scholarly journals Cyclosporiasis—Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1863
Author(s):  
Blaine A. Mathison ◽  
Bobbi S. Pritt
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Locally Grown

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an intestinal coccidian parasite transmitted to humans through the consumption of oocysts in fecally contaminated food and water. Infection is found worldwide and is highly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation. Disease in developed countries is usually observed in travelers and in seasonal outbreaks associated with imported produce from endemic areas. Recently, summertime outbreaks in the United States have also been linked to locally grown produce. Cyclosporiasis causes a diarrheal illness which may be severe in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The increased adoption of highly sensitive molecular diagnostic tests, including commercially available multiplex panels for gastrointestinal pathogens, has facilitated the detection of infection and likely contributed to the increased reports of cases in developed countries. This manuscript reviews important aspects of the biology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of C. cayetanensis and provides an in-depth discussion of current laboratory diagnostic methods.

scholarly journals Zoonotic and Public Health Implications of Campylobacter Species and Squamates (Lizards, Snakes and Amphisbaenians)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 799
Author(s):  
Nicodemus M. Masila ◽  
Kirstin E. Ross ◽  
Michael G. Gardner ◽  
Harriet Whiley
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Iguana Iguana ◽  
Fetus Subsp ◽  
Human Campylobacteriosis

Campylobacter spp. is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of veterinary and public health significance. Globally, the incidence of campylobacteriosis has increased over the last decade in both developing and developed countries. Squamates (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians) are a potential reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. This systematic review examined studies from the last 20 years that have reported squamate-associated human campylobacteriosis. It was found that C. fetus subsp. testudinum and C. fetus subsp. fetus were the most common species responsible for human campylobacteriosis from a squamate host. The common squamate hosts identified included bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), green iguana (Iguana iguana), western beaked gecko (Rhynchoedura ornate) and blotched blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua nigrolutea). People with underlying chronic illnesses, the immunocompromised and the elderly were identified as the most vulnerable population. Exposure to pet squamates, wild animals, consumption of reptilian cuisines and cross contamination with untreated water were risk factors associated with Campylobacter infections. Proper hand hygiene practices, responsible pet ownership, ‘One Health’ education and awareness on zoonotic diseases will help reduce the public health risks arising from Campylobacter exposure through squamates. Continued surveillance using molecular diagnostic methods will also enhance detection and response to squamate-linked campylobacteriosis.

scholarly journals Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Viral Encephalitis

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta L. DeBiasi ◽  
Kenneth L. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Cns Disease

SUMMARY Hundreds of viruses cause central nervous system (CNS) disease, including meningoencephalitis and postinfectious encephalomyelitis, in humans. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is abnormal in >90% of cases; however, routine CSF studies only rarely lead to identification of a specific etiologic agent. Diagnosis of viral infections of the CNS has been revolutionized by the advent of new molecular diagnostic technologies to amplify viral nucleic acid from CSF, including PCR, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, and branched-DNA assay. PCR is ideally suited for identifying fastidious organisms that may be difficult or impossible to culture and has been widely applied for detection of both DNA and RNA viruses in CSF. The technique can be performed rapidly and inexpensively and has become an integral component of diagnostic medical practice in the United States and other developed countries. In addition to its use for identification of etiologic agents of CNS disease in the clinical setting, PCR has also been used to quantitate viral load and monitor duration and adequacy of antiviral drug therapy. PCR has also been applied in the research setting to help discriminate active versus postinfectious immune-mediate disease, identify determinants of drug resistance, and investigate the etiology of neurologic disease of uncertain cause. This review discusses general principles of PCR and reverse transcription-PCR, including qualitative, quantitative, and multiplex techniques, with comment on issues of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. The application of molecular diagnostic methods for diagnosis of specific infectious entities is reviewed in detail, including viruses for which PCR is of proven efficacy and is widely available, viruses for which PCR is less widely available or for which PCR has unproven sensitivity and specificity, and nonviral entities which can mimic viral CNS disease.

scholarly journals Clinical manifestations of chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Ferreira Kalkmann ◽  
Carlos Umberto Pereira ◽  
Francisco de Assis Pereira ◽  
Débora Moura da Paixão Oliveira ◽  
Nicollas Nunes Rabelo
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Chronic Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Study Results

