scholarly journals Allamanda cathartica: A Review of the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biotechnology

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Petricevich ◽  
Rodolfo Abarca-Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Active Substances

In this work, we explore the current knowledge about the phytochemistry and in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the extracts and, where appropriate, the main active components characterized and isolated from the Allamanda cathartica. Of the 15 Allamanda species, most phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies have focused on A. cathartica. These plants are used for the treatment of various health disorders. Numerous phytochemical investigations of plants from the A. cathartica have shown the presence of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, fatty acids, phospholipids, volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, lactones, and carbohydrates. Various studies have confirmed that extracts and active substances isolated from the A. cathartica have multiple pharmacological activities. The species A. cathartica has emerged as a source of traditional medicine used for human health. Further studies on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties and their mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy in the species of A. cathartica is recommended.

scholarly journals Bougainvillea Genus: A Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Abarca-Vargas ◽  
Vera L. Petricevich
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Pharmacology And Toxicology ◽  
Active Substances

This review discusses the current knowledge of the phytochemistry and in vitro and in vivo evaluations carried out using the extracts and, where appropriate, the main active components isolated from the genus Bougainvillea. Out of 18 species, most phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies focused on four species with different cultivars and one hybrid. Some plants are used for the treatment of various health disorders. Numerous phytochemical investigations of plants in this genus confirm the presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, peltogynoids, flavonoids, phytosterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and betalains. Various studies have confirmed that these extracts or active substances that were isolated from the genus Bougainvillea have multiple pharmacological activities. Some species of Bougainvillea have emerged as sources of traditional medicine in human health. More studies of the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties and their mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy in all Bougainvillea species, cultivars, and hybrids are advisable for future research.

scholarly journals Active Substances from Callicarpa nudiflora Exert Anti-Cervicitis Effects and Regulate NLRP3-Associated Inflammation

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 6217
Author(s):  
Tianchi Liu ◽  
Ruiqi Wang ◽  
Chenpeng Liu ◽  
Jiahong Lu ◽  
Yitao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Active Components ◽  
New Agents ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Active Substances

Luohuazizhu suppository is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used in clinic to treat cervicitis, which is prepared from Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. et Arn (C. nudiflora), an herbal Chinese medicine named Luohuazizhu. This study aimed to figure out the active constituents of C. nudiflora and the potential mechanism for its anti-cervicitis effect. The ethanol extract in C. nudiflora (CNE) and the different fractions of CNE extracted by petroleum ether (CNE-p), dichloromethane (CNE-d), and n-butanol (CNE-b) were tested in vivo for their anti-cervicitis effects. Then the isolated compounds from the CNE-p were tested in vitro for their anti-inflammatory activities. The results displayed that CNE-p, CNE-d, and CNE-b exhibited adequate anti-cervicitis effects, with CNE-p showing the highest efficacy. Further experiment demonstrated that CNE-p could significantly inhibit the expression of NLRP3 in vitro. Six diterpenoids obtained from the CNE-p showed the ability to regulate inflammatory factor levels in vitro. Among these compounds, compounds 1 (callicarpic acid A) and 2 (syn-3,4-seco-12S-hydroxy-15,16-epoxy-4(18),8(17),3(16),14(15)-labdatetraen-3-oic acid) were the most effective agents, and they also inhibited the expression level of NLRP3 in vitro. The results confirmed that C. nudiflora has significant anti-cervicitis effects and the diterpenoids were most likely to be its active components. These data provide scientific support for the clinic usage of Luohuazizhu suppository and the development of new agents in treating cervicitis.

Phytochemical Constituents of Guggul and their Biological Qualities

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Simranjeet Singh ◽  
Ravindra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Commiphora Wightii ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Commiphora Mukul ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Herbal Formulations

: In the herbal drug pharmaceutical industry, guggul is enjoying emergent consumer acceptance around the world. In the Indian market, more than fifty formulations of guggul have been introduced by well-known brands including Himalaya, Patanjali and Baidyanath Pharmaceuticals. Basically, guggul is the gum resin from Commiphora wightii (syn. Commiphora Mukul). It has been used to treat various ailments including obesity, osteoarthritis, arthritis, constipation, liver disorders, inflammation, anemia, diabetes, etc. Including medicinal properties, it is used as a good binding agent and mixed in various herbal formulations. To review the major phytochemical, medicinal properties and analytical methods involved in the detection of guggul by using the exhaustive bibliographic research by means of various scientific engines and databases. Guggul contained approximately 66 phytochemical including gallic acid, quercetin, and guggulsterones E and Z. These phytochemicals have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antimutagenic, antivenom and antitumor. It has been noticed that the mode of action of guggulsterone has not been fully explored. Pharmacology and toxicological studies are very few. These works have shown huge literature gap, which is to be fulfilled through the detailed in-vivo and in-vitro studies.

scholarly journals A Narrative Review on the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potentials of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Leaves as an Alternative Source of Future Medicine

