scholarly journals Drugs That Changed Society: History and Current Status of the Early Antibiotics: Salvarsan, Sulfonamides, and β-Lactams

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 6057
Author(s):  
Søren Brøgger Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
High Standard ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Antibiotic Drugs

The appearance of antibiotic drugs revolutionized the possibilities for treatment of diseases with high mortality such as pneumonia, sepsis, plaque, diphtheria, tetanus, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis. Today fewer than 1% of mortalities in high income countries are caused by diseases caused by bacteria. However, it should be recalled that the antibiotics were introduced in parallel with sanitation including sewerage, piped drinking water, high standard of living and improved understanding of the connection between food and health. Development of salvarsan, sulfonamides, and β-lactams into efficient drugs is described. The effects on life expectancy and life quality of these new drugs are indicated.

Gender and Regional Differences in the Life Expectancy in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Rodionova ◽  
E. D. Kopnova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Poor Nutrition

The relevance of the chosen topic is closely related to the development of a system for monitoring the implementation of the May Presidential Decree (2018) to increase life expectancy and improve the quality of life of the population. It has been stated that despite the positive dynamics of life expectancy over the past decade, Russia still has a huge regional differentiation (16,6 years for women, 18,2 years for men in 2016) and an average gender gap - 10,6 years. The choice of factors affecting the gender gap in life expectancy in Russian regions is supported by a conclusion most common in foreign studies that climatic conditions, living conditions, the quality of food and drinking water, alcohol consumption are essential components of public health and life expectancy.The article provides an overview of studies on assessment factors of life expectancy, presents the authors’ approach to identifying gender gaps in life expectancy, living conditions, and lifestyle affecting the indicator of life expectancy. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of gender gap in life expectancy in Russia and foreign countries. The paper studies the correlation between living conditions and lifestyle, and life expectancy.Classification of the regions by the life expectancy at birth for men and women is an important component of this study. The authors used Rosstat data for 2016 and the k-means method to select three clusters of Russian regions taking into account gender, living conditions and lifestyle. The paper identifies similar health problems of the regions that are associated with alcohol consumption, poor nutrition and poor quality of drinking water, poor housing and living conditions. The lowest life expectancy rates for men and women are recorded in regions of the 1st cluster (Jewish Autonomous Region, Republic of Tuva, Chukotka Autonomous Area). High mortality rates are a result of external causes. There is a poor quality of drinking water and poor nutrition, excessive alcohol consumption, and inadequate housing conditions.Based on the obtained results were determined possible reserves for reducing the gender and regional differentiation of life expectancy.

Air pollution and health condition of inhabitants of big cities in Śląskie Voivodship

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Zofia Mielecka-Kubień ◽  
Andrzej Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Industrial District ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Big cities in Śląskie Voivodship, especially those from the territory of the former Upper Silesian Industrial District, are characterised by a high level of industrialization, relatively high standard of living and very high level of environmental pollution. The aim of the study described in this paper is to assess the levels of selected types of air pollution in big cities in Śląskie Voivodship and to compare them against chosen reports on the health condition of the population of the voivodship in the years 2014–2016. The study was based on data from the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection and Statistics Poland. The comparison of selected indicators of the health condition of the populations in the studied cities against their levels of air pollution demonstrated that in cities where air pollution reached the highest levels, the values of indicators of mortality were also the highest, whereas the values of indicators of life expectancy of newborn babies were the lowest. The worst situation regarding both the air pollution and health condition was observed in Chorzów, Dąbrowa Górnicza and Rybnik, and the best in Bielsko-Biała and Tychy.

