scholarly journals Stability of Antimicrobial Drug Molecules in Different Gravitational and Radiation Conditions in View of Applications during Outer Space Missions

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2221
Author(s):  
Ágota Simon ◽  
Adriana Smarandache ◽  
Vicentiu Iancu ◽  
Mihail Lucian Pascu
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Drug Stability ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Radiation Induced

The evolution of different antimicrobial drugs in terrestrial, microgravity and hypergravity conditions is presented within this review, in connection with their implementation during human space exploration. Drug stability is of utmost importance for applications in outer space. Instabilities may be radiation-induced or micro-/hypergravity produced. The antimicrobial agents used in space may have diminished effects not only due to the microgravity-induced weakened immune response of astronauts, but also due to the gravity and radiation-altered pathogens. In this context, the paper provides schemes and procedures to find reliable ways of fighting multiple drug resistance acquired by microorganisms. It shows that the role of multipurpose medicines modified at the molecular scale by optical methods in long-term space missions should be considered in more detail. Solutions to maintain drug stability, even in extreme environmental conditions, are also discussed, such as those that would be encountered during long-duration space exploratory missions. While the microgravity conditions may not be avoided in space, the suggested approaches deal with the radiation-induced modifications in humans, bacteria and medicines onboard, which may be fought by novel pharmaceutical formulation strategies along with radioprotective packaging and storage.

scholarly journals Clinical and drug resistance characteristics of Providencia stuartii infections in 76 patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 030006052096229
Author(s):  
Jiachang Liu ◽  
Ruikai Wang ◽  
Ming Fang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Hospital Department ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Providencia Stuartii

Objectives To investigate the clinical and drug resistance characteristics of Providencia stuartii infections in the Huainan region of Anhui and provide a reference for the clinical selection of antimicrobial agents. Methods This single-center retrospective analysis included 76 patients with P. stuartii infection in Huainan during the period from October 2018 to March 2020. The hospital department in which the patients were treated and the drug susceptibility characteristics of the P. stuartii isolates were recorded. Results Among the 76 patients, the lung was the most common site of infection, and intensive care unit was the main hospital department. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase screening revealed expression by all 76 isolates of P. stuartii. Of the 76 isolates, 92.1% exhibited multiple drug resistance or extensive drug resistance. P. stuartii isolates were sensitive to cefepime and imipenem, but not to other beta-lactam antibiotics. Twenty isolates were resistant to all 21 types of antibiotics. Of the 20 patients infected with extensively drug-resistant isolates, nine (45%) died. Conclusions Drug resistance is increasing in P. stuartii. The antimicrobial agent imipenem may be effective for treatment of P. stuartii infections. Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and fourth-generation cephalosporins are suitable options for antibiotic therapy.

Nanoantibiotics: A Novel Rational Approach to Antibiotic Resistant Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 720-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayse Basak Engin ◽  
Atilla Engin
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Background: The main drawbacks for using conventional antimicrobial agents are the development of multiple drug resistance due to the use of high concentrations of antibiotics for extended periods. This vicious cycle often generates complications of persistent infections, and intolerable antibiotic toxicity. The problem is that while all new discovered antimicrobials are effective and promising, they remain as only short-term solutions to the overall challenge of drug-resistant bacteria. Objective: Recently, nanoantibiotics (nAbts) have been of tremendous interest in overcoming the drug resistance developed by several pathogenic microorganisms against most of the commonly used antibiotics. Compared with free antibiotic at the same concentration, drug delivered via a nanoparticle carrier has a much more prominent inhibitory effect on bacterial growth, and drug toxicity, along with prolonged drug release. Additionally, multiple drugs or antimicrobials can be packaged within the same smart polymer which can be designed with stimuli-responsive linkers. These stimuli-responsive nAbts open up the possibility of creating multipurpose and targeted antimicrobials. Biofilm formation still remains the leading cause of conventional antibiotic treatment failure. In contrast to conventional antibiotics nAbts easily penetrate into the biofilm, and selectively target biofilm matrix constituents through the introduction of bacteria specific ligands. In this context, various nanoparticles can be stabilized and functionalized with conventional antibiotics. These composites have a largely enhanced bactericidal efficiency compared to the free antibiotic. Conclusion: Nanoparticle-based carriers deliver antibiotics with better biofilm penetration and lower toxicity, thus combating bacterial resistance. However, the successful adaptation of nanoformulations to clinical practice involves a detailed assessment of their safety profiles and potential immunotoxicity.