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Tan Yong Chia ◽  
Chee Yuen Gan ◽  
Vikneswaran Murugaiyah ◽  
Syed F. Hashmi ◽  
Tabinda Fatima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Clinacanthus Nutans

The application of natural products and supplements has expanded tremendously over the past few decades. Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans), which is affiliated to the Acanthaceae family, has recently caught the interest of researchers from the countries of subtropical Asia due to its medicinal uses in alternative treatment for skin infection conditions due to insect bites, microorganism infections and cancer, as well as for health well-being. A number of bioactive compounds from this plant’s extract, namely phenolic compounds, sulphur containing compounds, sulphur containing glycosides compounds, terpens-tripenoids, terpens-phytosterols and chlorophyll-related compounds possess high antioxidant activities. This literature search yielded about one hundred articles which were then further documented, including the valuable data and findings obtained from all accessible electronic searches and library databases. The promising pharmacological activities from C. nutans leaves extract, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-venom, analgesic and anti-nociceptive properties were meticulously dissected. Moreover, the authors also discuss a few of the pharmacological aspect of C. nutans leaves extracts against anti-hyperlipidemia, vasorelaxation and renoprotective activities, which are seldom available from the previously discussed review papers. From the aspect of toxicological studies, controversial findings have been reported in both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. Thus, further investigations on their phytochemical compounds and their mode of action showing pharmacological activities are required to fully grasp both traditional usage and their suitability for future drugs development. Data related to therapeutic activity and the constituents of C. nutans leaves were searched by using the search engines Google scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct, and accepting literature reported between 2010 to present. On the whole, this review paper compiles all the available contemporary data from this subtropical herb on its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities with a view towards garnering further interest in exploring its use in cardiovascular and renal diseases.

scholarly journals Porophyllum Genus Compounds and Pharmacological Activities: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
María José Vázquez-Atanacio ◽  
Mirandeli Bautista-Ávila ◽  
Claudia Velázquez-González ◽  
Araceli Castañeda-Ovando ◽  
Manasés González-Cortazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
New Class ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Important Center

The genus Porophyllum (family Asteraceae) is native to the western hemisphere, growing in tropical and subtropical North and South America. Mexico is an important center of diversification of the genus. Plants belong of genus Porophyllum have been used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat kidney and intestinal diseases, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infections and anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. In this sense, several trials have been made on its chemical and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities. These studies were carried on the extracts and isolated compounds and support most of their reported uses in folk medicine as antifungal, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and burn repair activities, and as a potential source of new class of insecticides. Bio guided phytochemical studies showed the isolation of thiophenes, terpenes and phenolics compounds, which could be responsible for the pharmacological activities. However, more pre-clinical assays that highlight the mechanisms of action of the compounds involved in pharmacological function are lacking. This review discusses the current knowledge of their chemistry, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities carried out on the plants belonging to the Porophyllum genus.

Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of the genus Nymphaea L.: A review.

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boniface Pone Kamdem ◽  
Eutrophe Le Doux Kamto ◽  
Aboubakar ◽  
Dieudonné Emmanuel Pegnyemb ◽  
Ferreira Elizabeth Igne
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Cancer ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Ethnomedicinal Uses

Background: Plants from the genus Nymphaea L. have been used for decades to treat various diseases, including dysentery, diarrhea, uterine cancer, gonorrhea, inflammation conditions, among others. The present study aims to critically analyze comprehensive literature on ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Nymphaea L. Methods: The available information on Nymphaea L. was obtained from textbooks, theses, as well as published articles through libraries, and electronic databases. Results: More than 150 compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, miscellaneous compounds, etc. were identified from Nymphaea L. extracts and pure molecules from Nymphaea L. exhibited a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cytotoxic, among others. Conclusion: Referring to in vitro and in vivo studies, Nymphaea sp. are very promising medicinal plants, however, more in vivo experiments, cytotoxicity tests, and detailed mechanisms of action of their extracts, and compounds are recommended to confirm their ethnomedicinal claims into scientific rationale-based information.

scholarly journals Licorice in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris and Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosar Raoufinejad ◽  
Mehdi Rajabi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation ◽  
Licorice Extract

Clinical advantages of licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) have been investigated for several years. It has been traditionally used for a variety of disorders. Different constituents with various characteristics have been isolated from Glycyrrhiza spp. extracts. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the pharmacological efficacy and safety of licorice extract constituents to treat the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris (AV) and the associated postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Anti-androgenic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, depigmenting, and skinturnover-accelerating properties have been identified for licorice extract which could be effective against AV and PIH through multiple pharmacological mechanisms. The active compounds responsible for these pharmacological activities, molecular mechanisms, safety profile, as well as the in vitro, in vivo, animal, and clinical studies are discussed. Licorice extract possesses broadspectrum activity and could be considered as an effective and safe option in the treatment of AV and its associated PIH. However, evidence-based clinical trials are required to prove its efficacy as well as safety. We hope this paper can provide new insights for further studies, particularly large controlled clinical trials.

