scholarly journals Identification and Origin of Jurassic (~182 Ma) Zircon Grains from Chromitite within the Peridotite of the Jijal Complex, Kohistan Arc in North Pakistan

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Xiang-Li Ding ◽  
Lin Ding ◽  
Li-Yun Zhang ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Ya-Hui Yue

The Jijal ultramafic–mafic complex in Pakistan probably preserves the most complete fragments of the petrological Moho. However, a few studies argue for multiple origins (including petrogenetic speculations and tectonic reconstructions) for different lithologies. One of the main reasons for this dispute is the lack of direct age information of the ultramafic rocks. Zircon grains, despite generally being exotic in ultramafic rocks, can provide significant insights into the petrogenetic process of the host ultramafic rocks. This study reports the first zircon U–Pb age and Lu–Hf and trace element data for zircon grains separated from chromitite lenses within the peridotite, which is commonly considered the lowermost part of the Jijal complex. These zircon grains yield concordant 206Pb/238U ages of ~182 ± 3 Ma, which is much older than the late Early Cretaceous age (<120 Ma) of the Jijal complex, and lying above it, the other complexes of the Kohistan paleo-arc. Furthermore, these Jurassic zircon grains present radiogenic εHf(t) values (+9.7 to +6.0) which are obviously lower than the values for the Cretaceous zircon grains of the Kohistan arc. From integrated analysis of the zircon trace element signatures (e.g., high Th, U, Th/U, and U/Yb ratios) and regional geology, we speculate that these zircon grains came from a ‘missing’ Early Jurassic arc akin to the Gangdese belt to the east, and entered the mantle by oceanic subduction processes. Although these Jurassic zircon grains cannot actually constrain the formation age of the chromitite as well as the peridotite, it reminds us that some cryptic pre-Cretaceous complexes and geodynamic processes were incorporated in building the oceanic crust of the Jijal intra-oceanic arc, or the mantle section (at least part of it) should probably belong to the Indus ophiolite mélange. Further research, particularly chronological studies on mantle (or ultramafic) rocks, as well as detailed geological mapping, should be carried out in the future for solving this issue.

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Prakash Luitel ◽  
Suman Panthee

The section between Tal to Talekhu of Manang District lacks the detailed geological study. The geological mapping in the scale of 1:50,000 followed by the preparation of geological cross-section and lithostratigraphic column has been done in the present study. The studied area lies partially in the Higher Himalayan Crystalline and the Tibetan Tethys Sequence. The units of the Higher Himalayan Group from Tal to Talekhu consists mainly of vigorous to faintly calcareous gneiss, migmatitic gneiss, quartzite, granite, etc. They are named as the Calc. Silicate Gneiss and Paragneiss and the Orthogneiss and Granite units. The lowermost part of the Tibetan Tethys consisted of metamorphosed calcareous rocks containing silicates and feldspar, so this unit is termed as the Marble and Calc. Gneiss. The section is about 9 km in thickness and is highly deformed with presence of igneous rocks at many places.


2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 1195-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kreshimir N. Malitch ◽  
Elena A. Belousova ◽  
William L. Griffin ◽  
Laure Martin ◽  
Inna Yu. Badanina ◽  
...  

