stärkel ◽  
Jian-Gao Fan ◽  
Derrick Eugene Fouts ◽  
Petra Bacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract The human gut microbiome (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea) is a complex and diverse ecosystem. It plays an important role in human health, but is involved in several intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Most research to date has focused on the role of bacteria, while studies focusing on fungi (also referred to as “mycobiome” or “fungome”) are still in its infancy. In this review, we focus on the existing literature available about the gut mycobiome with an emphasis on compositional mycobiome changes associated with liver diseases, the impact on pathogenesis of disease, and its potential use as therapeutic targets. We also provide insights into current methodologies of studying mycobiome, and we highlight the interkingdom interactions in the context of disease and how they affect health of the host. Herein, by focusing on the gut mycobiome, this review provides novel insights and directions for liver research.

scholarly journals Influence of pig farming on human Gut Microbiota: role of airborne microbial communities

Gut Microbes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Julia Moor ◽  
Tsering Wüthrich ◽  
Suzanne Aebi ◽  
Nadezda Mostacci ◽  
Gudrun Overesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Pig Farming

scholarly journals Sex differences in the phylum‐level human gut microbiota composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Koliada ◽  
Vladislav Moseiko ◽  
Mariana Romanenko ◽  
Oleh Lushchak ◽  
Nadiia Kryzhanovska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Evidence was previously provided for sex-related differences in the human gut microbiota composition, and sex-specific discrepancy in hormonal profiles was proposed as a main determinant of these differences. On the basis of these findings, the assumption was made on the role of microbiota in the sexual dimorphism of human diseases. To date, sex differences in fecal microbiota were demonstrated primarily at lower taxonomic levels, whereas phylum-level differences between sexes were reported in few studies only. In the present population-based cross-sectional research, sex differences in the phylum-level human gut microbiota composition were identified in a large (total n = 2301) sample of relatively healthy individuals from Ukraine. Results Relative abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, as determined by qRT-PCR, were found to be significantly increased, while that of Bacteroidetes was significantly decreased in females compared to males. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was significantly increased in females compared to males. Females had 31 % higher odds of having F/B ratio more than 1 than males. This trend was evident in all age groups. The difference between sexes was even more pronounced in the elder individuals (50+): in this age group, female participants had 56 % higher odds of having F/B ratio > 1 than the male ones. Conclusions In conclusion, sex-specific differences in the phylum-level intestinal microbiota composition were observed in the Ukraine population. The F/B ratio was significantly increased in females compared to males. Further investigation is needed to draw strong conclusions regarding the mechanistic basis for sex-specific differences in the gut microbiota composition and regarding the role of these differences in the initiation and progression of human chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Guild-based analysis for understanding gut microbiome in human health and diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guojun Wu ◽  
Naisi Zhao ◽  
Chenhong Zhang ◽  
Yan Y. Lam ◽  
Liping Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Disease Phenotypes ◽  
Genetic Complexity ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Specific Health

AbstractTo demonstrate the causative role of gut microbiome in human health and diseases, we first need to identify, via next-generation sequencing, potentially important functional members associated with specific health outcomes and disease phenotypes. However, due to the strain-level genetic complexity of the gut microbiota, microbiome datasets are highly dimensional and highly sparse in nature, making it challenging to identify putative causative agents of a particular disease phenotype. Members of an ecosystem seldomly live independently from each other. Instead, they develop local interactions and form inter-member organizations to influence the ecosystem’s higher-level patterns and functions. In the ecological study of macro-organisms, members are defined as belonging to the same “guild” if they exploit the same class of resources in a similar way or work together as a coherent functional group. Translating the concept of “guild” to the study of gut microbiota, we redefine guild as a group of bacteria that show consistent co-abundant behavior and likely to work together to contribute to the same ecological function. In this opinion article, we discuss how to use guilds as the aggregation unit to reduce dimensionality and sparsity in microbiome-wide association studies for identifying candidate gut bacteria that may causatively contribute to human health and diseases.

scholarly journals Fruits and their impact on the gut microbiota, gut motility and constipation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8850-8866
Author(s):  
Zoi Katsirma ◽  
Eirini Dimidi ◽  
Ana Rodriguez-Mateos ◽  
Kevin Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Gut Motility ◽  
Gut Function

A summary of the mechanisms of action by which fruit products confer effects on the human gut function, motility and the gut microbiome, as well as an exploration of the effects of processing on the active nutrient content and efficacy of fruits.

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