scholarly journals Insufficient Physical Fitness and Deficits in Basic Eating Habits in Normal-Weight Obese Children Are Apparent from Pre-School Age or Sooner

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3464
Author(s):  
Martin Musálek ◽  
Petr Sedlak ◽  
Hana Dvořáková ◽  
Anna Vážná ◽  
Jan Novák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Tennis Ball ◽  
School Age ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Normal Weight Obesity ◽  
Sweet Foods

Normal-weight obesity appears to be an extended diagnosis/syndrome associated with insufficient physical fitness levels and inadequate eating habits at least from school years. However, its relation to long term health parameters in pre-school children remains unknown, even though pre-school age is crucial for the determining healthy lifelong habits. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the differences in physical fitness level and basic eating habits between normal-weight obese, normal-weight non-obese, and overweight and obese preschoolers. The research sample consisted of 188 preschoolers aged 4.0–6.9 years (Mage = 5.52 ± 0.8 year), normal-weight obese = 25; normal-weight non-obese = 143, overweight and obese = 20. Body composition was measured using bio-impedance InBody230. Six tests assessed the physical fitness level: sit-ups; standing long jump; shuttle running 4 × 5 meters; throwing with a tennis ball; multistage fitness tests; sit and reach. A four-item eating habits questionnaire for parents focusing on breakfast regularity, consumption of sweet foods and drinks, selection of food and attitude towards eating was used. A non-parametric analysis of variance and Fisher’s exact test along with suitable effect sizes were used for data processing of physical fitness tests and the basic eating habits questionnaire, respectively. Normal-weight obese children performed significantly worse (from p = 0.03 to p < 0.001, ES ω2-G = low to medium) in muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness and running agility compared to normal-weight non-obese counterparts and did not significantly differ in the majority of physical fitness performance tests from overweight and obese peers. In basic eating habits, normal-weight obese boys preferred significantly more sweet foods and drinks (p = 0.003 ES = 0.35, large), while normal-weight obese girls had significantly more negative attitude towards eating (p = 0.002 ES = 0.33, large) in comparison to their normal-weight non-obese peers. Normal-weight obesity seems to develop from early childhood and is associated with low physical fitness and deficits in eating habits which might inhibit the natural necessity for physically active life from pre-school age or sooner.

scholarly journals Impaired Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Muscle Strength in Children with Normal-Weight Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9198
Author(s):  
Martin Musálek ◽  
Cain C. T. Clark ◽  
Jakub Kokštejn ◽  
Šarka Vokounova ◽  
Jan Hnízdil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Normal Weight Obesity ◽  
Post Hoc

Despite the health-related implications of normal-weight obesity in children, very little research has explored the fundamental associations between this status and important long-term health parameters. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the physical fitness of children with normal-weight obesity, in comparison to normal-weight non obese and overweight and obese counterparts. A total of 328 middle-school-aged children (9.8 ± 0.5 y) took part in this study (n = 44 normal-weight obese; n = 237; normal-weight non obese; n = 47 overweight and obese). Height, weight, and body-fatness were measured. Four physical fitness tests were conducted: (1) Multistage fitness test; (2) shuttle run 4 × 10 m; (3) sit-ups for 60 s; (4) the broad jump. Welch’s analysis of variance (ANOVA), stratified by sex, with post-hoc testing where necessary, was performed. Children with normal-weight obesity had significantly (p < 0.01) lower cardio-respiratory and muscular fitness than normal-weight non obese peers. In addition, normal-weight obese and overweight and obese boys had comparable deficits in strength and explosiveness of lower limbs, speed coordination, and endurance, compared to normal-weight non obese counterparts. Normal-weight obese children appear to have similar deficits in PF as their overweight and obese peers, compared to normal-weight non obese counterparts, whilst boys had larger deficits than girls.

Cardiometabolic risk and health behaviours in adolescents with normal-weight obesity: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Bruna Clemente Cota ◽  
Lara Gomes Suhett ◽  
Nathália Nogueira Leite ◽  
Patrícia Feliciano Pereira ◽  
Sarah Aparecida Vieira Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
High Waist Circumference ◽  
Normal Weight Obesity ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Objective: To analyse the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents with normal-weight obesity (NWO), as well as to investigate health behaviours related to the phenotype. Design: The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scielo and ScienceDirect databases. Setting: School, university and population. Participants: Adolescents between 10 and 19 years old. Results: A total of eight papers were included. Most studies have found a relationship between NWO and the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as high waist circumference, unfavourable lipid and glycid profile. As for health behaviours, three of the eight studies included evaluated eating habits; however, the results were not conclusive. In addition, four studies analysed the practice of physical activity or physical fitness, which was lower in NWO. Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that NWO is related to the early development of cardiometabolic changes, physical inactivity and less physical fitness in adolescents. The results also reveal the importance of early detection of the phenotype, as well as the need for further research on the associated factors to prevent future diseases. Registration (PROSPERO: CRD42020161204).