Introduction: The clinical manifestations of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) are often confused with other medical entities in the elderly, making their early diagnosis difficult or difficult. Early diagnosis is important, since its prognosis is directly associated with the preoperative neurological state, thus resulting in a worse vital and functional prognosis. Objectives: Report through a literature review the clinical manifestations of CSDH in the elderly population. Methods: Literature review, with the search terms: “Signs and Symptoms”, “Chronic Subdural Hematoma”, Aged, Diagnosis and Prognosis. In which PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane and TripDataBase data platforms were used. The inclusion criteria were: original studies published in any language. Articles in which full reading was prevented were excluded. With the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 110 articles were included in the study. Results: Clinical presentation depends on the location, volume of the hematoma, rapid growth, the location of the CSDH, whether unilateral or bilateral, and the clinical conditions of the patient. Because the forms of clinical presentation of CSDH are variable, it is necessary that health professionals linked to the elderly (geriatrician, psychiatrist, general practitioner) have knowledge of this clinical entity. Conclusions: The recognition of classic forms as well as the identification of risk factors in the elderly favors the timely diagnosis and treatment of CSDH in the elderly population.

scholarly journals Meningitis, Clinical Presentation of Tetanus

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Moniuszko ◽  
Agata Zajkowska ◽  
Ewa Tumiel ◽  
Krzysztof Rutkowski ◽  
Piotr Czupryna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Clostridium Tetani ◽  
Foot Injury ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Tetanus Immunization

Background. Tetanus is an acute disease caused by a neurotoxin produced byClostridium tetani. Tetanus immunization has been available since the late 1930s but sporadic cases still occur, usually in incompletely vaccinated or unvaccinated individuals.Case Report. An elderly previously vaccinated female contracted tetanus following foot injury. Clinically she presented with meningitis causing diagnostic and therapeutic delays.Why Should Physician Be Aware of This?Even in developed countries the differential diagnosis of meningitis, especially in the elderly, should include tetanus. Treatment in intensive care unit is required. General population might benefit from vaccine boosters and education on this potentially fatal disease.

scholarly journals Noninvasive Testing for Diagnosis of Stable Coronary Artery Disease in the Elderly

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6263
Author(s):  
Sergey G. Kozlov ◽  
Olga V. Chernova ◽  
Elena V. Gerasimova ◽  
Ekaterina A. Ivanova ◽  
Alexander N. Orekhov
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Artery Disease

Efficient diagnostic approaches to detect coronary artery disease (CAD) in elderly patients are necessary to ensure optimal and timely treatment. The population of suspected CAD patients older than 70 years is especially vulnerable and constantly growing. Finding the optimal diagnostic approach is challenging due to certain features of this population, such as high prevalence of comorbidities, existing contraindications to exercise tests or cognitive decline, which hinders correct assessment of the patient’s situation. Moreover, some symptoms of CAD can have variable significance in the elderly compared to younger adult groups. In this review, we present current recommendations of the United States (US) and European cardiologists’ associations and discuss their applicability for diagnostics in the elderly population. Exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) and exercise stress echocardiography (SE) tests are not feasible for a substantial proportion of elderly patients. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) appears to be an attractive alternative for such patients, but is not universally applicable; for instance, it is problematic in patients with significant calcification of the vessels. Moreover, more studies are needed to compare the results delivered by CTA to those of other diagnostic methods. Future efforts should be focused on comparative studies to better understand the limits and advantages of different diagnostic methods and their combinations. It is possible that some of the currently used diagnostic criteria could be improved to better accommodate the needs of the elderly population.

Bed-Ridden Elderly in Japan: Social Progress and Care for the Elderly

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaori Imai
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Care For The Elderly ◽  
Social Welfare Services ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Demand For Health

The demand for health care and social welfare services for the elderly has increased and in Japan, there is a need in the social system to improve the quality of life, especially for those who are disabled. This article directs attention to bed-ridden elderly persons from the standpoint of social problems attending economic development and population changes based on data from Japan, the United States, Sweden, and OECD countries. Compared to the United States, there are more bed-ridden elderly in Japan, and inadequate public resources for caring. Physicians, nurses, care workers, and rehabilitation specialists such as physiotherapist and occupational therapist per 1000 aged sixty-five or over are 89.5 in Japan while 237.4 in Sweden. Japan has the fewest such health and welfare personnel among developed countries. Even with increases in such personnel through the New Gold Plan, future increase in aged population would off-set the effect and the problem of providing care for the elderly remains.