Spectrum and resistance determinants of oral streptococci clinical isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 632-637
Author(s):  
Nataliia Valerievna Davidovich ◽  
A. S. Galieva ◽  
N. G. Davydova ◽  
O. G. Malygina ◽  
N. N. Kukalevskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Periodontal Pocket ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Clinically Significant

The profiles of oral streptococci sensitivity to antibacterial drugs may reflect information about the presence of macroorganism resistance determinants. The aim of the work was to isolate the spectrum of oral streptococci from the microbiota of the oral cavity of patients and to determine their sensitivity to a wide range of antibiotics. A total of 342 microbial streptococcal isolates were isolated from saliva samples and a periodontal pocket and tested for antibiotic sensitivity. Species identification of streptococci was carried out using biochemical API test systems. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance was performed using E-tests. Real-time PCR was used to identify the presence of tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes. The study identified six types of oral streptococci: S. oralis, S. salivarius, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. anginosus and S. mutans. All streptococci were sensitive to linezolid and meropenem. The proportion of penicillin-resistant streptococci in the subgroup S. oralis / mitis / mutans was 47,8% versus 23,5% in the subgroup S. salivarius / sanguinis / anginosus (p = 0.020). Significant levels of resistance were revealed to macrolides (erythromycin) - 47,9%, tetracyclines (tetracycline) - 44,4% and quinolones (ofloxacin) - 41%. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 31,9% of oral streptococcal isolates, a combination of erythromycin, tetracycline and ofloxacin resistance was prevalent in 79 isolates (23,1%). The most common genotypes of macrolides and tetracycline resistant oral streptococci (in 127 streptococcal isolates with combined resistance) were ermB-mefE + and tetM + tetQ-, respectively. Thus, S. oralis / mitis / mutans group streptococci predominated in the structure of antibiotic-resistant oral streptococci, including MDR. So, being in one of the most densely populated biotopes of a macroorganism, oral streptococci can mediate the transfer of resistance determinants to more pathogenic and clinically significant microorganisms, which requires careful monitoring of their level of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella spp. isolated from commercial chickens and human clinical isolates from South Africa and Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver T. Zishiri ◽  
Nelisiwe Mkhize ◽  
Samson Mukaratirwa
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
South African ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Salmonellosis is a significant public health concern around the world. The injudicious use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production for treatment, growth promotion and prophylaxis has resulted in the emergence of drug resistant strains of Salmonella. The current study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes from Salmonella isolated from South African and Brazilian broiler chickens as well as human clinical isolates. Out of a total of 200 chicken samples that were collected from South Africa 102 (51%) tested positive for Salmonella using the InvA gene. Of the overall 146 Salmonella positive samples that were screened for the iroB gene most of them were confirmed to be Salmonella enterica with the following prevalence rates: 85% of human clinical samples, 68.6% of South African chicken isolates and 70.8% of Brazilian chicken samples. All Salmonella isolates obtained were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing with 10 antibiotics. Salmonella isolates from South African chickens exhibited resistance to almost all antimicrobial agents used, such as tetracycline (93%), trimethoprim-sulfamthoxazole (84%), trimethoprim (78.4%), kanamycin (74%), gentamicin (48%), ampicillin (47%), amoxicillin (31%), chloramphenicol (31%), erythromycin (18%) and streptomycin (12%). All samples were further subjected to PCR in order to screen some common antimicrobial and virulence genes of interest namely spiC, pipD, misL, orfL, pse-1, tet A, tet B, ant (3")-la, sul 1 and sul. All Salmonella positive isolates exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent; however, antimicrobial resistance patterns demonstrated that multiple drug resistance was prevalent. The findings provide evidence that broiler chickens are colonised by pathogenic Salmonella harbouring antimicrobial resistance genes. Therefore, it is evident that there is a need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production systems in order to mitigate the proliferation of multiple drug resistance across species.Keywords: Salmonella; antimicrobial resistance; chicken; human; susceptibility; virulence gene

OP115 Effect Of Multiple Drug Resistance On Costs For Patients With Intra-Abdominal Infections in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 52-52
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhen ◽  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
Yixi Chen ◽  
Peng Dong ◽  
Stephanie Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Abdominal Infections ◽  
The Impact