Weight Status Is Associated with Blood Pressure, Vital Capacity, Dental Decay, and Visual Acuity among School-Age Children in Chengdu, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Peng ◽  
Shiyun Li ◽  
Hongbin Zhang ◽  
Honglian Zeng ◽  
Biyu Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Dental Decay

Aims: To examine the association of weight status with the prevalence of blood pressure (BP), vital capacity, dental decay, and visual acuity among school-age children in Chengdu, China and to find the potential role of weight status to predict the common and frequently occurring diseases among school-age children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 12,297 children aged 6-18 years from 10 schools in the Jinniu District of Chengdu, China. Body height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and BP were measured. Vital capacity, dental decay, and visual acuity were detected. Results: The overall prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity, high BP, bad vital capacity weight index, dental decay, and low vision were 7.18, 13.47, 7.57, 18.90, 2.78, 21.93, 38.81, and 45.79%, respectively. After controlling for age, gender, and WC, it was found that overweight and obese children had a higher risk of developing high BP than normal weight children ([OR 4.20, p < 0.001] and [OR 8.76, p < 0.001], respectively), And adjusting for age, gender, and chest circumference, the risk of having bad vital capacity weight index among children with overweight and obesity was higher ([OR 2.15, p < 0.001] and [OR 5.40, p < 0.001], respectively), and the risk with underweight was lower (OR 0.35, p < 0.001). After eliminating the influential factors of gender and age, children who were underweight were 1.16 times (OR 1.16, p = 0.048) more likely to have caries than children with normal weight, but obese children were found to have a lower prevalence for dental cavities than children with normal weight (OR 0.79, p = 0.002). Underweight and obese children had a higher prevalence of low vision; the OR of the appearance of low vision was 1.21 (p = 0.016) for underweight children and 1.23 (p = 0.009) for obese children after adjusting the age and gender. Conclusions: Abnormal weight status among Chengdu urban school-age children was found to be a severe health problem, and it was strongly associated with BP, vital capacity, dental decay, and visual acuity.

scholarly journals Differences in Anthropometry, Biological Age and Physical Fitness Between Young Elite Kayakers and Canoeists

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel López-Plaza ◽  
Fernando Alacid ◽  
José María Muyor ◽  
Pedro Ángel López-Miñarro
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Counter Movement Jump ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Shuttle Run ◽  
Medicine Ball

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric and physical characteristics of youth elite paddlers and to identify the differences between kayakers and canoeists. A total of 171 male paddlers (eighty-nine kayakers and eighty-two canoeists), aged 13.69 ± 0.57 years (mean ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The participants completed basic anthropometric assessments (body mass, stretch stature, sitting height, body mass index, maturity level, sum of 6 skinfolds and fat mass percentage) as well as a battery of physical fitness tests (overhead medicine ball throw, counter movement jump, sit-and-reach and 20 m multi-stage shuttle run tests). The anthropometric results revealed a significantly larger body size (stretch stature and sitting height) and body mass in the kayakers (p < 0.01) as well as a more mature biological status (p = 0.003). The physical fitness level exhibited by the kayakers was likewise significantly greater than that of the canoeists, both in the counter movement jump and estimated VO2max (p < 0.05), as well as in the overhead medicine ball throw and sit-and-reach test (p < 0.01). These findings confirm the more robust and mature profile of youth kayakers that might be associated with the superior fitness level observed and the specific requirements of this sport discipline.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE AND SPEED BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL FEMALE STUDENTS OF BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY PAKISTAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-366
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Ghufran Hadier Hamdani ◽  
QingZhong He ◽  
Syeda Urooj Fatima Hamdani ◽  
Syed Muhammad Zeeshan Haider Hamdani ◽  
Syed Muhammad Danish Haider Hamdani
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Urban Girls ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
Cardiovascular Endurance ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Urban Rural

The purpose of the present study was to determine which group of female students urban/rural has better physical fitness performance in tests. Samples comprised of 72 females’ students (36 urban and 36 rural), this represented 10% of the population from each school of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan. Two physical Fitness components: speed and cardiovascular endurance were assessed using 60 Meters Speed test for speed and Harward Step Test for cardiovascular endurance. Descriptive Statistics examine the characteristics of the samples and Independent ‘t’ test was employed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The results indicated that urban girls’ performance was superior to the rural girls in speed (9.29Mean) and cardiovascular endurance (5.97Mean) in both physical fitness tests urban girls’ physical fitness level was higher. The findings of this study proved that the results of this study are unique and shows that urban girls have more physical fitness trend than urban girls, moreover it was also discovered for future studies that the cultural, social and living environment had a great impact on the physical fitness of females in Pakistan.

