scholarly journals Exploring the Diets of Adults with Obesity and Type II Diabetes from Nine Diverse Countries: Dietary Intakes, Patterns, and Quality

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2027
Author(s):  
Jade Willey ◽  
Marian Wakefield ◽  
Heidi J. Silver
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Inadequate Glycemic Control ◽  
High Calorie

Background: Calorie-dense diet is a main driver of the global epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). While various dietary strategies and patterns are efficacious in reducing risk and improving glycemic control, dietary intake and diet quality have been inadequately studied among individuals who remain living in their native environments. There is also little published on dietary patterns of diverse ethnic, cultural, or regional populations. Objective: To explore dietary intakes, patterns and overall diet quality in adults with obesity and T2DM from diverse countries. We hypothesized that individuals sharing a common clinical phenotype (age, BMI, years since T2DM diagnosis and inadequate glycemic control) would demonstrate comparable high calorie “western” dietary patterns and low diet quality despite differences in geographic regions and cultures. Design: Diet data were acquired from 611 adults in Argentina, Germany, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey and the USA via three 24-h diet recalls. Contribution of 168 foods to 14 primary food groups was confirmed by Spearman’s rank-order correlations and Principle Component Factor Analysis identified dietary patterns. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index 2015. Results: Eleven dietary patterns were extracted; the most common were a “Mediterranean-like” pattern shared by six countries and a “Calorie Dense” pattern shared by five countries. Also common were “Lacto-Vegetarian, “Pesco-Vegetarian,” and “Vegan” patterns. Only 2.1% of subjects had good diet quality (HEI-2015 score >80). Conclusions: The diet pattern data suggest that influences of more traditional region-specific diets remain. However, overall diet quality was poor and may contribute to inadequate glycemic control, possibly due to excess intake of high calorie/nutrient poor foods, which may be associated with global transitions occurring in the available food supply.

scholarly journals Associations of Maternal Sociodemographic Characteristics and Eating Behaviors with Infant Feeding Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1046-1046
Author(s):  
Tonja Nansel ◽  
Leah Lipsky ◽  
Carolina Schwedhelm ◽  
Breanne Wright ◽  
Chelsie Temmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
White Race ◽  
Maternal Characteristics

Abstract Objectives This study examines associations of maternal characteristics with infant feeding of discretionary and health-promoting foods. Methods Mothers in PEAS, a prospective cohort study, reported maternal and child dietary intake, demographics, and eating competence (EC). Maternal diet quality (Healthy Eating Index-2015, HEI) was calculated combining 24-hour diet recalls at 6 weeks, 6, and 12 months postpartum (n = 209). Infant food frequency questionnaires were completed at 6, 9, and 12 months, assessing age of introduction and intake frequency of food groups. T-tests examined bivariate associations of demographics with feeding of discretionary sweets, discretionary savory foods, fruit, and vegetables. Linear regressions examined associations of maternal EC and HEI with infant feeding controlling for demographics. Results Fruit, vegetables, discretionary sweet, and discretionary savory foods were introduced at 5.8 ± 1.7, 5.9 ± 1.7, 8.0 ± 2.0, and 8.8 ± 1.8 months, respectively. Earlier introduction of fruit and vegetables was associated with higher maternal education, white race, and nulliparity; earlier introduction of vegetables was also associated with higher income. Age of introduction of discretionary sweet and savory foods was not associated with maternal demographics, HEI, or EC. At age 12 months, greater infant intake frequency of fruit and vegetables was associated with higher education and income, white race, and breastfeeding, while greater intake frequency of discretionary sweet and savory foods was associated with lower maternal education and minority race. Greater intake frequency of sweets was also associated with multiparity and greater intake frequency of discretionary savory foods was associated with lower income. Maternal HEI was positively associated with infant intake frequency of fruit, vegetables, and discretionary sweet and savory foods. Maternal EC was positively associated with infant intake frequency of fruit and vegetables. Conclusions Demographic differences in infant feeding behaviors indicates these behaviors as critical intervention targets to address disparities in child diet quality. Associations of maternal HEI and EC with infant feeding behaviors suggest potential pathways of maternal influence on infant diet. Funding Sources This research was supported by the NICHD Intramural Research Program.

scholarly journals Association between Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption and Nutrient Intake, Nutritional Adequacy, and Diet Quality in Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2016

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2952
Author(s):  
Yong Zhu ◽  
Neha Jain ◽  
Vipra Vanage ◽  
Norton Holschuh ◽  
Anne Hermetet Agler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
National Health ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Health And Nutrition