Abstract The ultramafic-mafic Talnakh intrusion in the Norilsk province (Russia) hosts one of the world’s major platinum group element (PGE)-Cu-Ni sulfide deposits. This study employed a multitechnique approach, including in situ Hf-O isotope analyses of zircon combined with whole-rock Nd isotope data, in order to gain new insights into genesis of the Talnakh economic intrusion. Zircons from gabbrodiorite, gabbroic rocks of the layered series, and ultramafic rocks have similar mantle-like mean δ18O values (5.39 ± 0.49‰, n = 27; 5.64 ± 0.48‰, n = 34; and 5.28 ± 0.34‰, n = 7, respectively), consistent with a mantle-derived origin for the primary magma(s) parental to the Talnakh intrusion. In contrast, a sulfide-bearing taxitic-textured troctolite from the basal part of intrusion has high δ18O (mean of 6.50‰, n = 3), indicating the possible involvement of a crustal component during the formation of sulfide-bearing taxitic-textured rocks. The Hf isotope compositions of zircon from different rocks of the Talnakh intrusion show significant variations, with ɛHf(t) values ranging from –3.2 to 9.8 for gabbrodiorite, from –4.3 to 11.6 for unmineralized layered-sequence gabbroic rocks, from 2.3 to 12 for mineralized ultramafic rocks, and from –3.5 to 8.8 for mineralized taxitic-textured rocks at the base of the intrusion. The significant range in the initial 176Hf/177Hf values is ascribed to interaction of distinct magma sources during formation of the Talnakh intrusion. These include (1) a juvenile source equivalent to the depleted mantle, (2) a subcontinental lithospheric source, and (3) a minor crustal component. Initial whole-rock Nd isotope compositions of the mineralized taxitic-textured rocks from the base of the intrusion (mean ɛNd(t) = –1.5 ± 1.8) differ from the other rocks, which have relatively restricted ranges in initial ɛNd (mean ɛNd = 0.9 ± 0.2). The major set of ɛNd values around 1.0 at Talnakh is attributed to limited crustal contamination, presumably in deep magma chambers, whereas the smaller set of negative ɛNd values in taxitic-textured rocks is consistent with greater involvement of a crustal component and reflects an interaction with the wall rocks during emplacement.


2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Wolfgang Ashley ◽  
Michael Bizimis ◽  
Anne H Peslier ◽  
Matthew Jackson ◽  
Jasper G Konter

Abstract Water influences geodynamic processes such as melting, deformation and rheology, yet its distribution in the oceanic upper mantle is primarily known indirectly from melt inclusions and glasses of erupted mantle melts (i.e. mid-ocean ridge and ocean island basalts). To better constrain the mechanisms influencing the distribution of H2O in the mantle, particularly regarding the role of metasomatism, we analyzed 15 peridotite xenoliths from Savai‘i and two dunite xenoliths from Ta‘ū (Samoa) for structural H2O (by polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and major and trace element concentrations. Clinopyroxenes from the Ta‘ū dunites show trace element concentrations consistent with equilibration with their host lavas, but lower H2O contents than expected. Savai‘i peridotites are highly depleted harzburgites (melt depletion ≥17 %). They show strong evidence of transient metasomatism by both carbonatite and silicate melts, with highly variable Ti and Zr depletions and light rare earth element enrichments. However, despite metasomatism the H2O concentrations in olivines (0 − 4 ppm H2O) and orthopyroxenes (17 − 89 ppm H2O) are among the lowest reported in oceanic xenoliths, but higher than expected for the estimated degree of depletion. In general, H2O concentrations vary less than those of other incompatible trace elements in these samples. Transects across mineral grains show generally homogeneous distributions of H2O, indicating no significant H2O loss or gain during ascent. Raman spectroscopy on inclusions in minerals shows the presence of CO2 but an absence of molecular H2O. This agrees with the absence of H2O concentration variations between inclusion-rich and -poor domains in minerals. The above data can be explained by transient metasomatism along grain boundaries, now recorded as planes of inclusions within annealed grains. Fast diffusion of hydrogen (but not lithophile elements) from the inclusions into the host mineral phase will simultaneously enrich H2O contents across the grain and lower them in the inclusion-rich domains. The result is highly variable metasomatism recorded in lithophile elements, with smaller magnitude H2O variations that are decoupled from lithophile element metasomatism. Comparison with xenoliths from Hawai‘i shows that evidence for metasomatism from lithophile elements alone does not imply rehydration of the oceanic lithosphere. Instead, H2O concentrations depend on the overall amount of H2O added to the lithosphere through metasomatism, and the proximity of sampled material to areas of melt infiltration in the lithosphere.


