scholarly journals The Effects of Non-Nutritive Artificial Sweeteners, Aspartame and Sucralose, on the Gut Microbiome in Healthy Adults: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Double-Blinded Crossover Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3408
Author(s):  
Samar Y. Ahmad ◽  
James Friel ◽  
Dylan Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Artificial Sweeteners ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Non-nutritive artificial sweeteners (NNSs) may have the ability to change the gut microbiota, which could potentially alter glucose metabolism. This study aimed to determine the effect of sucralose and aspartame consumption on gut microbiota composition using realistic doses of NNSs. Seventeen healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 45 years who had a body mass index (BMI) of 20–25 were selected. They undertook two 14-day treatment periods separated by a four-week washout period. The sweeteners consumed by each participant consisted of a standardized dose of 14% (0.425 g) of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for aspartame and 20% (0.136 g) of the ADI for sucralose. Faecal samples collected before and after treatments were analysed for microbiome and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). There were no differences in the median relative proportions of the most abundant bacterial taxa (family and genus) before and after treatments with both NNSs. The microbiota community structure also did not show any obvious differences. There were no differences in faecal SCFAs following the consumption of the NNSs. These findings suggest that daily repeated consumption of pure aspartame or sucralose in doses reflective of typical high consumption have minimal effect on gut microbiota composition or SCFA production.

Changes in the gut microbiota of morbidly obese patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alev Kural ◽  
Imran Khan ◽  
Hakan Seyit ◽  
Tuba R Caglar ◽  
Pınar Toklu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Aims: Permanent treatment of morbid obesity with medication or diet is nearly impossible. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is becoming a widely accepted treatment option. This study profiled and compared gut microbiota composition before and after LSG. Methods & results: A total of 54 stool samples were collected from 27 morbidly obese individuals before and after LSG. The gut microbiota was profiled with 16S amplicon sequencing. After LSG, patients demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in BMI and an increase in bacterial diversity. An increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was also noticed after LSG. The families Prevotellaceae and Veillonellaceae predominated in preoperative samples but were markedly lowered after LSG. A marked increase in Akkermansia, Alistipes, Streptococcus, Ruminococcus and Parabacteroides was observed after LSG. Conclusion: In addition to lowering BMI, LSG remodeled gut microbiota composition.

scholarly journals Effects of Rich in Β-Glucans Edible Mushrooms on Aging Gut Microbiota Characteristics: An In Vitro Study

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdokia K. Mitsou ◽  
Georgia Saxami ◽  
Emmanuela Stamoulou ◽  
Evangelia Kerezoudi ◽  
Eirini Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Alterations of gut microbiota are evident during the aging process. Prebiotics may restore the gut microbial balance, with β-glucans emerging as prebiotic candidates. This study aimed to investigate the impact of edible mushrooms rich in β-glucans on the gut microbiota composition and metabolites by using in vitro static batch culture fermentations and fecal inocula from elderly donors (n = 8). Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Cyclocybe cylindracea mushrooms derived from various substrates were examined. Gut microbiota composition (quantitative PCR (qPCR)) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; gas chromatography (GC)) were determined during the 24-h fermentation. P. eryngii induced a strong lactogenic effect, while P. ostreatus and C. cylindracea induced a significant bifidogenic effect (p for all <0.05). Furthermore, P. eryngii produced on wheat straw and the prebiotic inulin had comparable Prebiotic Indexes, while P. eryngii produced on wheat straw/grape marc significantly increased the levels of tested butyrate producers. P. ostreatus, P. eryngii and C. cylindracea had similar trends in SCFA profile; H. erinaceus mushrooms were more diverse, especially in the production of propionate, butyrate and branched SCFAs. In conclusion, mushrooms rich in β-glucans may exert beneficial in vitro effects in gut microbiota and/or SCFAs production in elderly subjects.

scholarly journals Microbiome transfer between IL-1RI-/- and wild-type mice during high or low-fat feeding alters metabolic tissue functionality but not glucose homeostasis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica C. Ralston ◽  
Kathleen A.J. Mitchelson ◽  
Gina M. Lynch ◽  
Tam T.T. Tran ◽  
Conall R. Strain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

