scholarly journals Immunological and Toxicological Considerations for the Design of Liposomes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin T. Inglut ◽  
Aaron J. Sorrin ◽  
Thilinie Kuruppu ◽  
Shruti Vig ◽  
Julia Cicalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocyte ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Liposomal Formulations ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Shed Light

Liposomes hold great potential as gene and drug delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility and modular properties, coupled with the major advantage of attenuating the risk of systemic toxicity from the encapsulated therapeutic agent. Decades of research have been dedicated to studying and optimizing liposomal formulations for a variety of medical applications, ranging from cancer therapeutics to analgesics. Some effort has also been made to elucidate the toxicities and immune responses that these drug formulations may elicit. Notably, intravenously injected liposomes can interact with plasma proteins, leading to opsonization, thereby altering the healthy cells they come into contact with during circulation and removal. Additionally, due to the pharmacokinetics of liposomes in circulation, drugs can end up sequestered in organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system, affecting liver and spleen function. Importantly, liposomal agents can also stimulate or suppress the immune system depending on their physiochemical properties, such as size, lipid composition, pegylation, and surface charge. Despite the surge in the clinical use of liposomal agents since 1995, there are still several drawbacks that limit their range of applications. This review presents a focused analysis of these limitations, with an emphasis on toxicity to healthy tissues and unfavorable immune responses, to shed light on key considerations that should be factored into the design and clinical use of liposomal formulations.

RNA-loaded dendritic cells: more than a tour de force in cancer therapeutics

Immunotherapy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 1129-1147
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Joshi ◽  
Nikunj Tandel ◽  
Priyanka Tyagi ◽  
Sarat K Dalai ◽  
Prakash S Bisen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Immune Competency ◽  
Potential Use

A wide array of therapeutic strategies has been implemented against cancers, yet their clinical benefit is limited. The lack of clinical efficacy of the conventional treatment options might be due to the inept immune competency of the patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) have a vital role in initiating and directing immune responses and have been frequently used as delivery vehicles in clinical research. The recent clinical data suggest the potential use of DCs pulsed with nucleic acid, especially with RNA holds a great potential as an immunotherapeutic measure with compare to other cancer therapeutics. This review mainly deals with the DCs and their role in transfection with RNA in cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Exosomes: Cell-Derived Nanoplatforms for the Delivery of Cancer Therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Hyosuk Kim ◽  
Eun Hye Kim ◽  
Gijung Kwak ◽  
Sung-Gil Chi ◽  
Sun Hwa Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Strong Stability ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Targeting Ability

Exosomes are cell-secreted nanovesicles that naturally contain biomolecular cargoes such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication, enabling the transfer biological signals from the donor cells to the recipient cells. Recently, exosomes are emerging as promising drug delivery vehicles due to their strong stability in blood circulation, high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and natural targeting ability. In particular, exosomes derived from specific types of cells can carry endogenous signaling molecules with therapeutic potential for cancer treatment, thus presenting a significant impact on targeted drug delivery and therapy. Furthermore, exosomes can be engineered to display targeting moieties on their surface or to load additional therapeutic agents. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of exosome biogenesis and the development of efficient exosome engineering techniques will provide new avenues to establish convincing clinical therapeutic strategies based on exosomes. This review focuses on the therapeutic applications of exosomes derived from various cells and the exosome engineering technologies that enable the accurate delivery of various types of cargoes to target cells for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Current Perspectives on Clinical Use of Exosomes as a Personalized Contrast Media and Theranostics

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Lorenc ◽  
Julian Chrzanowski ◽  
Wioletta Olejarz
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
New Era ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

An appropriate combination of biomarkers and imaging technologies will become standard practice in the future. Because the incidence of and mortality from cancers is rising, the further study of new approaches for the early detection and precise characterization of tumors is essential. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, prove to have great potential when it comes to diagnosis and targeted therapy. Due to their natural ability to pass through biological barriers, depending on their origin, EVs can accumulate at defined sites, including tumors, preferentially. This manuscript discusses the difficulties and simplicities of processing cell-derived materials, packaging diverse groups of agents in EVs, and activating the biological complex. Developing exosome-based diagnostic techniques to detect disease precisely and early as well as treat disease marks a new era of personalized radiology and nuclear medicine. As circulating drug delivery vehicles for novel therapeutic modalities, EVs offer a new platform for cancer theranostic.

scholarly journals The Biological Function and Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Cancer: Exosomes as Efficient Nanocommunicators for Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7363
Author(s):  
Jeong Uk Choi ◽  
In-Kyu Park ◽  
Yong-Kyu Lee ◽  
Seung Rim Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Function ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Personalized Cancer

Cancer therapeutics must be delivered to their targets for improving efficacy and reducing toxicity, though they encounter physiological barriers in the tumor microenvironment. They also face limitations associated with genetic instability and dynamic changes of surface proteins in cancer cells. Nanosized exosomes generated from the endosomal compartment, however, transfer their cargo to the recipient cells and mediate the intercellular communication, which affects malignancy progression, tumor immunity, and chemoresistance. In this review, we give an overview of exosomes’ biological aspects and therapeutic potential as diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles for oncotherapy. Furthermore, we discuss whether exosomes could contribute to personalized cancer immunotherapy drug design as efficient nanocommunicators.