scholarly journals Sinensetin: An Insight on Its Pharmacological Activities, Mechanisms of Action and Toxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Han Jie ◽  
Ibrahim Jantan ◽  
Syaratul Dalina Yusoff ◽  
Juriyati Jalil ◽  
Khairana Husain
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Wide Range

Sinensetin, a plant-derived polymethoxylated flavonoid found in Orthosiphon aristatus var. aristatus and several citrus fruits, has been found to possess strong anticancer activities and a variety of other pharmacological benefits and promising potency in intended activities with minimal toxicity. This review aims to compile an up-to-date reports of published scientific information on sinensetin pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action and toxicity. The present findings about the compound are critically analyzed and its prospect as a lead molecule for drug discovery is highlighted. The databases employed for data collection are mainly through Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct. In-vitro and in-vivo studies showed that sinensetin possessed strong anticancer activities and a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, anti-dementia and vasorelaxant activities. The studies provided some insights on its several mechanisms of action in cancer and other disease states. However, more detail mechanistic studies are needed to understand its pharmacological effects. More in vivo studies in various animal models including toxicity, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and bioavailability studies are required to assess its efficacy and safety before submission to clinical studies. In this review, an insight on sinensetin pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action serves as a useful resource for a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of sinensetin as a potential lead candidate for drug discovery.

Effect of carbon source on Phenobarbital metabolism by Rhizopus stolonifer

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1022-1027
Author(s):  
Kavitha K ◽  
Asha S ◽  
Hima Bindu T.V.L ◽  
Vidyavathi M
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Microbial Model

The safety and efficacy of a drug is based on its metabolism or metabolite formed. The metabolism of drugs can be studied by different in vitro models, among which microbial model became popular. In the present study, eight microbes were screened for their ability to metabolize phenobarbital in a manner comparable to humans with a model to develop alternative systems to study human drug metabolism. Among the different microbes screened, a filamentous fungi Rhizopus stolonifer metabolized phenobarbital to its metabolite which is used for further pharmacological and toxicological studies. The transformation of phenobarbital was identified by high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Interestingly, Rhizopus stolonifer sample showed an extra metabolite peak at 3.11min. compared to its controls. The influence of different carbon sources in media used for growth of fungus, on metabolite production was studied, to find its effect in production of metabolite as the carbon source may influence the growth of the cell.

Novel Phytochemical Constituents and their Potential to Manage Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaik Ibrahim Khalivulla ◽  
Arifullah Mohammed ◽  
Kokkanti Mallikarjuna
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Large Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Chemical Structures

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting a large population worldwide and stands as one of the major global health challenges to be tackled. According to World Health Organization, about 400 million are having diabetes worldwide and it is the seventh leading cause of deaths in 2016. Plant based natural products had been in use from ancient time as ethnomedicine for the treatment of several diseases including diabetes. As a result of that, there are several reports on plant based natural products displaying antidiabetic activity. In the current review, such antidiabetic potential compounds reported from all plant sources along with their chemical structures are collected, presented and discussed. This kind of reports are essential to pool the available information to one source followed by statistical analysis and screening to check the efficacy of all known compounds in a comparative sense. This kind of analysis can give rise to few numbers of potential compounds from hundreds, whom can further be screened through in vitro and in vivo studies, and human trails leading to the drug development. Methods: Phytochemicals along with their potential antidiabetic property were classified according to their basic chemical skeleton. The chemical structures of all the compounds with antidiabetic activities were elucidated in the present review. In addition to this, the distribution and their other remarkable pharmacological activities of each species is also included. Results: The scrutiny of literature led to identification of 44 plants with antidiabetic compounds (70) and other pharmacological activities. For the sake of information, the distribution of each species in the world is given. Many plant derivatives may exert antidiabetic properties by improving or mimicking the insulin production or action. Different classes of compounds including sulfur compounds (1-4), alkaloids (5-11), phenolic compounds (12-17), tannins (18-23), phenylpropanoids (24-27), xanthanoids (28-31), amino acid (32), stilbenoid (33), benzofuran (34), coumarin (35), flavonoids (36-49) and terpenoids (50-70) were found to be active potential compounds for antidiabetic activity. Of the 70 listed compounds, majorly 17 compounds are from triterpenoids, 13 flavonoids and 7 are from alkaloids. Among all the 44 plant species, maximum number (7) of compounds are reported from Lagerstroemia speciosa followed by Momordica charantia (6) and S. oblonga with 5 compounds. Conclusion: This is the first paper to summarize the established chemical structures of phytochemicals that have been successfully screened for antidiabetic potential and their mechanisms of inhibition. The reported compounds could be considered as potential lead molecules for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Further, molecular and clinical trials are required to select and establish the therapeutic drug candidates.

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