EKSPLORIUM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Adi Gunawan Muhammad ◽  
Rachman Fauzi ◽  
Adhika Junara Karunianto ◽  
Wira Cakrabuana ◽  
Widodo Widodo

ABSTRAK. Evaluasi tapak merupakan tahap penting dalam penentuan lokasi calon tapak PLTN skala komersial di Indonesia. Aspek–aspek yang dikaji dalam evaluasi tapak berdasarkan peraturan yang berlaku antara lain aspek geoteknik dan aspek dispersi zat radioaktif. Untuk mendukung kajian aspek tersebut maka perlu adanya kajian karakterisasi hidrogeologi daerah sekitar tapak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan karakteristik hidrogeologi daerah sekitar tapak PLTN di Kabupaten Bengkayang, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat berdasarkan aspek geologi dan geofisika. Metode yang dilakukan adalah pemetaan geomorfologi, pemetaan geologi, pemetaan hidrogeologi, pengukuran geolistrik, serta analisis terpadu. Secara morfologi, daerah penyelidikan dibagi menjadi tiga satuan, yaitu dataran aluvial, bukit terisolasi, dan dataran pantai. Secara stratigrafi, satuan batuan yang ditemukan berurutan dari tua ke muda adalah andesit, granodiorit, diorit, endapan pasir kuarsa, endapan pantai, dan endapan aluvial. Pengukuran geofisika menggunakan metode geolistrik dilakukan pada 12 lintasan dengan masing-masing panjang lintasan 470 m dan spasi elektroda 10 m. Pada penampang geolistrik ditemukan beberapa anomali pada kompleks batuan beku yang mengalami frakturasi atau tubuh diorit yang menerobos satuan andesit. Nilai anomali ini berkisar antara 300 Ωm dan >8000 Ωm. Nilai resistivitas yang sangat rendah (<30 Ωm) diinterpretasikan sebagai endapan aluvial yang jenuh air dengan ketebalan mencapai ±100 m. Daerah penelitian dapat dibagi menjadi tiga satuan hidrogeologi; akuifer dengan aliran melalui ruang antarbutir kelulusan tinggi, akuifer dengan aliran melalui ruang antarbutir kelulusan sedang, dan akuifug setempat berarti. Secara umum pola aliran tanah bebas mengalir relatif dari SSW ke NNE.ABSTRACT. Site evaluation is an important phase of site selection for commercial-scale nuclear power plants (NPP) in Indonesia. Geotechnical and radioactive material dispersion aspects are some of the aspects which are assessed in site evaluation under provisions of laws and regulations. To support those aspect evaluations, it is necessary to conduct hydrogeological characterization in the vicinity of the NPP site. The purpose of this study is to determine the hydrogeological characteristic of the vicinity of the NPP site in Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan Province based on geological and geophysical aspects. The methods of this study consist of geomorphological mapping, geological mapping, hydrogeological mapping, geoelectric measurement, and integrated analysis. The study area consists of three morphological units: alluvial plain, isolated hills, and coastal plain. Stratigraphically, the lithology units of the study area, from the oldest to the youngest, consist of andesite, granodiorite, diorite, quartz sand deposits, coastal deposits, and alluvial deposits. The geophysical measurement used is the geoelectric method which is conducted at 12 electrode arrays with 470 m length and spacing of 10 m. In the geoelectrical section, it can be seen that several anomalies can be interpreted as the fractured body of igneous rocks or the diorite intrusion in andesite. These anomaly values are ranged from 300 Wm to >8000 Wm. The relatively low resistivity values (<30 Wm) are interpreted as water saturated-alluvial deposits that could have a thickness of ±100 m. There are three hydrogeological units in the study area: aquifers in which flow is intergranular with high permeability, aquifers in which flow is intergranular with moderate permeability, and aquifug of local importance. Generally, the groundwater in the study area flows from SSW to NNE.


