scholarly journals Phytosterols, Cholesterol Control, and Cardiovascular Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2810
Author(s):  
Andrea Poli ◽  
Franca Marangoni ◽  
Alberto Corsini ◽  
Enzo Manzato ◽  
Walter Marrocco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Foods ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Professional Advice ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Cholesterol Control ◽  
Correct Understanding

The use of phytosterols (or plant sterols) for the control of plasma cholesterol concentrations has recently gained traction because their efficacy is acknowledged by scientific authorities and leading guidelines. Phytosterols, marketed as supplements or functional foods, are formally classified as food in the European Union, are freely available for purchase, and are frequently used without any health professional advice; therefore, they are often self-prescribed, either inappropriately or in situations in which no significant advantage can be obtained. For this reason, a panel of experts with diverse medical and scientific backgrounds was convened by NFI—Nutrition Foundation of Italy—to critically evaluate and summarize the literature available on the topic, with the goal of providing medical doctors and all health professionals useful information to actively govern the use of phytosterols in the context of plasma cholesterol control. Some practical indications to help professionals identify subjects who will most likely benefit from the use of these products, optimizing the therapeutic outcomes, are also provided. The panel concluded that the use of phytosterols as supplements or functional foods to control Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels should be preceded by the assessment of some relevant individual characteristics: cardiovascular risk, lipid profile, correct understanding of how to use these products, and willingness to pay for the treatment.

Bile Acids: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Physiology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan F. Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Density Lipoprotein Receptor

Bile acids, amphipathic end products of cholesterol metabolism, are “good” in the infant because they enhance lipid absorption and thereby promote growth. Bile acids also induce bile flow and biliary lipid secretion. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is “bad” in the adult because it downregulates hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein receptor activity and thereby elevates plasma cholesterol levels. Defects in bile acid metabolism such as impaired biosynthesis or transport are “ugly” because they cause morbidity and death. New approaches for treating these defects are being developed.

Lipid and Lipoprotein Tracking in 108 Children Over a Four-Year Period

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-591
Author(s):  
Peter Laskarzewski ◽  
John A. Morrison ◽  
Ido deGroot ◽  
Kathe A. Kelly ◽  
Margot J. Mellies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plasma Triglyceride ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Lipids And Lipoproteins

This study was designed to assess "tracking" of plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-HDL, C-LDL), in 108 children followed over a four-year period in the Cincinnati Lipid Research Clinic's Princeton School study. The correlations between initial and subsequent measurements of plasma cholesterol were respectively 0.65, 0.66, and 0.68 for observations one, two, and three years apart, P < .001; for plasma triglyceride they were 0.47, 0.37, and 0.39, P < .001. Initial and subsequent C-HDL and C-LDL levels were also highly correlated, r = .60, .53 (for C-HDL), r = .67 and .61 (for C-LDL), for observations two and three years apart, P < .001. Six of 13 children initially in the top decile for plasma cholesterol remained there over the four-year period. Only three of 11 children initially in the top decile for plasma triglyceride remained there over the four-year period. Plasma C-HDL levels initially in the top decile generally remained there, with 82% and 64% of children initially in the top decile remaining in the top two deciles on follow-up. Plasma C-LDL levels were more dispersed than C-HDL, with three of 11 children initially in the top decile remaining there after four years. A considerable proportion of the decrement in group mean levels of lipids and lipoproteins for children initially in the top deciles could be accounted for by regression toward the mean. Although initial and subsequent measures of lipids and lipoproteins in school children are closely correlated, and there is a moderate degree of tracking for children initially in the top deciles, only small numbers of children after four years of follow-up will retain persistent elevations of cholesterol, triglyceride, and C-LDL. Longitudinal assessment of children with elevated lipid and lipoprotein levels may permit early identification of risk factors which both increase risk to coronary heart disease in adulthood (cholesterol, triglyceride, C-LDL), or decrease it (C-HDL).