This study examined differences in dietary intake between ready-to-eat cereal eaters and non-eaters in adults from the United States. Participants (n = 5163) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2016 were included. One-day dietary recall was used to define ready-to-eat cereal consumption status and estimate dietary intake in eaters and non-eaters. Data from Food Patterns Equivalent Database 2015–2016 were used to compare intakes of food groups by consumption status. Diet quality was assessed by Healthy Eating Index 2015. Nineteen percent of US adults were ready-to-eat cereal eaters; they had a similar level of energy intake as non-eaters, but they had significantly higher intake of dietary fiber, and several vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D. They were also more likely to meet nutrient recommendations. Compared to non-eaters, ready-to-eat cereal eaters had the same level of added sugar intake but they had significantly higher intake of whole grains, total fruits, and dairy products. The diet quality of ready-to-eat cereal eaters was significantly higher than that of non-eaters. The study supports that ready-to-eat cereal eaters have better dietary intake with a healthier dietary pattern than non-eaters in the United States.

Abstract P109: Plasma Metabolomic Signature Of Healthy Dietary Patterns In The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunju Kim ◽  
Cheryl A Anderson ◽  
Emily A Hu ◽  
Zihe Zheng ◽  
Lawrence J Appel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Double Bonds ◽  
Disease Associations

Introduction: In individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), healthy dietary patterns are inversely associated with CKD progression. Metabolomics, an approach which measures many small molecules in biofluids, can identify biomarkers of healthy dietary patterns and elucidate metabolic pathways underlying diet-disease associations. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that adherence to 4 healthy dietary patterns would be associated with a set of known metabolites in CKD patients. Methods: We examined associations between 634 plasma metabolites assessed using the Broad platform at year 1 and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED), and their food components in 1,117 participants in the CRIC Study. Usual dietary intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and year 2. We conducted multivariable linear regression models to study associations between diet scores and individual plasma metabolites, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and clinical factors. Results: After Bonferroni correction, we identified a total of 362 diet-metabolite associations (HEI=78; AHEI=127; DASH=97; aMED=60), and 101 metabolites were associated with more than 1 dietary pattern. The most common metabolite categories were triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols. Most lipids were negatively associated with healthy dietary patterns, except for cholesterols esters and triacylglycerols with ≥7 double bonds. Triacylglycerols with high number of double bonds were positively associated with healthy fat intake (e.g., higher monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-3 fatty acid, fish) within HEI, AHEI, and aMED ( Table ). Conclusions: We identified many metabolites associated with healthy dietary patterns, indicative of food consumption. If replicated, they may be considered biomarkers of healthy dietary patterns in CKD patients.

scholarly journals A cohort study on diet and the risk of Parkinson's disease: the role of food groups and diet quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sääksjärvi ◽  
P. Knekt ◽  
A. Lundqvist ◽  
S. Männistö ◽  
M. Heliövaara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Incident Cases

Previous studies on individual foods and nutrients and Parkinson's disease (PD) risk have been inconsistent. Furthermore, only one study has examined the association between the quality of diet and PD. We investigated the prediction of food groups and diet quality on PD in the Finnish Mobile Clinic Survey (1966–72). The population comprised 4524 individuals, aged 40–79 years and free from PD at baseline. Data collection included health examinations, a questionnaire and a 1-year dietary history interview. A modified Alternate Healthy Eating Index was formed to assess diet quality. Statistical analyses were based on Cox's model. During a 41-year follow-up, eighty-five incident cases of PD occurred. No statistically significant associations were found between PD incidence and most of the food groups examined. A few exceptions were fruits and berries in men and milk in women, which showed positive associations. An inverse association between the intake of meat products and PD was found in women. The diet quality index did not predict PD, the adjusted relative risk between the highest and lowest quartiles being 1·83 (95 % CI 0·65, 5·18) in men and 0·97 (95 % CI 0·38, 2·48) in women. The present study suggests that since most of the single food groups or the quality of diet did not predict PD occurrence, the role of diet is apparently rather modest.

scholarly journals Role of alternate healthy eating index (AHEI) in communicating the quality of diet

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Krishna Mohandas ◽  
L. Prema
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
The Difference

The food habits of global population has been evolving in such a way that makes unhealthy foods cheaper and widely available and healthy foods costly and less available. Being surrounded by such foods and living in an environment with lesser requirement for physical activity is the primary reason for the pandemic explosion in overweight and obesity. This study is an attempt to analyze the quality of diet with an aim to study the significance of Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) in predicting the quality of dietary intake. Methodology: The study was conducted in 66 respondents (44 females and 22 males) aged 18-65 years with BMI between 23 kg/m2 to 50 kg/m2. The respondent’s data were collected using a pretested standard questionnaire. The nutrient consumption was calculated from the 24 hour recall and the AHEI scores were derived from recall and food use frequency data. The data were analysed using SAS software. Results: The intake of Energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates were more than their requirement while intake of fibre was not meeting the requirement. The AHEI scores obtained ranged from 36 to 76 with a mean value of 55.6 ± 9.54. A positive linear association for AHEI with BMI (0.0362) and energy intake (0.13) was established through Pearson’s correlation while the association was negative with BMR (-0.14). Paired t test comparing AHEI against the difference between intake and requirement of macronutrients revealed that when the diet quality was good (as indicated by AHEI>51), the difference in intake exhibited a significant linear relationship with p values <0.001 while no relation was established when the diet quality was poor. Conclusion: AHEI encompasses all nutrients and food groups relevant to metabolic health and it can be used as a good tool to assess the quality of dietary habits of overweight and obese subjects.

