Fate of Nitrogen from Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.)) Crop Residues: A Review and Lysimeter Study

The goal of the European Nitrate Directive 91/676/CEE is to mitigate or prevent water pollution associated with the nitrogen (N) cascade. Vegetable crops have a high risk of nitrate leaching during autumn and winter. Information about the fate of N from artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.)) residues is reviewed and then supplemented with a three-year study with 15N-labelled residues in an artichoke-cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. cv. botrytis) rotation in six lysimeters. After three years, 6% of N in artichoke residues was leached, 8% was exported by crops, while 86% remained in the lysimeter. Summed over the rotation, 16% of artichoke-residue N was absorbed by artichoke and 14% by cauliflower. Total aboveground N uptake by all crops during the entire rotation ranged from 370 to 534 kg N ha−1, of which 207–311 kg N ha−1 returned to the soil as residues. Increasing N-recycling efficiency and reducing the risk of N leaching while conserving crop productivity requires capturing N mineralized from soil organic N. Cauliflower performs this capture effectively during the drainage period. A break crop should be introduced after the first and second harvests of artichoke to further synchronize N mineralization and uptake and reduce leaching risk during the rotation.

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Modelling the release and loss of nitrogen after vegetable crops

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v44i1.559 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 73-86

Author(s):

A.P. Whitmore

Keyword(s):

Crop Residues ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Organic N ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Vegetable Crop ◽

Mineral N ◽

Brussels Sprouts ◽

Fate Of Nitrogen ◽

Moisture Conditions ◽

Winter Losses

A computer model is described that is able to simulate the mineralization-immobilization turnover of nitrogen derived from vegetable crop residues added to soil. Once mineralized, N is subject to loss from soil in the model by leaching and denitrification. That the mineralization part of the model works well is demonstrated with reference to some pot experiments in which residues from Brussels sprouts, leeks, cabbage or spinach were mixed with either a sandy or clay soil and incubated at 20 degrees C under optimal moisture conditions for 48 weeks. The release of mineral N was measured at intervals during the experiment and was strongly dependent upon the amount of N added in the crop residues: spinach (C:N = 6) released most nitrogen and most quickly, the other residues (C:N = 13-15) released N more slowly. With adaptations for field conditions, the model was then used to elucidate the fate of nitrogen remaining after field vegetables. The dynamics of both mineral and organic N remaining in soil were traced with this model. After spinach, much nitrate leaches to groundwater; sprouts, however, appear able to immobilize or denitrify what little mineral N remains at harvest reducing the loading of N in percolating water. The model suggests that during the last 40 years over winter losses of nitrate after cabbage almost always exceeded the EC drinking water limit of 11.3 mg NO3-N/litre: in some years by a factor of four. Since mineral N remaining in soil at harvest is shown to have most influence on leaching losses, measures taken to reduce unused mineral N will probably benefit groundwater quality most.

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Distillery Anaerobic Digestion Residues as Fertilizers for Field Vegetable Crops: Performance and Efficiency in Mid-term Successions

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9080463 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 463 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carlo Nicoletto ◽

Luisa Dalla Costa ◽

Paolo Sambo ◽

Giampaolo Zanin

Keyword(s):

N Uptake ◽

Organic N ◽

N Leaching ◽

N Recovery ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Mineral N ◽

Swiss Chard ◽

Winter Crops ◽

Use Efficiency

Understanding nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops plays an important role in achieving sustainable production. Intensive agriculture has adversely affected social and environmental issues worldwide over the past few decades. Anaerobic digested residues from the distillery industry (DADRs) can be used in agriculture, thereby recycling valuable organic materials that can supply organic N. An experiment using DADRs in horticulture was conducted to evaluate the performance of different treatments on yield and NUE. The experiment was conducted for five years, growing lettuce, cauliflower, chicory, potato, Swiss chard, catalogna chicory, tomato, pepper, and melon in two different succession schemes. Five fertilization treatments were designed, including a mineral fertilization control, in which nitrogen (N) was supplied according to standard recommendations in the area. The other treatments were an unfertilized control and three treatments in which 50%, 75%, and 100% of the N were supplied by DADRs and the remaining with common chemical fertilizer. Major findings were: (1) Spring–summer crops showed the lowest N-uptake and N recovery, during this period high chemical fertilization can cause environmental problems such as N leaching, and fertilization with 100% DADRs is a viable alternative; (2) fall–winter crops can be fertilized by combining 50% mineral N and 50% organic N, supplying the nutrients required by the crops during the growing cycle.