Nanoscale Functional Biomaterials for Cancer Theranostics

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 2987-3000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linying Liu ◽  
Xiaoshuang Li ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Functional Nanoparticles ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Functional Biomaterials ◽  
Cancer Theranostics

Nanomedicine is widely developed in recent years. In nanomedicine system, nanoscale and nanostructured functional materials are used to manipulate the human biology systems at the molecular level for cancer imaging and therapy. New nanostructure based functional materials consist of nanoscale liposomes, spheres, micelles, capsules, emulsion, suspension and phamacosomes. Several functional nanoparticles such as lipidbased and polymer-based materials are demonstrated to be drug delivery vehicles and imaging agents. These materials are biodegradable, biocompatible and have better biodistribution, lower side effect and lower toxicity. In addition, hybrids with these materials coating provide uniquely electrical, optical and magnetic properties. This review discusses the research on the applications of functional materials, especially nanoparticles as imaging contrast agents, cancer therapeutic agents and multi-functional agents and this review focused on the theranostic integration treatments on liver cancer and brain cancer.

Dendrimers: General Aspects, Applications and Structural Exploitations as Prodrug/Drug-delivery Vehicles in Current Medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merina Mariyam ◽  
Kajal Ghosal ◽  
Sabu Thomas ◽  
Nandakumar Kalarikkal ◽  
Mahima S. Latha
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
General Aspects

Novel Phospholipid-Based Labrasol Nanomicelles Loaded Flavonoids for Oral Delivery with Enhanced Penetration and Anti-Brain Tumor Efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-245
Author(s):  
Gang Wang ◽  
Junjie Wang ◽  
Rui Guan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Safe Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
The Brain

Background: Owing to the rich anticancer properties of flavonoids, there is a need for their incorporation into drug delivery vehicles like nanomicelles for safe delivery of the drug into the brain tumor microenvironment. Objective: This study, therefore, aimed to prepare the phospholipid-based Labrasol/Pluronic F68 modified nano micelles loaded with flavonoids (Nano-flavonoids) for the delivery of the drug to the target brain tumor. Methods: Myricetin, quercetin and fisetin were selected as the initial drugs to evaluate the biodistribution and acute toxicity of the drug delivery vehicles in rats with implanted C6 glioma tumors after oral administration, while the uptake, retention, release in human intestinal Caco-2 cells and the effect on the brain endothelial barrier were investigated in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMECs). Results: The results demonstrated that nano-flavonoids loaded with myricetin showed more evenly distributed targeting tissues and enhanced anti-tumor efficiency in vivo without significant cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells and alteration in the Trans Epithelial Electric Resistance (TEER). There was no pathological evidence of renal, hepatic or other organs dysfunction after the administration of nanoflavonoids, which showed no significant influence on cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells. Conclusion: In conclusion, Labrasol/F68-NMs loaded with MYR and quercetin could enhance antiglioma effect in vitro and in vivo, which may be better tools for medical therapy, while the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nano-flavonoids may ensure optimal therapeutic benefits.

Delivery Efficacy Differences of Intravenous and Intraperitoneal Injection of Exosomes: Perspectives from Tracking Dye Labeled and MiRNA Encapsulated Exosomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueying Zhou ◽  
Zhelong Li ◽  
Wenqi Sun ◽  
Guodong Yang ◽  
Changyang Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
In Vivo Distribution ◽  
Obesity Therapy ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Mirna Abundance

Background: Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles that play vital roles in intercellular communication. Recently, exosomes are recognized as promising drug delivery vehicles. Up till now, how the in vivo distribution of exosomes is affected by different administration routes has not been fully understood. Methods: In the present study, in vivo distribution of exosomes following intravenous and intraperitoneal injection approaches was systemically analyzed by tracking the fluorescence-labeled exosomes and qPCR analysis of C. elegans specific miRNA abundance delivered by exosomes in different organs. Results: The results showed that exosomes administered through tail vein were mostly taken up by the liver, spleen and lungs while exosomes injected intraperitoneally were more dispersedly distributed. Besides the liver, spleen, and lungs, intraperitoneal injection effectively delivered exosomes into the visceral adipose tissue, making it a promising strategy for obesity therapy. Moreover, the results from fluorescence tracking and qPCR were slightly different, which could be explained by systemic errors. Conclusion: Together, our study reveals that different administration routes cause a significant differential in vivo distribution of exosomes, suggesting that optimization of the delivery route is prerequisite to obtain rational delivery efficiency in detailed organs.

Exploring Nanoemulsion for Liver Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-268
Author(s):  
Tanmay Upadhyay ◽  
Vaseem A. Ansari ◽  
Usama Ahmad ◽  
Nazneen Sultana ◽  
Juber Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Liquid Dosage Form

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Among these, at least 0.78 million people died of liver cancer alone. The recognized risk factors for liver cancer include chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, exposure to dietary aflatoxin, fatty liver disease, alcohol-induced cirrhosis, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and iron overload. The treatment plan for early diagnosed patients includes radiation therapy, tumour ablation, surgery, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Some sort of drug delivery vehicles has to be used when the treatment plan is targeted chemotherapy. Nanoemulsions are a class of biphasic liquid dosage form which are mixtures of oil and water stabilized by a surfactant. They are either transparent or bluish in hue and serve as a wonderful carrier system for chemotherapeutic drugs. These vehicles have a particle size in the range of 20-200 nm allowing them to be delivered successfully in the deepest of tissues. Recent publications on nanoemulsions reveal their acceptance and a popular choice for delivering both synthetic and herbal drugs to the liver. This work focuses on some anti-cancer agents that utilized the advantages of nanoemulsion for liver cancer therapy.

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