Analiza factorilor determinanți ai evoluției speranței de viață la naștere în România (1990-2018)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ionel Muntele ◽  
◽  
Alexandru Banica ◽  
Dumitru-Marcel Istrate ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Medical Infrastructure

Analysis of the determinants of life expectancy at birth evolution in Romania (1990-2018). For Romania, the year 1990 constituted a turning point in the evolution of one of the most illustrative indicators of quality of life: life expectancy at birth. From the stagnation that characterized the last part of the communist period, in the first phase, the deterioration of living conditions, transposed in the decline of this indicator, especially in the rural environment and for the male gender. Starting with 2000, however, there is a continuous recovery, an expression of the improvement of the standard of living but also of some behavioral changes. In this context we can legitimately ask ourselves what were the determining factors of this evolution and to what extent each one intervened. The identification in the specialized literature of a number of 8 factors and the creation of a related database allowed, through linear regression and multiple regression, to establish a possible answer. The evolution of life expectancy at birth in territorial profile and its correlation with the distribution of the main causes of death were analyzed. It was observed the persistence of regional disparities but also the change of the weight of some explanatory factors. These developments can be accounted for by the unequal adaptation to the new context imposed by the transition to the market economy, especially benefiting the cities with a strong medical infrastructure.

scholarly journals Current status and future trends in Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology in Malaysia

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. A. L. Lim ◽  
R. A. Ahmad ◽  
H. V. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Public Health Professionals

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are major causes of diarrhoeal diseases of humans worldwide, and are included in the World Health Organisation's ‘Neglected Diseases Initiative’. Cryptosporidium and Giardia occur commonly in Malaysian human and non-human populations, but their impact on disease, morbidity and cost of illness is not known. The commonness of contributions from human (STW effluents, indiscriminate defaecation) and non-human (calving, lambing, muck spreading, slurry spraying, pasturing/grazing of domestic animals, infected wild animals) hosts indicate that many Malaysian environments, particularly water and soil, are sufficiently contaminated to act as potential vehicles for the transmission of disease. To gain insight into the morbidity and mortality caused by human cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, they should be included into differential diagnoses, and routine laboratory testing should be performed and (as for many infectious diseases) reported to a centralised public health agency. To understand transmission routes and the significance of environmental contamination better will require further multidisciplinary approaches and shared resources, including raising national perceptions of the parasitological quality of drinking water. Here, the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia should be an integral part of the water quality requirement. A multidisciplinary approach among public health professionals in the water industry and other relevant health- and environment-associated agencies is also required in order to determine the significance of Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination of Malaysian drinking water. Lastly, adoption of validated methods to determine the species, genotype and subgenotype of Cryptosporidium and Giardia present in Malaysia will assist in developing effective risk assessment, management and communication models.

scholarly journals Selected Geographical and Tourist Aspects in the Assessment of the Quality and Standard of Living of Polonia in the Greater Toronto Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3 (181)) ◽  
pp. 79-100
Author(s):  
Kamila Ziółkowska-Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Community Living ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Greater Toronto Area ◽  
The City

The quality of life is commonly referred to as a determinant of well-being, contentment, happiness or a sense of satisfaction with one’s own existence. Often used interchangeably with the level, conditions or standard of living. Quality of life is the satisfaction of meeting all human needs. The main aim of this research is to determine the level and quality of life in terms of tourism by the Polish community living in the Greater Toronto Area, which includes the city of Toronto and four regions: Halton, Peel, York and Durham.The article will present its own model of objective factors (standard of living) and subjective factors (life quality) interacting with each other with a particular emphasis on geographic and tourism aspects. The main aim of this article is to show how the Polish community living in the Greater Toronto Area assesses the aspects related to tourism management in the city. The results of the study will be presented on the basis of a survey questionnaire conducted on 583 respondents. The respondents assessed, among other things, whether they were satisfied with the conditions of rest and relaxation in this city, public transport and the environmental quality. Respondents were also asked to evaluate the activity of Polish travel agencies operating in the Greater Toronto Area. The study will also address matters related to improving the quality of life and tourism development in the city. As indicated by the respondents, such activities as supporting existing tourist activities, expansion of bicycle paths or increasing sports and recreational infrastructure (i.e. construction projects of swimming pools, tennis courts) are the main needs in the city, which could contribute to the higher rated aspects of Toronto related to tourism. Data will be presented showing that in the Polish community in the last twelve months their household had enough income to cover the costs related to leisure, vacations, holidays or school breaks.