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NLEAP Computer Model and Multiple Linear Regression Prediction of Nitrate Leaching in Vegetable Systems

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.12.2.250 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 250-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hudson Minshew ◽

John Selker ◽

Delbert Hemphill ◽

Richard P. Dick

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Multiple Linear Regression ◽

Nitrate Leaching ◽

Cover Crops ◽

N Uptake ◽

N Leaching ◽

Residual Soil ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Crop N Uptake ◽

Mlr Model

Predicting leaching of residual soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in wet climates is important for reducing risks of groundwater contamination and conserving soil N. The goal of this research was to determine the potential to use easily measurable or readily available soilclimatic-plant data that could be put into simple computer models and used to predict NO3 leaching under various management systems. Two computer programs were compared for their potential to predict monthly NO3-N leaching losses in western Oregon vegetable systems with or without cover crops. The models were a statistical multiple linear regression (MLR) model and the commercially available Nitrate Leaching and Economical Analysis Package model (NLEAP 1.13). The best MLR model found using stepwise regression to predict annual leachate NO3-N had four independent variables (log transformed fall soil NO3-N, leachate volume, summer crop N uptake, and N fertilizer rate) (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.57). Comparisons were made between NLEAP and field data for mass of NO3-N leached between the months of September and May from 1992 to 1997. Predictions with NLEAP showed greater correlation to observed data during high-rainfall years compared to dry or averagerainfall years. The model was found to be sensitive to yield estimates, but vegetation management choices were limiting for vegetable crops and for systems that included a cover crop.

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Accumulation and Distribution of Soil Soluble N in Greenhouse Soil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2413 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 2413-2417

Author(s):

Cai Yan Lu ◽

Ya Jie Zhao ◽

Zhi Quan ◽

Jian Ma ◽

Xin Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Layer ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Organic N ◽

N Leaching ◽

Greenhouse Soil ◽

Sampling Depth ◽

Leaching Risk

The amount of soil total soluble N (TSN), NH4+-N, NO3--N and soluble organic N (SON) declined significantly with increasing of sampling depth (P < 0.0001). Compared with CK, application of chicken manure significantly increased the amount of soil TSN and NO3--N by 77.0% and 213.0% in the CM20 treatment, and 176.4% and 766.4% in the CM 30 treatment, respectively (P < 0.0001). The amount of soil NH4+-N was lower in CM20 treatment than CK and CM30 treatments. However, the amount of soil SON was higher in CM20 treatment than CK and CM30 treatments (P < 0.0001). Proportion of NH4+-N to TSN was lowest. Application of chicken manure remarkably increased the proportion of NO3--N to TSN, and decreased that of NH4+-N and SON to TSN (P < 0.0001). Soil SON accounted for the majority of soluble N irrespective of soil layer in CK and CM20 treatments, and followed by NO3--N. However, the trend was reversed in CM30 treatments. This result indicated that application of chicken manure significantly increased the amount of soil soluble N, especially SON and NO3--N, which may extend N leaching risk into deeper soil layer.

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Integrating Root Interception Capacity and Crop Nitrogen Demand into BMPs for Vegetable Crops

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.987e ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 987E-988

Author(s):

Johannes Scholberg ◽

Kelly Morgan ◽

Lincoln Zotarelli ◽

Eric Simonne ◽

Michael Dukes

Keyword(s):

Best Management Practices ◽

Management Practices ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

N Uptake ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

N Leaching ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

N Accumulation

Most strategies used to determine crop N fertilizer recommendations do not address potential environmental issues associated with agricul-tural production. Thus, a more holistic approach is required to reduce N loading associated with vegetable crops production on soils that are prone to N leaching. By linking fertilizer N uptake efficiency (FUE) with irrigation management, root interception capacity, and N uptake dynamics, we aim to improve FUE. Nitrogen uptake for peppers, tomato, potato, and sweet corn followed a logistic N accumulation patterns. Up to 80-85% of N uptake occurred between 4 to 7 weeks (sweet corn) vs. 6 to 12 weeks (other crops), while N uptake during initial growth and crop maturation was relatively low. Maximum daily N accumulation rates occurred at 5 weeks (sweet corn) vs. 8-10 weeks (other crops) and maximum daily N uptake rates were 4-8 kg N/ha. Overall FUE for most vegetables may range between 23% and 71%, depending on production practices, soil type, and environmental conditions. Maximum root interception capacity was typically attained 3 to 5 weeks prior to crop maturity. It is concluded that, during initial growth, root interception may the most limiting factor for efficient N use. Although recent uptake studies have shown that FUE may be highest toward the end of the growing season, this may not coincide with the greatest crop demand for N, which occurs during the onset of the linear growth phase. As a result, yield responses to N applied later in the season may be limited. Integration of these results into best management practices and expert systems for vegetable production can minimize the externalities associated with commercial vegetable production on vulnerable soils in the southeastern United States.