scholarly journals Skipping Breakfast Is Associated with Diet Quality and the Distribution of Food Intake Throughout the Day: NHANES 2005–20016

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 534-534
Author(s):  
Owen Kelly ◽  
Stephanie Fanelli ◽  
Sara Thomas ◽  
Jessica Krok-Schoen ◽  
Satya Jonnalagadda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Diabetes Status ◽  
Skipping Breakfast

Abstract Objectives Distribution of carbohydrate intakes (carb choices) throughout the day are an important aspect to diabetes management and reducing blood glucose spikes. Skipping breakfast represents a behavior of concern, providing an extension of the overnight fast and may result in elevated sugar levels later in the day. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary intake differences, including carbohydrates, based on consuming breakfast or not, and by diabetes status. Methods Adults over 30 years from NHANES 2005–2016 were classified into nondiabetes (HbA1c &lt;5.7%, n = 14,701), prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7–6.4%, n = 5855) and diabetes (HbA1c (≥6.5%, n = 2881). Dietary intakes were assessed using a multiple pass 24-hour recall to estimate intakes from the foods and beverages reported as consumed on the day prior to the NHANES visit. Breakfast was self-defined by participants. Total population-based means (95% CI) of nutrient intakes, MyPlate equivalents, and Healthy Eating Index 2015 scores from the day of intake were calculated across levels of glycemic control and skipping breakfast status. Results Across all groups, adults who reported breakfast consumption had a significantly better overall diet quality, while total intakes of whole grains and fiber were significantly lower in those who skipped breakfast. Intakes of added sugars were not significantly different between those who skipped versus consumed breakfast. Conclusions The absence of breakfast on the day of intake was related to differential intakes of several nutrients related to healthy eating and glycemic management, resulting in a poorer overall diet quality. Healthcare professionals could evaluate meal skipping patterns and its impact on overall nutrient intakes, and the distribution of food intake throughout the day, in people with diabetes, to help improve disease management. Funding Sources Abbott Nutrition.

scholarly journals Defining Diet Quality: A Review of Diet Metrics as Applied to the Double Burden of Malnutrition (OR17-01-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Miller ◽  
Patrick Webb ◽  
Renata Micha ◽  
Dariush Mozaffarian
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Objectives Meeting most of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) will require a strong focus on tackling all forms of malnutrition─ addressing maternal and child health (MCH) as well as diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Yet, the optimal metrics to define a healthy diet remain unclear. Our aim was to comprehensively review diet metrics and assess the evidence on each metric's association with MCH and NCDs. Methods Using comprehensive searches and expert discussions, we identified metrics that i) are used in ≥3 countries to link diet to health, ii) quantify the number of foods/food groups consumed and/or iii) quantify recommended nutrient intakes. We reviewed and summarized each metric's development, components and scoring. For each identified metric, we systematically searched PubMed to identify meta-analyses or narrative reviews evaluating these metrics with nutrient adequacy and health outcomes. We assessed validity by grading the number of studies included and the consistency of the diet metric-disease relationship. Results We identified 6 MCH, 13 NCD and 0 MCH/NCD metrics. Most were developed for describing adherence to dietary guidelines or patterns, and others were developed for predicting micronutrient adequacy. On average, the metrics included 14 food groups/nutrients (range 4–45), with 10 food-group only metrics and 0 nutrient-only metrics. The most frequent metric components were grains/roots/tubers, fruits and vegetables. We identified 16 meta-analyses and 14 narrative reviews representing 102 metric-disease relationships (98 metric-NCD and 4 metric-MCH relationships, respectively). We found 5 metrics that have been consistently validated in meta-analyses and narrative reviews for NCDs, 1 metric with limited evidence for MCH, but 0 metrics for both. Of the metrics, the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (aHEI), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Healthy Eating Index (HEI), and Mediterranean Diet Score (MED) were most commonly validated, especially for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (Figure 1). Conclusions Few diet metrics have been used in multiple countries to define a healthy diet. This suggests a serious gap in global analyses of diet quality relating to malnutrition in all its forms, which hinders effective policy action. Funding Sources Gates Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