2003 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco José Fonseca Ferreira ◽  
Raimundo Almeida Filho ◽  
Francisco Valdyr Da Silva

O complexo máfico/ultramáfico Campo Formoso, no estado da Bahia, é constituído por rochas metamórficas de alto grau, derivadas de peridotitos e piroxenitos do Proterozóico Inferior. Em superfície, ele estende-se por cerca de 40 km, com larguras variando entre 100 e 1.100 metros. A despeito de encerrar as mais importantes mineralizações de cromo conhecidas no Brasil, os conhecimentos geológicos sobre o complexo ainda são bastante limitados. O profundo intemperismo e a presença de coberturas aluviais e coluviais dificultam o mapeamento geológico dessas rochas. Estimativas sobre largura e espessura do complexo em subsuperfície são importantes, visto que, por tratar-se de um corpo estratiforme, níveis mineralizados em superfície podem prolongar-se até grandes profundidades. Neste estudo, dados aeromagnéticos são analisados visando a obter informações sobre a extensão do complexo em subsuperfície. Para isso, um método interativo de modelagem de corpos magnéticos tabulares por processo de inversão foi empregado em uma área selecionada, onde ocorrem alguns dos mais importantes depósitos de cromo conhecidos no complexo. A técnica de modelagem empregada permite o cálculo de parâmetros tais como mergulho, largura e espessura de corpos de geometria simples, magnetizados por indução, remanência, ou ambos. O algoritmo empregado usa valores iniciais para cada parâmetro do corpo a ser modelado, os quais podem ser modificados pelo analista, de modo a incorporar dados reais. Esses dados são manipulados interativamente na busca de um "melhor ajuste", de modo que os parâmetros ajustados caiam dentro de limites de tolerância especificados pelo usuário. A qualidade do ajuste é medida pela relação da soma ponderada dos desvios quadráticos entre valores observados e calculados. Tomando-se como base a geologia da área de estudo, selecionou-se o modelo de dique espesso finito tabular 2 (2¾-D) como o mais apropriado para representar o complexo. Os resultados de modelagens em três perfis indicaram corpos magnéticos com larguras variando entre 264 e 374 metros, espessuras entre 432 e 470 metros e mergulhos entre 52o e 68o para SE. MODELING AIRBORNE MAGNETIC DATA TO ESTIMATE WIDTH AND THICKNESS OF THE MAFIC/ULTRAMAFIC COMPLEX OF CAMPO FORMOSO, BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL Abstract The Campo Formoso complex is located in the Bahia State, in the northeastern part of Brazil. The complex comprises high-grade metamorphic rocks derived from peridotite and pyroxenite of Early Proterozoic age. Mafic/ultramafic rocks cover an area approximately 40 km long and 100 to 1100 m wide, with a general NE-SW direction, dipping to the southeast. This complex hosts the most important chromium deposit of Brazil. This deposit occurs in the southern portion of the complex which makes up a lower structural block, better preserved by the erosion than the northern portion. In spite of its economic importance, geological knowledge of the complex is still very limited. The deep weathering of the mafic/ultramafic rocks and the presence of alluvial and colluvial deposits difficult geological mapping. It is a stratiform complex and the mineralized layers may extend down to great depths. Therefore it is important do know the width and thickness of its rocks in subsurface. In this study airborne magnetic data were analyzed to obtain information of the subsurface extent of the Campo Formoso complex. In order to do that an interactive modeling method of tabular magnetic bodies with inversion process was applied in a selected area of the southern portion of the complex. The used model calculates depth, thickness, and dip of a simple geometry body, magnetized by induction, remanence, or both. This procedure helps to find the best possible match between a theoretical anomaly and a given set of magnetic data. The best fit is found when the adjusted parameters fall within a user-specified tolerance of values which minimize the weighted sum of squared deviations between the observed and the theoretical magnetic anomaly. When a set of parameters satisfies the best-fit criterion, confidence ranges are calculated for all parameters. According to geological data, the best model assumed for the ore body was a thick, flat-topped dyke of finite strike length 2 (2¾-D) and a finite variable depth extent. The modeling results of three profiles of the study area indicate magnetized bodies varying width from 264 to 374 m, thickness from 432 to 473m, and dipping from 52o to 68o SE.


Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Ioannis Kassaras ◽  
Vasilis Kapetanidis ◽  
Athanassios Ganas ◽  
Andreas Tzanis ◽  
Chrysanthi Kosma ◽  
...  

Knowledge and visualization of the present-day relationship between earthquakes, active tectonics and crustal deformation is a key to understanding geodynamic processes, and is also essential for risk mitigation and the management of geo-reservoirs for energy and waste. The study of the complexity of the Greek tectonics has been the subject of intense efforts of our working group, employing multidisciplinary methodologies that include detailed geological mapping, geophysical and seismological data processing using innovative methods and geodetic data processing, involved in surveying at various scales. The data and results from these studies are merged with existing or updated datasets to compose the new Seismotectonic Atlas of Greece. The main objective of the Atlas is to harmonize and integrate the most recent seismological, geological, tectonic, geophysical and geodetic data in an interactive, online GIS environment. To demonstrate the wealth of information available in the end product, herein, we present thematic layers of important seismotectonic and geophysical content, which facilitates the comprehensive visualization and first order insight into seismic and other risks of the Greek territories. The future prospect of the Atlas is the incorporation of tools and algorithms for joint analysis and appraisal of these datasets, so as to enable rapid seismotectonic analysis and scenario-based seismic risk assessment.


2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
I. Baziotis ◽  
E. Mposkos ◽  
S. Palikari ◽  
M. Perraki

In the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic Kimi Complex garnet-spinel metaperidotites with layers of clinopyroxenites occur. A detailed geochemical investigation using major-trace element relations and major-element modelling indicates that the peridotites represent mantle residues originated after variable melt extraction, along an adiabatic path starting from high- to ultrahigh-pressures. The clinopyroxenites represent HP clinopyroxene-rich cumulates probably formed within the garnet and/or Cr-spinel peridotite stability field.


1984 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jelínek ◽  
J. Souček ◽  
Z. Řanda ◽  
P. Jakeš ◽  
B. J. Bluck ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTMajor and trace element, including REE, analytical data are used as bases for interpreting the petrogenesis of the major igneous components of the northern part of the Ballantrae complex which occurs in the southwestern part of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Most of the peridotite, now serpentinised, is similar to ultramafic rocks in other ophiolite complexes. Mean crystallisation conditions, determined on the basis of co-existing orthopy-roxenes and clinopyroxenes for the dominant peridotite and minor pyroxenite were 1060 (±60)°C—20 (±2) kb and 1240 (±89)°C—25 (±25) kb, respectively. These rocks, of mantle provenance, have compositions consistent with being residues after the extraction of 20–30% of tholeiitic material from the mantle. The presence among them of a rock whose REE contents indicate that it is a plagioclase peridotite, point to the tectonic incorporation of the products of a high level magma chamber.The mafic parts of the complex have tholeiitic characteristics and developed between 1300° and 1100°C. They do not represent primary mantle melt but fractionated material. Clinopyroxene was the main fractionating phase and more than 10% fractional crystallisation is indicated with increase from gabbros, through beerbachites (metadolerites) of a sheeted dyke complex and pillow lavas, to microgabbros and pyroxene diorites. Biotite diorites and trondhjemites represent the most fractionated products, the latter having affinities with ophiolitic plagiogranites.The beerbachites of the sheeted dyke complex do not all represent the same stage of fractionation. The pillow lavas have REE patterns similar to rocks found in marginal basins but are markedly different from pillow lavas from the Highland Border Complex in Arran, near the northern margin of the Midland Valley.