Abstract 566: MicroRNA-146a Deficiency Prevents PCSK9 Gain-of-Function Mutation-induced Hypercholesterolemia in Mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shayan Mohammadmoradi ◽  
Aida Javidan ◽  
Weihua Jiang ◽  
Jessica Moorleghen ◽  
Venkateswaran Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
Ldl Particles

Background and Objective: Mimetic mediated activation of microRNA 146a (miR-146a) reduces atherosclerosis via suppression of nuclear factor-κB-driven inflammation in mice. The purpose of this study was to determine whether miR-146a influences plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic mice. Methods and Results: To induce hypercholesterolemia, female C57BL/6 miR-146a WT (n=8) and miR-146a KO (n=8) mice were injected intraperitoneally with an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) expressing the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PSCK9 D377Y) gain-of-function mutant at a dose of 3 x 10 10 genomic copies/mouse. After infection, mice were fed a Western diet (21% wt/wt milk fat; 0.15% wt/wt cholesterol) for sixteen weeks, and plasma PCSK9 and total cholesterol concentrations were monitored monthly using an enzymatic assay. Plasma PCSK9 concentrations were profoundly increased 4 weeks post injection (Baseline: WT - 179 ± 12 vs KO - 207 ± 12; Week 4: WT - 1700 ± 148 vs KO - 2689 ± 305 ng/ml) and remained significantly high during 16 weeks (WT - 882 ± 142 vs KO - 718 ± 109 ng/ml; p<0.05 vs baseline) of Western diet feeding. Consistent with increased plasma PCSK9 concentrations, plasma cholesterol concentrations were increased in both groups of mice. Interestingly, miR-146a KO group mice showed less significant increase in plasma cholesterol compared to WT group (Baseline: WT - 88 ± 3 vs KO - 83 ± 3; Week 4: WT - 328 ± 25 vs KO - 195 ± 18 mg/dl) irrespective of the comparable plasma PCSK9 concentrations. Also, lipoprotein distribution analysis with size exclusion gel chromatography revealed that miR-146a KO mice showed a strong reduction in high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles while very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles were not affected. Conclusion: Our findings suggests that miR146a plays a critical role in the regulation of HDL particles in PCSK9 gain-of-function mutant-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice. Future studies will identify gene targets influenced by miR-146a in regulating HDL-cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic mice.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on expression of rat liver genes controlling cholesterol homeostasis and on plasma cholesterol level

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Komprda ◽  
G. Zorníková ◽  
A. Knoll ◽  
Z. Vykoukalová ◽  
V. Rozíková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Ldlr Gene ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Density Lipoprotein Receptor ◽  
Lower Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Coa Reductase

A hypothesis that eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA+DHA) lower plasma cholesterol via increased expression of the Insig-1 gene with ensuing decrease of expression of genes coding for 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (Hmgcr) and low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) was tested in rats fed a diet with 3% of fish oil (FO). Expression of the Insig-1 gene in the liver of the FO-fed rats was 730% (P &lt; 0.05) of the control. However, contrary to the hypothesis, expression of the Hmgcr gene and Ldlr gene was 165% and 210% of the control (P &gt; 0.05). Nevertheless, FO in the diet decreased (P &lt; 0.05) plasma cholesterol of rats by 10% (from 1.19 to 1.07 mmol/l); it was therefore concluded that the cholesterol-lowering effect of EPA+DHA is at least partly based on mechanisms other than tested in the present experiment. &nbsp;

Plasma lipoprotein profiles of normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic homozygotes for apolipoprotein E2(Arg158-->Cys) compared

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1559-1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
S P Zhao ◽  
A H Smelt ◽  
A M Van den Maagdenberg ◽  
A Van Tol ◽  
T F Vroom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholesteryl Ester ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plasma Lipoprotein ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Plasma Cholesteryl Ester ◽  
Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia ◽  
Lipoprotein Profiles