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Relating particulate organic matter-nitrogen (POM-N) and non-POM-N with pulse crop residues, residue management and cereal N uptake

Agronomie ◽

10.1051/agro:2002056 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 22 (7-8) ◽

pp. 777-787 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Graeme D. Schwenke ◽

Warwick L. Felton ◽

David F. Herridge ◽

Dil F. Khan ◽

Mark B. Peoples

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Particulate Organic Matter ◽

Crop Residues ◽

N Uptake ◽

Residue Management ◽

Pulse Crop

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Biosolids Benefit Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Winter Cereals without Excess Risk of N Leaching

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11081482 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1482

Author(s):

Silvia Pampana ◽

Alessandro Rossi ◽

Iduna Arduini

Keyword(s):

Triticum Turgidum ◽

N Uptake ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

N Leaching ◽

Specific Rate ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Mineral N ◽

Winter Cereals

Winter cereals are excellent candidates for biosolid application because their nitrogen (N) requirement is high, they are broadly cultivated, and their deep root system efficiently takes up mineral N. However, potential N leaching from BS application can occur in Mediterranean soils. A two-year study was conducted to determine how biosolids affect biomass and grain yield as well as N uptake and N leaching in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), and oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch). Cereals were fertilized at rates of 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha−1 dry weight (called B5, B10, and B15, respectively) of biosolids (BS). Mineral-fertilized (MF) and unfertilized (C) controls were included. Overall, results highlight that BS are valuable fertilizers for winter cereals as these showed higher yields with BS as compared to control. Nevertheless, whether 5 Mg ha−1 of biosolids could replace mineral fertilization still depended on the particular cereal due to the different yield physiology of the crops. Moreover, nitrate leaching from B5 was comparable to MF, and B15 increased the risk by less than 30 N-NO3 kg ha−1. We therefore concluded that with specific rate settings, biosolid application can sustain yields of winter cereals without significant additional N leaching as compared to MF.

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Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study

Biology and Fertility of Soils ◽

10.1007/s00374-020-01534-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Subin Kalu ◽

Gboyega Nathaniel Oyekoya ◽

Per Ambus ◽

Priit Tammeorg ◽

Asko Simojoki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Uptake ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Application Rate ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Organic N ◽

N Leaching ◽

Soil N ◽

Mineral N ◽

Total N ◽

Application Rates

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.

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Genotypic Difference in the Responses to Nitrogen Fertilizer Form in Tibetan Wild and Cultivated Barley

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 595

Author(s):

Shama Naz ◽

Qiufang Shen ◽

Jonas Lwalaba Wa Lwalaba ◽

Guoping Zhang

Keyword(s):

Wild Barley ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

N Uptake ◽

Total Soluble Protein ◽

Organic N ◽

Genotypic Difference ◽

N Availability ◽

Tibetan Wild Barley ◽

Cultivated Barley

Nitrogen (N) availability and form have a dramatic effect on N uptake and assimilation in plants, affecting growth and development. In the previous studies, we found great differences in low-N tolerance between Tibetan wild barley accessions and cultivated barley varieties. We hypothesized that there are different responses to N forms between the two kinds of barleys. Accordingly, this study was carried out to determine the response of four barley genotypes (two wild, XZ16 and XZ179; and two cultivated, ZD9 andHua30) under 4Nforms (NO3−, NH4+, urea and glycine). The results showed significant reduction in growth parameters such as root/shoot length and biomass, as well as photosynthesis parameters and total soluble protein content under glycine treatment relative to other N treatments, for both wild and cultivated barley, however, XZ179 was least affected. Similarly, ammonium adversely affected growth parameters in both wild and cultivated barleys, with XZ179 being severely affected. On the other hand, both wild and cultivated genotypes showed higher biomass, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and protein in NO3− treatment relative to other three N treatments. It may be concluded that barley undisputedly grows well under inorganic nitrogen (NO3−), however in response to the organic N wild barley prefer glycine more than cultivated barely.

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Tree species rather than type of mycorrhizal association drives inorganic and organic nitrogen acquisition in tree-tree interactions

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpab059 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Reuter ◽

Olga Ferlian ◽

Mika Tarkka ◽

Nico Eisenhauer ◽

Karin Pritsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

N Uptake ◽

Organic N ◽

Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽

N Sources ◽

Mycorrhizal Association ◽

N Acquisition ◽

Inorganic And Organic

Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role for the nitrogen (N) supply of trees. The influence of different mycorrhizal types on N acquisition in tree-tree interactions is, however, not well understood, particularly with regard to the competition for growth-limiting N. We studied the effect of competition between temperate forest tree species on their inorganic and organic N acquisition in relation to their mycorrhizal type (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhiza or ectomycorrhiza). In a field experiment, we quantified net N uptake capacity from inorganic and organic N sources using 15N/13C stable isotopes for arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species (i.e., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fraxinus excelsior L., and Prunus avium L.) as well as ectomycorrhizal tree species (i.e., Carpinus betulus L., Fagus sylvatica L., and Tilia platyphyllos Scop.). All species were grown in intra- and interspecific competition (i.e., monoculture or mixture). Our results showed that N sources were not used complementarily depending on a species´ mycorrhizal association, but their uptake rather depended on the competitor indicating species-specific effects. Generally, ammonium was preferred over glutamine and glutamine over nitrate. In conclusion, our findings suggest that inorganic and organic N acquisition of the studied temperate tree species is less regulated by mycorrhizal association, but rather by the availability of specific N sources in the soil as well as the competitive environment of different tree species.

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