AbstractReduced inflammatory signaling (IL-1RI-/-) alters metabolic responses to dietary challenges (1). Inflammasome deficiency (e.g. IL-18-/-, Asc-/-) can modify gut microbiota concomitant with hepatosteatosis; an effect that was transferable to wild-type (WT) mice by co-housing (2). Taken together, this evidence suggests that links between diet, microbiota and IL-1RI-signaling can influence metabolic health. Our aim was to determine whether IL-1RI-mediated signaling interacted with the gut microbiome to impact metabolic tissue functionality in a diet-specific fashion. Male WT (C57BL/J6) and IL-1RI-/- mice were fed either high-fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal) or low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal) for 24 weeks and were housed i) separately by genotype or ii) with genotypes co-housed together (i.e. isolated vs shared microbial environment; n = 8–10 mice per group). Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion response (1.5 g/kg i.p.), gut microbiota composition and caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were assessed. Liver and adipose tissue were harvested and examined for triacylglycerol (TAG) formation, cholesterol and metabolic markers (Fasn, Cpt1α, Pparg, Scd1, Dgat1/2), using histology, gas-chromatography and RT-PCR, respectively. Statistical analysis included 1-way or 2-way ANOVA, where appropriate, with Bonferroni post-hoc correction. Co-housing significantly affected gut microbiota composition, illustrated by clustering in PCoA (unweighted UniFrac distance) of co-housed mice but not their single-housed counterparts, on both HFD and LFD. The taxa driving these differences were primarily from Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. Single-housed WT had lower hepatic weight, TAG, cholesterol levels and Fasn despite HFD, an effect lost in their co-housed counterparts, who aligned more to IL-1RI-/- hepatic lipid status. Hepatic Cpt1α was lowest in co-housed WT. Adipose from IL-1RI-/- groups on HFD displayed increased adipocyte size and reduced adipocyte number compared to WT groups, but greater lipogenic potential (Pparg, Scd1, Dgat2) alongside a blunted IL-6 response to pro-inflammatory stimuli (~32%, P = 0.025). Whilst caecal SCFA concentrations were not different between groups, single-housed IL-1RI-/- adipocytes showed greatest sensitivity to SCFA-induced lipogenesis. Interestingly, differences in tissue functionality and gut microbiome occurred despite unaltered glucose tolerance; although there was a trend for phenotypic transfer of body weight via co-housing. For all endpoints examined, similar genotype/co-housing effects were observed for both HFD and LFD with the greatest impacts seen in HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, while the gut microbiome may be an important consideration in dietary interventions, these results question the magnitude of its impact in relation to the IL-1RI-dependent immunometabolism-glucose homeostasis axis.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Composition Before and After Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2940-2949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Hojo ◽  
Takashi Asahara ◽  
Akihito Nagahara ◽  
Tsutomu Takeda ◽  
Kohei Matsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

scholarly journals Soy Protein Alleviates Malnutrition in Weaning Rats by Regulating Gut Microbiota Composition and Serum Metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuchen Wei ◽  
Nong Zhou ◽  
Liang Zou ◽  
Zhenxing Shi ◽  
Baoqing Dun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Protein Group ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Dietary intervention with plant protein is one of the main methods that is used to lessen the symptoms of malnutrition. Supplementary soy protein to undernourished weaning rats for 6 weeks significantly increased their body weight gain. After the intervention, the level of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was restored to 1,512.7 μg/g, while the level was only 637.1 μg/g in the 7% protein group. The amino acids (valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) increased in the colon, and vitamin B6 metabolism was significantly influenced in undernourished rats. The tryptophan and glycine-serine-threonine pathways were elevated, leading to an increase in the level of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the serum. In addition, the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lactobacillus increased, while Enterococcus and Streptococcus decreased compared to undernourished rats. Overall, soy protein improved the growth of rats with malnutrition in early life by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites in the colon and serum.

scholarly journals FODMAPs, but Not Gluten, Affect Symptoms and the Fecal Environment in Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. A Double Blinded-Randomized Three-Way Crossover Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 601-601
Author(s):  
Elise Nordin ◽  
Carl Brunius ◽  
Johan Dicksved ◽  
Erik Pelve ◽  
Rikard Landberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Modest Effect

Abstract Objectives Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms have been associated with fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) as well as gluten. We aimed to evaluate the effects of provocations with diets rich in such components on IBS symptoms. We further aimed to study effects of FODMAPs and gluten on microbiota and if the microbiota composition was related to the severity of IBS symptoms. Methods A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised three-way crossover design (n = 110) was conducted. From run-in and throughout the study, IBS subjects maintained a diet with minimal FODMAP content and no gluten. Participants were block-randomised to one-week interventions with FODMAPs (50 g/day), gluten (17.3 g/day) or placebo, separated by one week of wash-out. Fecal samples were collected after each study week and analyzed for gut microbiota composition by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. IBS symptoms were monitored by the IBS severity scoring system (IBS-SSS). Results In subjects with moderate to severe IBS (n = 103), FODMAPs caused higher total IBS-SSS (mean [SE] = 240 [9]) than placebo (208 [9]; p = 0.00056) or gluten (198 [9]; p = 0.013), but with no difference between gluten and placebo (p = 1.0). Relative abundance of Anaerostipes, Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium were higher after FODMAP compared to placebo. We found no difference in gut microbiota composition between gluten and placebo and no significant correlations between genera and severity of IBS-SSS. Conclusions In subjects with IBS, FODMAPs had an adverse but modest effect on typical IBS symptoms, whereas gluten had no effect. The microbiota composition was affected by the FODMAP but not the gluten intervention, in comparison to placebo. None of these differences were correlated to the severity of symptoms reflected in IBS-SSS, suggesting no apparent link between gut microbiota composition and IBS symptoms following intervention. Funding Sources Formas and the Swedish Research Council.

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