scholarly journals Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities (α-Glucosidase, Xanthine Oxidase, and Acetylcholinesterase) of Musella lasiocarpa

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4472
Author(s):  
Rurui Li ◽  
Yuerong Ru ◽  
Zhenxing Wang ◽  
Xiahong He ◽  
Kin-Weng Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Etoac Fraction ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Crude Methanol Extract

In this study, we aimed to investigate the chemical components and biological activities of Musella lasiocarpa, a special flower that is edible and has functional properties. The crude methanol extract and its four fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions) were tested for their total antioxidant capacity, followed by their α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. Among the samples, the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were found in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction (224.99 mg GAE/g DE) and crude methanol extract (187.81 mg QE/g DE), respectively. The EtOAc fraction of Musella lasiocarpa exhibited the strongest DPPH· scavenging ability, ABTS·+ scavenging ability, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 values of 22.17, 12.10, and 125.66 μg/mL, respectively. The EtOAc fraction also showed the strongest ferric reducing antioxidant power (1513.89 mg FeSO4/g DE) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity ability (524.11 mg Trolox/g DE), which were higher than those of the control BHT. In contrast, the aqueous fraction demonstrated the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 10.11 μg/mL), and the best xanthine oxidase inhibitory ability (IC50 = 5.23 μg/mL) was observed from the crude methanol extract as compared with allopurinol (24.85 μg/mL). The HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses further revealed an impressive arsenal of compounds, including phenolic acids, fatty acids, esters, terpenoids, and flavonoids, in the most biologically active EtOAc fraction. Taken together, this is the first report indicating the potential of Musella lasiocarpa as an excellent natural source of antioxidants with possible therapeutic, nutraceutical, and functional food applications.

scholarly journals IN VITRO TOTAL PHENOLICS, FLAVONOIDS CONTENTS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITES OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS FROM THE MEDICINAL PLANT PHYSALIS MINIMA LINN

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkanna Banothu ◽  
Uma Adepally ◽  
Jayalakshmi Lingam
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antioxidant Power

Objective: To estimate the in vitro total phenolics, flavonoids contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Physalis minima Linn.Methods: The crude bioactive were extracted from the dried powder of Physalis minima using methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane solvents. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to determine the in vitro antioxidant capacity. The antimicrobial assay was done through agar well diffusion; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth microdilution methods against the Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus).Results: TPC expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ranged from 60.27±1.73-151.25±2.50 mg GAE/g dry weight, and TFC expressed as quercetin equivalents (QE) ranged from 56.66±0.80-158.84±2.30 mg QE/g dry weight. Methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane extract and the IC50 values of methanol extract for scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals were 280.23±5.75-173.40±0.38µg/ml, respectively. All the extracts have shown potent antimicrobial activity for the zone of inhibition ranged from 9-35 mm; MICs and MBCs values ranged from 0.125-4.0 and 0.25-8.0 mg/ml, respectively towards tested pathogenic species.Conclusion: The comprehensive analysis of the present results demonstrated that Physalis minima possess high potential antioxidant properties which could be used as a viable source of natural antioxidants in treating infections caused by above-mentioned pathogens.

scholarly journals In vitro assessment of the protection from oxidative stress by various fractions of Artemisia incisa Pamp.

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1379-1386
Author(s):  
A Aziz-Ur-Rehman ◽  
Sehrish Gulzar ◽  
Muhammad Abbasi ◽  
Tayyaba Shahzadi ◽  
Tauheeda Riaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Ic50 Value

The methanolic extract of Artemisia incisa Pamp. was dissolved in distilled water and successively partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The antioxidant potential of all these fractions and remaining aqueous fraction was evaluated by four methods, i.e., the scavenging activity of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), the total antioxidant activity, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and the ferric thiocyanate assay. In addition, the total phenolics was determined. The obtained results revealed that among the studied fractions the ethyl acetate soluble fraction showed the most potent DPPH-radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 5.3 ? 0.71 ?g mL-1, which is even more effective than the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 value 0f 12.1? 0.92 ?g mL-1). The ethyl acetate fraction also showed the highest FRAP value (3677.13 ? 27.1 ?g TE mL-1), inhibition of lipid peroxidation (60.93 ? 0.84 % at 500 ?g mL-1) and total phenolic content (95.5 ? 0.05 ?g GAE g-1) as compared to other fractions. However, the remaining aqueous fraction was found to posses the highest antioxidant activity of all the fractions.