scholarly journals Self-assessment of Students’ Life Quality in Latgales Region

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Iveta Mietule
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Scientific Opinion ◽  
The Individual

The study of the scientific literature concerning the concept of quality of life makes it possible to draw conclusions on this concept positioning in different sub-sectors of science, the convergence with its concept of standard of living as well as various approaches to quality of life in quantitative and qualitative evaluation. The author entirely supports the scientific opinion, which emphasises the subjective evaluation of quality of life, i.e., quality of life is subjectively expressed in the form of individual's satisfaction with life in general. It consists of certain elements that are important to the individual or affect his quality of life. The aim of the research is to analyse the students' understanding and interpretation of the concept ‘quality of life’, as well as gather and interpret the respondents' subjective evaluation of quality of life. Students are the basis of this study. General elements characterising students’ quality of life are available education services, disposable income, health care, cultural and entertainment events, sense of ‘belonging’ to a family, acquaintances and friends. The author's initial assumptions regarding the fact that most respondents would express dissatisfaction with certain elements of quality of life and quality of life in general, were not confirmed by the study.

Government Expenditure on Drinking Water and Sanitation in Uttar Pradesh, India: An Empirical Analysis of Its Trend and Composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-531
Author(s):  
Rashmi Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Government expenditure on water supply and sanitation (WSS) aims to improve both the quality of life and health conditions. Using budget analyses, this article highlights the trend and composition of WSS expenditure in Uttar Pradesh covering the period 1990–1991 to 2018–2019. The article also presents political regime wise trend of WSS expenditure and finds that political regime affects WSS expenditure. Regression analysis reveals that net state domestic product is negatively related to WSS expenditure. This is not a good sign for the state where unsafe drinking water, sanitation and hygienic condition is the fourth leading risk responsible for disease burden, and the current status of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) condition is quite low. The overall budget for WSS in Uttar Pradesh is grossly inadequate, irresponsive and out of sync with the development reality. There is an acute need of government intervention with higher budgetary allocations for the overall development of water and sanitation facilities in Uttar Pradesh.

scholarly journals Gene Therapy: A Possible Alternative to CFTR Modulators?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mercier ◽  
M. Ruffin ◽  
H. Corvol ◽  
L. Guillot
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Gene Replacement ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Cftr Protein ◽  
The 1960S

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare genetic disease that affects several organs, but lung disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. The gene responsible for CF, the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) gene, has been discovered in 1989. Since then, gene therapy i.e., defective gene replacement by a functional one, remained the ultimate goal but unfortunately, it has not yet been achieved. However, patients care and symptomatic treatments considerably increased CF patients’ life expectancy ranging from 5 years old in the 1960s to 40 today. In the last decade, research works on CFTR protein structure and activity led to the development of new drugs which, by readdressing CFTR to the plasma membrane (correctors) or by enhancing its transport activity (potentiators), allow, alone or in combination, an improvement of CF patients’ lung function and quality of life. While expected, it is not yet known whether taking these drugs from an early age and for years will improve the quality of life of CF patients in the long term and further increase their life expectancy. Besides, these molecules are not available (specific variants of CFTR) or accessible (national health policies) for all patients and there is still no curative treatment. Another alternative that could benefit from new technologies, such as gene therapy, is therefore still attractive, although it is not yet offered to patients. Faced with the development of new CFTR correctors and potentiators, the question arises as to whether there is still a place for gene therapy and this is discussed in this perspective.

scholarly journals Life Quality of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea patients after Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Therapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Hamna Rao
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Sleeping Disorder ◽  
Made In

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea is an emerging sleeping disorder affecting much population around the world due to obesity and other medical conditions. My literature review will explain the current status of OSA worldwide and what betterments are being made in this area of advancement to provide better health and life quality.

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