More frequent cooking at home is associated with higher Healthy Eating Index-2015 score

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (13) ◽  
pp. 2384-2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A Wolfson ◽  
Cindy W Leung ◽  
Caroline R Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Income Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
At Home

AbstractObjective:To examine the association between cooking frequency and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, overall and by income, among US adults.Design:Cross-sectional analysis using multivariable linear regression models to examine the association between cooking frequency and total HEI-2015 score adjusted for sociodemographic variables, overall and stratified by income.Setting:Nationally representative survey data from the USA.Participants:Adults aged ≥20 years (with 2 d of 24 h dietary recall data) obtained from the 2007 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n 8668).Results:Compared with cooking dinner 0–2 times/week, greater cooking frequency was associated with higher HEI-2015 score overall (≥7 times/week: +3·57 points, P < 0·001), among lower-income adults (≥7 times/week: +2·55 points, P = 0·001) and among higher-income adults (≥7 times/week: +5·07 points, P < 0·001). Overall, total HEI-2015 score was higher among adults living in households where dinner was cooked ≥7 times/week (54·54 points) compared with adults living in households where dinner was cooked 0–2 times/week (50·57 points). In households in which dinner was cooked ≥7 times/week, total HEI-2015 score differed significantly based on income status (lower-income: 52·51 points; higher-income: 57·35 points; P = 0·003). Cooking frequency was associated with significant differences in HEI-2015 component scores, but associations varied by income.Conclusions:More frequent cooking at home is associated with better diet quality overall and among lower- and higher-income adults, although the association between cooking and better diet quality is stronger among high-income adults. Strategies are needed to help lower-income Americans consume a healthy diet regardless of how frequently they cook at home.

scholarly journals Association between energy-dense food consumption at 2 years of age and diet quality at 4 years of age

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (7) ◽  
pp. 1275-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Vilela ◽  
Andreia Oliveira ◽  
Elisabete Ramos ◽  
Pedro Moreira ◽  
Henrique Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Energy Dense Food

The present study aimed to evaluate the association between the consumption of energy-dense foods at 2 years of age and the consumption of foods and diet quality at 4 years of age. The sample included 705 children evaluated at 2 and 4 years of age, as part of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal). Data on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors of both children and mothers were collected by face-to-face interviews. The weight and height of children were measured by trained professionals. Based on FFQ, four energy-dense food groups were defined: soft drinks; sweets; cakes; salty snacks. A healthy eating index was developed using the WHO dietary recommendations for children (2006) aged 4 years. The associations were evaluated through Poisson regression models. After adjustment for maternal age and education, child's carer, child's siblings and child's BMI, higher consumption of energy-dense foods at 2 years of age was found to be associated with higher consumption of the same foods 2 years later. An inverse association was found between the intake ( ≥ median) of soft drinks (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0·74, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·95), salty snacks (IRR = 0·80, 95 % CI 0·65, 1·00) and sweets (IRR = 0·73, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·91) at 2 years of age and the consumption of fruit and vegetables at 4 years of age ( ≥ 5 times/d). Weekly and daily consumption of energy-dense foods at 2 years of age was associated with a lower healthy eating score at 4 years of age (IRR = 0·75, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·96; IRR = 0·56, 95 % CI 0·41, 0·77, respectively). The consumption of energy-dense foods at young ages is negatively associated with the diet quality of children a few years later.

scholarly journals Adherence to dietary guidelines and 15-year risk of all-cause mortality

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Russell ◽  
Victoria Flood ◽  
Elena Rochtchina ◽  
Bamini Gopinath ◽  
Margaret Allman-Farinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reduced Risk

Past investigation of diet in relation to disease or mortality has tended to focus on individual nutrients. However, there has been a recent shift to now focus on overall patterns of food intake. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between diet quality reflecting adherence to dietary guidelines and mortality in a sample of older Australians, and to report on the relationship between core food groups and diet quality. This was a population-based cohort study of persons aged 49 years or older at baseline, living in two postcode areas west of Sydney, Australia. Baseline dietary data were collected during 1992–4, from 2897 people using a 145-item Willett-derived FFQ. A modified version of the Healthy Eating Index for Australians was developed to determine diet quality scores. The Australian National Death Index provided 15-year mortality data using multiple data linkage steps. Hazard risk (HR) ratios and 95 % CI for mortality were assessed for diet quality. Subjects in quintile 5 (highest) of the Total Diet Score had a 21 % reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0·79, 95 % CI 0·63, 0·98, Ptrend= 0·04) compared with those in quintile 1 (lowest) after multivariate adjustment. The present study provides longitudinal support for a reduced risk of all-cause mortality in an older population who have greater compliance with published dietary guidelines.

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