scholarly journals Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Penghambatan Xantin Oksidase Kulit Batang Songi (Dillenia serrata Thunb.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
Carla Wulandari Sabandar ◽  
Juriyati Jalil ◽  
Norizan Ahmat ◽  
Nor-Ashila Aladdin ◽  
Harni Sartika Kamaruddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Organic Fractions

Songi (Dillenia serrata) is a tree endemic to Southeast Sulawesi and its stem bark been used in folk medicine. Nonetheless, only a handful scientific knowledge regarding chemistry and biological activities has been investigated on the plant. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of the stem bark of the plant. Methanol extract and organic fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of the dried powdered stem bark of songi were evaluated for phytochemical screening, total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH, FRAP, and XO in vitro assays. Flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins present in the extract. TPC and TFC in extract were 59.2 mg GAE/g and 23.4 mg QE/g. The contents in organic fractions were in solvent-dependent manner (methanol>ethyl acetate>petroleum ether). Extract and fractions scavenged DPPH radicals (48.2–59.7%) at 100 μg/mL compared to ascorbic acid, trolox, and gallic acid (90.3–93.8%). FRAP values varied from 0.8–3.4 μg/μg equivalent trolox amount (quercetin and gallic acid were 25.7 dan 32.4 μg/μg, respectively). They also inhibited xanthine oxidase (15.3–50.3%) at 100 μg/mL (allopurinol, 98.2%). The study concluded the potential of methanol extract and organic fraction of the stem bark of songi, thus highlighted the prospect of songi to be used in herbal and drugs development from nature.

scholarly journals Bioactive chemical constituents, acute toxicity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of Polyalthia longifolia root

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 018-026
Author(s):  
Charles Akhadelor Unuigbe ◽  
Chinem Fumi Unula ◽  
Anthony Aiwonegbe ◽  
Jeremiah Ogboma Uadia ◽  
Isaac Akhigbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Polyalthia Longifolia ◽  
Crude Methanol Extract

Polyalthia longifolia (masquerade tree) is a plant which is believed to possess varied pharmacological and therapeutic values among different populations. The present report investigated the phytochemical composition, proximate, acute toxicity and antioxidant potential of P. longfolia root. All analyses were carried out using established methods; the antioxidant activity of the crude methanol extract and its fractions (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) were examined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay while the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu and the aluminum chloride calibration methods respectively. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, reducing sugars, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and protein in aqueous extract. The proximate analysis showed moisture content, total ash, alcohol extractive value, water extractive value, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash at 8.80, 9.35, 3.28, 3.29, 2.27 and 7.29% respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant property compared to the n-hexane fraction and crude methanol extract in all assays conducted. Also, the methanol fraction was found to have the highest flavonoids and phenolic content among the extract and fractions. Oral administration of crude methanol extract of P. longifolia to Swiss mice was relatively non-toxic at a maximum dose of 5000 mg/kg. The root extract and fractions of P. longifolia indicated moderately high level of some phytochemicals with outstanding radical scavenging activity, and therefore substantiate its use as a conventional and comparatively non-toxic plant antioxidant.

scholarly journals Comparative antioxidant studies of methanol pericarp, mesocarp, seed and whole-fruit extracts and fractions of Citrullus lanatus

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
EO Ettebong ◽  
◽  
GB Inyang ◽  
PS Thomas ◽  
AIL Bassey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Fruit Extracts