Abstract We compared plasma lipoprotein profiles of 15 individuals with normocholesterolemic (plasma cholesterol 4.81 +/- 0.90 mmol/L) familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (NFD) and 15 patients with hypercholesterolemic (plasma cholesterol 10.61 +/- 2.32 mmol/L) familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (HFD), matched for age and sex. All subjects were homozygous for apoE2(Arg158--&gt;Cys). Compared with 15 normolipidemic controls (plasma cholesterol 5.47 +/- 0.92 mmol/L), subjects with NFD and HFD had greater cholesterol concentrations of large very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL1), small VLDL (VLDL2), and intermediate-density lipoprotein, each of which was correlated to their plasma total cholesterol concentration. VLDL1 and VLDL2 subfractions were enriched in cholesteryl ester, and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activities were increased in both NFD and HFD; however, absolute changes were larger in HFD than in NFD. Concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower in HFD (1.89 +/- 0.48 mmol/L) and NFD (1.56 +/- 0.36 mmol/L) than in normolipidemic controls (3.35 +/- 0.73 mmol/L). We conclude that all subjects homozygous for apoE2(Arg158--&gt;Cys) show features of dysbetalipoproteinemia.

Absence of focal glomerulosclerosis in aging analbuminemic rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (6) ◽  
pp. R947-R954 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Fujihara ◽  
D. M. Limongi ◽  
H. C. De Oliveira ◽  
R. Zatz
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Wall Stress ◽  
Plasma Triglyceride ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Platelet Aggregability ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Glomerular Hypertension

The Nagase analbuminemic rat (NAR), a mutant of the Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain, exhibits high levels of plasma cholesterol (Chol), thrombocytosis, and enhanced platelet aggregability, which might promote glomerulosclerosis (GS). To determine whether NAR are more susceptible than SD rats to aging GS, young (3-mo-old) and aging (18-mo-old) SD rats and NAR were studied. In young NAR, glomerular pressure and glomerular volume were lower, whereas total and high-density lipoprotein plasma Chol levels were higher than in young SD rats. Aging SD rats developed glomerular hypertension and hypertrophy. Less glomerular enlargement and subnormal glomerular pressures were seen in aging NAR. Enhanced platelet aggregation developed in aging SD rats, approaching the values seen in NAR. Similarly elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein Chol were seen in additional SD rats and NAR studied at 12 mo of age. Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were lower in NAR at this age. Only SD rats developed proteinuria and exhibited GS and glomerular lipid deposits at 18 mo of age. Reduced glomerular wall stress due to lower glomerular pressure and volume as well as lower TG levels may explain the absence of GS in aging NAR despite plasma lipid and platelet abnormalities.

scholarly journals Safety aspects of 36 months of administration of long-acting intramuscular testosterone undecanoate for treatment of female-to-male transgender individuals

2009 ◽  
Vol 161 (5) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Jacobeit ◽  
L J Gooren ◽  
H M Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Testosterone Undecanoate ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Observation Period

DesignTestosterone treatment is essential for the induction and maintenance of virilization of female-to-male (FTM) transsexuals.AimTo test the safety of a novel testosterone preparation for this purpose.MethodsParenteral long-acting testosterone undecanoate (TU) was administered to 17 FTM transsexuals over 36 months. Observations were made while subjects received treatment.ResultsSerum testosterone rose from 0.50±0.25 to 6.2±1.3 ng/ml at 6 months and remained stable thereafter. The testosterone profiles were largely identical with those in hypogonadal receiving TU. There were no side effects. Over the 36 months of the study, there was a small but significant decrease in plasma cholesterol (from 218±47 to 188±42 mg/dl) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (from 139±48 to 139±48 mg/dl), while plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides did not change significantly. Liver enzymes did not change during treatment. There was an increase of both levels in hemoglobin (from 13.6±1.2 to 16.0±1.5 g/dl) and hematocrit (from 41±4 to 46±4) upon administration but they remained almost without exception within the physiological range. No special measures were needed. Breast and gonads/internal genitalia did not show pathological changes over the observation period.ConclusionThis study reports that TU is suited for induction of virilization in FTM transsexuals without significant side effects over a longer term.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document