Geophysics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. B173-B185 ◽  
Author(s):  
William K. Mohanty ◽  
Animesh Mandal ◽  
S. P. Sharma ◽  
Saibal Gupta ◽  
Surajit Misra

In Orissa, India, chromite deposits occur in a NE-SW trending belt as discontinuous pods associated with tectonically deformed and metamorphosed ultramafic rocks. Geological mapping and detailed geophysical survey (including gravity, magnetic, electrical, and electromagnetic methods) for exploring chromite were conducted in a [Formula: see text] area at Tangarparha, located within the belt. Lithologies include sheared granite, quartzofeldspathic gneiss, and mafic/ultramafic rocks. The calculated Bouguer anomaly map shows a distinct positive anomaly (up to 16 mGal) in the northern part of the area, indicating the existence of a very high density rock in the subsurface. The trend-surface analysis technique was applied to the gravity and magnetic data for regional-residual separation. The 2D and 2.5D forward modelings of the residual gravity anomaly suggest the presence of lithologies with densities higher than mafic/ultramafic rocks in the subsurface. Chromite fragments recovered from pits within the soil cover around the location indicate that the very high density material is likely to be chromite. Correlation of magnetic and gravity anomalies further emphasizes this possibility. The results of very low frequency (VLF) and DC-resistivity surveys reveal that the suspected chromite deposit is about 250–300 m long in a south-north direction, and 300–350 m wide in the east-west direction. The estimated depth of the deposit varies from 35–100 m. VLF and DC-resistivity methods suggest that chromite occurs in the form of a small disseminated body within a mafic/ultramafic rock matrix. The ambiguity of interpretation is reduced by systematic integration of complementary geophysical methods, compared to that from any single geophysical technique.


2012 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERDİN BOZKURT ◽  
JOHN A. WINCHESTER ◽  
MUHARREM SATıR ◽  
QUENTIN G. CROWLEY ◽  
CHRISTIAN J. OTTLEY

AbstractThe Almacık Mountains in northwestern Turkey expose an upper-amphibolite-facies complex consisting of alternating ultramafic (harzburgitic and websteritic) and mafic (metagabbroic) rock types. In the eastern part of this complex are island arc meta-tholeiites and transitional to calc-alkaline metabasites that are chemically quite similar to those of the Permo-Triassic Çele mafic complex north of Bolu, and this suggests an equivalence. However, much of the section exposes structurally deeper and chemically different mafic and ultramafic rocks, which have no equivalent in the Çele mafic complex, and isotopic dating has suggested that these rocks also formed during the Permian period and underwent Triassic and Jurassic metamorphism. Furthermore, sparse inherited ages, unlike those from İstanbul Zone granitoids, suggest a link with North African-derived Armorican-type basement (and hence the Sakarya Zone), rather than Amazonia-derived Avalonian basement. Alternating mafic and ultramafic rocks suggest structural repetition, supported by the exposure of discrete high-strain zones or poorly exposed shattered rock west of each outcrop of ultramafic rocks. The high grade of metamorphism, and the absence of either extrusive lavas or sheeted dyke rocks, suggests that the Almacık complex was not an ophiolite, but formed instead as subcontinental lower crust and subjacent mantle. Dominantly calc-alkaline geochemistry suggests that it formed the basement to an active continental margin bounding the north side of the Sakarya Continent, with S-dipping subduction of Palaeotethys. The Almacık complex was uplifted as a late result of compression against the southern margin of the İstanbul Zone in the Jurassic period. Lack of coeval high-grade metamorphism in the İstanbul Zone indicates that the latter was overthrust southwards over the Sakarya margin, and that there was therefore a change of subduction polarity in the Triassic period. The evidence further casts doubt on the existence of a Mesozoic Intra-Pontide Ocean in northwestern Turkey and suggests that the latest Permian magmatism, with subsequent Triassic and Jurassic metamorphism, was instead related to the closure of the Palaeotethyan Ocean.


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