Aim: This study evaluated the antioxidant potentials of methanol seed, pericarp, mesocarp, and whole-fruit extracts and fractions of Citrillus lanatus. Methods: Various extracts and fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) of Citrillus lanatus whole-fruit were investigated for 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results: In the DPPH assay, the seed extract showed the highest activity (48%) followed by the whole-fruit extract (27%), pericarp (26%) and the mesocarp (22%) at 100 ug/ml. The whole-fruit fractions also showed improved activity with DCM fraction (64%), ethyl acetate (62%), aqueous fraction (46%) and n-butanol (24%) at 100 ug/ml but the activity observed with ascorbic acid, was much higher (84%). The seed extract had the highest phenolic content (14.30 mg) gallic acid equivalents per gram followed by the pericarp (9.58 mg/g), whole-fruit (6.94 mg/g) and mesocarp (2.78 mg/g). The DCM fraction exhibited the highest TPC (78.19 mg/g) followed by ethyl acetate (61.11 mg/g), aqueous (26.66 mg/g) and n-butanol (10.69 mg/g). FRAP assay showed strongest activity with the whole-fruit extract (0.640nm) followed by seed, mesocarp and pericarp extracts. The DCM fraction showed the highest antioxidant potential (0.735nm) followed by ethyl acetate, aqueous and n-butanol fractions but not comparable to ascorbic acid. Conclusion: The results revealed that C. lanatus seeds, pericarp, mesocarp and whole-fruit extracts and fractions contain varying amounts of flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds which exhibit potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities.

scholarly journals Radical Scavenging activity and phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 069-076
Author(s):  
Awotedu BF ◽  
Omolola TO ◽  
Akala AO ◽  
Ogunsiji AO ◽  
Owoeye EA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power

Antioxidants are chemicals that possess bioactive constituents which usually allow them to fight against free radicals. Antioxidant and phytochemicals properties of the leaves of Synsepalum dulcificum were investigated using ethyl-acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts. 2, 2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total flavonoid and the total phenolic content was carried out. The phytochemical screening assay was done on the following: Alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, tannin, anthraquinones, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and phlobatannin using the test solvent extracts. The results gotten for antioxidant revealed that methanol gave the highest extract yield (17.4%) while ethyl-acetate extract had the least yield (5.0%). At 250 μg/ml extract concentration, the methanolic extract gave the highest amount with the IC50 values (89.94 μg/ml), followed by ethanol extract (68.20 μg/ml)) while ethyl acetate extract had the least scavenging activity of (39.21 μg/ml), and these were significantly different (P<0.05). Total antioxidant activity (ascorbic acid equivalent) at 250 μg/ml of S. dulcificum ranged from 41.7 AAE in ethyl-acetate extract to 58.98 AAE in methanol extract. Furthermore, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the leaf extracts revealed that at 250 μg/ml extract concentration, methanol extract had the highest (0.29μmolFe2+/g) reduction potential, followed by ethanol extract (0.28μmolFe2+/g) and ethyl-acetate extract (0.26μmolFe2+/g). The total phenolic content of the extracts ranged from 0.02μg/ml TAE–0.09μg/ml TAE at 1000μg/ml extract concentration while the total flavonoid content ranged from 0.32mg/g QE in ethyl-acetate extract to 14.38mg/g QE in methanol extract. This study suggests that S. dulcificum extract exhibit great potential antioxidant ability that could fight against oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities in vitro of Gomphrena CelosiodesMart

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dang Kim Thu ◽  
Vu Thi Hoa ◽  
Chu Ngoc Khanh ◽  
Bui Thanh Tung
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Etoac Fraction ◽  
Inhibitory Activities

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that has an improtant role in the synthesis of uric acid. XO is an enzyme allowscatalyzing the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. These are two reactions in the final stage of metabolism of the purines in the body. Offal, XO enzyme inhibitors reduce biosynthesis of uric acid have been used to prevent and treat gout. In this study, Gompherena celosiodes is extracted by ultrasonic with ethanol 80 % (EtOH)solvents and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) solvents. These fractions were evaluated xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities in vitro. The results show that n-BuOH fraction from roots bark had the strongest XO enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50: 27,39 ± 0,31µg/mL), followed by EtOH fraction (IC50: 47,37 ± 0,26 µg/mL) and EtOAc fraction (IC50: 33,36 ± 0,51µg/mL) and the lowest is n-hexan fraction (IC50: 81,59 ± 0,21µg/mL). The research results indicated that the n-BuOH fraction and the EtOAc fraction from tree-hatched soil have a potential in the prevention and treatment of gout.