INTRODUCTION:Multiple drug resistance (MDR) intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are associated with noteworthy direct and societal costs. Compared to previous studies, the present one takes both resistance rate and total medical costs (TMCs) into consideration, focusing on the impact of MDR on TMCs in IAIs, as well as further estimating the additional costs at a national level.METHODS:All inpatients discharged between 1 January 2014, and 31 December 2015 from a teaching hospital were included. Due to limits in budget and the large number of inpatients, the randombetween (bottom, top) function was applied to randomly select 40 percent of patients per year. Subsequently, we manually screened out 254 patients with IAIs, according to the International Classification of Disease (tenth revision) and electronic medical records. Eventually, 101 IAIs patients were included, in which 37 were infected by non-MDR bacteria and 64 by MDR bacteria. The Kruskal-wallis non-parametric test and multiple linear regression were employed to analyze the effect of single and multiple variables on TMCs.RESULTS:Compared to patients with non-MDR infections, those with MDR were associated with significantly higher TMCs, higher antimicrobial costs, increased insurance, combination antimicrobial therapy, higher usage of antimicrobial agents, greater number of pathogens, longer length of stay, and longer intensive care unit stays. In addition, the average TMCs among patients with MDR were CNY131,801.17 (1USD was equal to CNY 6.227 in 2015), which were CNY 90,200.99 higher than those with non-MDR infections. If our results are generalizable to the whole country, the total attributable TMCs are estimated to be CNY37.06 billion, and the societal costs of CNY111.18 billion in 2015.CONCLUSIONS:This real-world data analysis demonstrated the significant excessive burden MDR infections are posing to the current Chinese healthcare system in terms of both TMCs and healthcare resource utilization. Enhanced antimicrobial stewardship in China is necessary to curb the distribution of MDR bacteria.

scholarly journals Citric acid: A potential permeabilizer against multiple drug resistance enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti G. Dharmik ◽  
Ashok V. Gomashe ◽  
Bharat J. Wadher
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Enteric diseases enter through the mouth and are usually spread by contaminated food, water or contact with contaminated vomit or feces. Enteric infection encompasses all the infections of the intestinal tract. These intestinal infections include organisms like Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus etc. Out of these, E. coli are one of the common causes of enteric infection. In spite the introduction of a wide variety of antimicrobial agents against enteric diseases, life threatening infections caused by E. coli contributes to morbidity and mortality in patients. The present study was conducted to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli obtained from stool samples and potentiation of antibiotic activity by citric acid against multiple drug resistant E. coli. Out of the 200 isolates of E. coli, 150 were found to be resistant to one or more antibiotics tested. 0.05% and 0.1% citric acid was found to be effective in increasing the potency of the all the antibiotics used in the study.

scholarly journals High prevalence of trimethoprim-resistance cassettes in class 1 and 2 integrons in Senegalese Shigella spp isolates

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Gassama Sow ◽  
Awa Aïdara-Kane ◽  
Olivier Barraud ◽  
Martine Gatet ◽  
François Denis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Clonal Spread ◽  
Established Role

Background: Integrons have a well-established role in the dissemination of resistance among Gram-negative pathogens and are thus a useful marker of antibiotic resistance. Shigellae are noteworthy for their multiple drug resistance, having gradually acquired resistance to most widely use and inexpensive antimicrobial drugs. Methodology: A total of 32 Shigella strains belonging to serotypes flexneri, dysenteriae, and boydii 20, a new Shigella serovar, resistant to at least four antibiotics were analyzed by molecular techniques.Results: Class 1 integrons were the most prevalent (92.8%); class 2 integrons were found in 16 strains (57.1%). Fifty percent of the strains harboured both class 1 and 2 integrons (intI1 and intI2 genes); this combination of integrase genes was most prevalent in S. boydii 20 and S. dysenteriae strains. The class 1 integrons detected contained dfr and aadA cassettes, alone or in combination (dfrA5/dfrA15, or dfrA15-aadA1, dfrA1-aadA2), and an atypical cassette array with an insertion sequence (oxa30-aadA1-IS1). For class 2 integrons, we detected either the same cassettes as those found in Tn7 (dfrA1-sat1-aadA1-orfX) or truncated class 2 integrons without aadA1 or orfX. The tns genes were absent from all class 2 integrons.The distribution of integrons among RAPD profiles and serotypes revealed a clonal spread of integrons into serotypes and a transfer of integrons between different serotypes. Conclusions: The detection of integrons in a new Shigella serovar, in addition with a high integron prevalence among Shigella strains, confirms the propensity of shigellae to acquire and disseminate resistance determinants.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Nosocomial Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Catherine N. Stanley ◽  
Inimuvie Ekada
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate

Background: Many infections could previously be treated effectively based on the clinicians past clinical experience. The development of resistance to essentially all of the antimicrobial agents currently in use in clinical practice has made this scenario more of the exception than the norm. Selecting an appropriate antimicrobial agent has become increasingly more challenging as the clinician has to navigate through the variety of available agents in the face of increasing antimicrobial resistance. The diagnostic laboratory plays very important role in clinical practice.   To ensure safe and effective empirical treatment, a surveillance study of the susceptibility pattern of common pathogens and appropriate use of antibiotics is imperative. This current study reports on the prevalence, distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of nosocomial pathogens isolated at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) and the effectiveness of the antibiotics commonly prescribed at the hospital in treating these infections. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of specimens received at the Microbiology Laboratory was conducted over a six-month period, from October 2015 to March 2016 using urine, blood and semen specimens respectively. A total of 5,160 samples received and analyzed at the laboratory within the study period were assessed. Results: Out of the 5160 specimens analyzed, 881(17.07%) were positive for bacteria out of which 691(78.43%), 86(9.76%), 104 (11. 81%) were from urine, blood and semen respectively. Escherichia coli (35.74%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (52.33%) and Staphylococcus aureus (65.4%) were the most frequently isolated pathogens from urine, blood and semen respectively. Wide spread multiple-drug resistance was observed among the organisms. Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli isolated from urine were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, gentamycin and ceftriaxone. A review of the pattern of prescribing antibiotics revealed that in the Accidents and Emergency unit, ceftriaxone (34.09%) and metronidazole (30.09%) were most frequently prescribed while in the General Out-Patient Department, metronidazole (19.09%), amoxicillin (16.61%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (9.39%) and ofloxacin (9.39%) were often prescribed. S. aureus was susceptible to only ceftriaxone while K. pneumoniae and E. coli were susceptible only to ofloxacin. Conclusion: Most of the isolated pathogens were not susceptible to the frequently prescribed antibiotics. Empirical prescribing of antibiotics without current epidemiological data of pathogens in the hospital can only further exacerbate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. The need for epidemiological surveillance and rational use of antibiotics in the Hospital is therefore strongly recommended.

scholarly journals MoO₃ Nano-Bricks as Novel Antimicrobial Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh B. Alghamdi
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Molybdenum Oxides ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Antimicrobial Potential

Multiple drug resistance in microorganisms has impersonated critical vulnerability to existing antibiotics; hence substitutes/or options to encounter resistant pathogenic microbes are desirable. Our focus in this study was the synthesis and characterization of Molybdenum oxide (MoO3) nano-bricks and to explore them in terms of their antimicrobial potential. MoO3 nano-bricks were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using (NH4)6Mo7O24⋅4H2O precursor and calcination at 500 °C for 2 h. The synthesized MoO3 nano-bricks determined antibacterial activity against four bacterial isolates and one fungal isolate. The MoO3 bricks were characterized using standard physicochemical characterization viz. XRD, SEM, FTIR, and EDX. In the present investigation, characteristic antibacterial properties of MoO3 nano-bricks against Gram +ve (S. aureus ATCC 29213 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228) and Gram -ve (E. coli ATCC 35218 and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603) bacteria is noted. The antifungal activity was tested using C. albicans ATCC 10231 as model organism. Molybdenum oxides generate acidic medium and demonstrated potent antimicrobial action for various pathogenic bacterial strains causing infections. The MoO3 nano-bricks depicted broad spectrum antimicrobial potential which strongly recommends their use as material of choice as potential antimicrobial material to be used in food industry, water purification, textile industry etc.

Drug of Choice in the Treatment of Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonellae Isolated from Wildlife in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
O. O. Oludairo
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

Multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are frequently encountered with increased rates in recent years. Many variants of the organism have developed MDR genes which they retain even when antimicrobial drugs are no more in use, limiting the choice of drugs for therapy of Salmonella infections resulting in morbidity and mortality in both man and animals and raising more public health questions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Salmonella spp. to twelve antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Eight Salmonella spp. isolated from wildlife were tested. All the isolates exhibited MDR, showing resistance to at least four and up to nine antimicrobial agents. They were all highly resistant (100%) to ceftazidime, cephazoline, cefuroxidine and ampicillin but were susceptible to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Six resistant patterns were observed, with ampicillin-cefuroxime sodiumcephazolin-ceftazidime and streptomycin-ampicillin-cefuroxime sodium-cephazolin-ceftazidime resistant patterns exhibited by two isolates each. The substantial multiple resistance pointed to the fact that limitations could be faced in choosing drugs for the treatment of Salmonella infections and that mortality and economic losses could be experienced especially if sensitivity tests are not carried out before antimicrobial choice is made for treatments in both man and animals.

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