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES OF SOCIAL SECTOR: EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S ELDERLY EDUCATION SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Zhiping Huo ◽  
Haiyan Yin ◽  
Andrii Mykhailov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Aging Society ◽  
Social Security Reforms

As China enters the aging society, more and more attention has been paid to the education for the aged. The developed countries such as the United States, Japan that entered the aging society relatively early, in the elderly education have accumulated rich experience. By learning from their experience, we can better develop education for the aged and promote the development of human resources for the aged. Key words: institutional changes in social sector, state social security reforms, state regulation of social protection system, aging population, elderly education, institutional diversification.

scholarly journals Rose Rosette Disease: Recent Advances on Molecular Diagnostic Tools

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binoy Babu ◽  
Gary Knox ◽  
Mathews L. Paret ◽  
Francisco M. Ochoa-Corona
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Specialty Crop ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Research Initiative ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Rose Rosette ◽  
Rose Rosette Disease

Rose rosette emaravirus (RRV, genus Emaravirus), the causal agent of rose rosette disease, is the topmost pathogen of concern for the rose industry in the United States. The only strategy available for disease management is early identification and eradication of the infected plants. Highly reliable, specific, and sensitive detection assays are thus required to test and confirm the presence of RRV in suspected plant samples. RRV is only a recently characterized virus and hence limits the diagnostic tools available for its early detection. With a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Specialty Crop Research Initiative (SCRI) project sponsorship, several diagnostic tools including end-point reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-qPCR assays targeting single and multiple genes targets were developed for routine diagnostics. This review introduces an overall view of the different diagnostic tools developed, which are reliable, highly sensitive, and can be easily implemented for detection and identification in laboratories providing diagnostic services and confirmation of RRV-infected samples.

scholarly journals Bibliometric analysis on infective endocarditis

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-355
Author(s):  
Uğur Küçük ◽  
◽  
Sevil Alkan ◽  
Cemile Uyar ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Type Data ◽  
Medical Advances

Introduction: Although infective endocarditis (IE) is rare disease, this disease has importance due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. The exact incidence is not known as it is not a reportable disease. Unlike developed countries, the disease affects the young more than the elderly in developing countries. Most of the time, the diagnosis cannot be made at the first examination and the disease is often overlooked. In order to reduce the mortality and morbidity of this disease, it is important to quickly recognize the disease by following current diagnosis and treatment methods, to identify the causative agent and to treat accordingly. Both the epidemiology and the management of IE are changing due to medical advances. This situation may also be reflected in scientific publications. We aimed to analyze the global researches on IE. Material and methods: The Scopus database was searched for bibliometric analysis without selecting document type. Data were retrieved for the time period January 1, 1940 and Semptember 26, 2021, containing the keywords " Infective’’ and’’endocarditis " in their title. Results: 7911 publications were included in the study. The first publication was made in the year 1891. Most of the publications were research articles [n=5784 (73.11%)] and were from the United States of America (USA) [n =1622 (20.50%)]. Japan, France, United Kingdom and Spain were also in the top 5 publishing countries on IE. Conclusions: Infective endocarditis is still an important reason of mortality, and there are many unanswered questions about the managament and preventation of this disease. This situation reflected the scientific publications. Since this is a global problem, not just some developed countries involved in the IE research, also more countries should be encouraged to participate the studies on IE.

scholarly journals Etiology, Clinical Presentation and Incidence of Infectious Meningitis and Encephalitis in Polish Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2324
Author(s):  
Kacper Toczylowski ◽  
Ewa Bojkiewicz ◽  
Marta Barszcz ◽  
Marta Wozinska-Klepadlo ◽  
Paulina Potocka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Central Nervous System Infections ◽  
Median Length ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Enteroviral Meningitis

Little is known about the causes and the frequency of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland. We did a retrospective single-center cohort study of children under 18 years old hospitalized with infectious meningitis or encephalitis. Incidence rates were calculated using collected data from patients from the North-East Poland only. A total of 374 children hospitalized between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019 were included in the study. A total of 332 (89%) children had meningitis, and 42 (11%) had encephalitis. The etiology of the infection was established in 331 (89%) cases. Enteroviruses accounted for 224 (60%) of all patients. A total of 68 (18%) cases were tick-borne infections. Bacterial pathogens were detected in 26 (7%) children. The median length of hospital stay for children with enteroviral meningitis was 7 days (IQR 7–9), increasing to 11 days (8–13) in those treated with antibiotics. The incidence of meningitis was estimated to be 32.22 (95% CI, 25.33–40.98) per 100,000 and that of encephalitis to be 4.08 (95% CI, 2.07–8.02) per 100,000. By the broad use of molecular diagnostic methods, we managed to identify etiology of the infection in the majority of children. Our data suggest that thorough diagnostics of central nervous system infections are needed to rationalize treatment.

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