scholarly journals Costus aferPossesses Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes Inhibitory Activity and Antioxidant CapacityIn Vitro

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armelle D. Tchamgoue ◽  
Lauve R. Y. Tchokouaha ◽  
Protus A. Tarkang ◽  
Jules-Roger Kuiate ◽  
Gabriel A. Agbor
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Hydrolyzing Enzymes

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of glucose metabolism which correlates with postprandial hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Control of blood glucose level is imperative in the management of diabetes. The present study tested the hypothesis thatCostus afer, an antihyperglycemic medicinal plant, possesses inhibitory activity against carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts were prepared from the leaf, stem, and rhizome ofC. aferand subjected to phytochemical screening, assayed forα-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory activities and antioxidant capacity (determined by total phenolic and total flavonoids contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH radical scavenging activity). All extracts inhibitedα-amylase andα-glucosidase activities. Ethyl acetate rhizome and methanol leaf extracts exhibited the best inhibitory activity againstα-amylase andα-glucosidase (IC50: 0.10 and 5.99 mg/mL), respectively. Kinetic analysis revealed two modes of enzyme inhibition (competitive and mixed). All extracts showed antioxidant capacity, with hexane extracts exhibiting the best activity. DPPH assay revealed that methanol leaf, rhizome, and ethyl acetate stem extracts (IC50< 5 mg/mL) were the best antioxidants. The presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and tannins may account for the antioxidant capacity and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitory activity ofC. afer.

scholarly journals Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Properties of Ethanolic Extract and Its Fractions from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Leaves

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengcheng Zhang ◽  
Daqun Liu ◽  
Liehong Wu ◽  
Jianming Zhang ◽  
Xiaoqiong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Dicaffeoylquinic Acid ◽  
Dried Extract ◽  
Sweet Potato Leaves

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaf is a natural source of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant activity and potential utility as an antioxidant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the polyphenol composition and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts and their various solvent-partitioned fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fraction) from sweet potato leaves and petioles. Seven caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) derivatives and four flavonoids were detected in sweet potato leaves by HPLC-ESI-MS. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in leaf (112.98 ± 4.14 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dried extract, 56.87 ± 5.69 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g of dried extract) was more than ten times higher than in petiole (9.22 ± 2.67 mg GAE/g of dried extract, 3.81 ± 0.52 mg RE/g of dried extract). The antioxidant contents of ethyl acetate fractions increased dramatically relative to those of crude extracts for both leaves and petioles. Purification using solvent partition with ethyl acetate increased TPC and TFC of crude extracts, especially the CQA derivatives including 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate fractions with the highest CQA content were associated with the highest scavenging activities towards 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and higher ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)-reducing power.

scholarly journals ANTIHYPERURICEMIC AND XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF FRACTIONS FROM ETHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF STELECHOCARPUS BURAHOL

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Titik Sunarni
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Inhibitory Activities

Objectives: The aims of the research were to evaluate antihyperuricemic and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of fractions from ethanolic leaves extract of Stelechocarpus burahol. Methods: S. burahol leaves powder was extracted in ethanol by maceration method, then extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction method using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Hyperuricemic rat model was induced by administered potassium oxonate intraperitoneally. The activity of these fractions on XO inhibitory was determined by measuring the uric acid formation using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method after incubating with XO.   Results: The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the uric level by 32.0 and 28.0% respectively compared to uric acid level of hyperuricemic group at one hour after drug administration (p < 0.05). On XO inhibitory activity test, only n-hexane fraction exhibited XO inhibitory activity with IC50 541.76 µg/ml. Conclusion: The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions from ethanolic leaves extract of S.burahol had antihiperuricemic activity, but less inhibitor effect on XO activity. Keywords: Stelechocarpus burahol, liquid-liquid extraction, antihyperuricemic, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity 

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