scholarly journals The food frequency intake and eating behaviours of metabolically obese and non obese polycystic ovary syndrome women

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Czlapka-Matyasik ◽  
Aleksadra Bykowska-Derda ◽  
Boguslaw Stelcer ◽  
Malgorzata Kaluzna ◽  
Katarzyna Ziemnicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Normal Weight Obesity

AbstractIntroduction: Normal weight obesity is characterized as regular BMI and excessive body fatness. This type of metabolic obesity may be observed and overlooked in polycystic ovary syndrome women (PCOS), in whom obesity and increased cardiometabolic risk are observed. There are limited data concerning eating habits and lifestyle behaviours of/in normal weight obesity PCOS women. The purpose of this study is to distinguish the food frequency intake and eating habits behaviours of PCOS women characterized by regular weight and body fatness, regular weight and excess fatness and overweight and excess body fatness.Methods: Women with PCOS (n = 149, BMI: 26 ± 6 kg/m2, aged 17–44 years) were divided into three groups according to the BMI and body fatness percentage (FM%): Regular weight and FM% (RW, n = 64), regular weight and high FM% (RWHF, n = 24) and high weight and high FM% (HWHF, n = 61). FM% was measured by air displacement plethysmography (BodPod, Life Measurement Inc, Concord, CA). Anthropometrics included weight, height and waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR) were measured. Food frequency intake and lifestyle behaviours were assessed by Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire (KomPAN, The Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish Academy of Science). To assess psychological factors influencing nutrition, My Eating Habits (MEH) Questionnaire was used. To detect the differences between the groups Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA and Mann Whitney-U tests were used.Results: The results showed that the groups with higher body fatness (HWHF and RWHF) had significantly higher scores of dietary restrictions than the RW group. The RWHF group had significantly lower frequency intake of grains and lower physical activity in relation to other groups. In the group HWHF we indicated the higher risk of eating disorders since scored there higher in emotional overeating section of Eating Habits questionnaire.Conclusion:The differences in body fatness in PCOS women might by driven by eating behaviours and frequency of intake selected food groups. Individual approach emphasized on dietary coaching of eating and lifestyle habits, might be beneficial to body composition management and cardiometabolic risk reduction in PCOS women.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated with Poor Physical Fitness in Three- to Six-Year-Old Children in Tujia-Nationality Settlement of China

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Liu ◽  
Zheng Xiang ◽  
Chaoneng Liu ◽  
Xiangrong Shi ◽  
Xinfeng Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Fitness Assessment ◽  
Younger Age

Background. Physical fitness has been recognized not only as an integrated predictor of the body's functional status, but also as an important marker of health outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated with physical fitness among 3-6-year-old children within the Tujia-Nationality settlement in the years 2005, 2010, and 2014. Methods. Demographics questionnaires and fitness assessment were performed to identify the risk factors for poor physical fitness (PPF) among 3- to 6-year-old children in the years 2005, 2010, and 2014 in the area of southwest Hubei of China. Results. Of the 2128 children, 495 were classified as PPF (23.3%). In 2005, the percentage of PPF children was 21.7%, and the percentage of PPF children decreased from 29.1% in 2010 to 18.8% in 2014. Furthermore, Urban area children had a significant risk of PPF than rural area children (OR=1.299, P=0.031). Three-year-old children had 2.150-fold risk of PPF as compared to 6-year-old children. The children with less than 0.5 hours of activity time per day had 1.95-fold risk of PPF as compared to those with 1-2-hour activity time per day, respectively. Underweight and overweight/obese children had 2.74-fold and 1.67-fold risk of PPF as compared to normal weight children. Children had 1.97-fold risk of PPF when their father’s schooling ceased after middle school and 1.51-fold risk of PPF when their father’s schooling ceased after high school, respectively. Conclusions. These results demonstrated that the incidence of PPF children went up from 2005 to 2010 and then down from 2010 to 2014 within the Tujia settlement. For the children in this area, the risk factors associated with PPF included urban location, younger age, less than 1-hour activity time per day in kindergarten, underweight/overweight, low father’s education level, and mother’s childbearing age being less than 20 years.

scholarly journals Influence of Body Composition on Physical Fitness in Adolescents

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
María Mendoza-Muñoz ◽  
José Carmelo Adsuar ◽  
Jorge Pérez-Gómez ◽  
Laura Muñoz-Bermejo ◽  
Miguel Ángel Garcia-Gordillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Fitness Test ◽  
Fitness Tests

Background and objectives: Childhood obesity is one of the main public health issues facing advanced societies. The Spanish population presents 28.6% overweight or obese adolescents, and Extremadura, 22.3%. Physical fitness is considered one of the most important health markers and a common predictor of morbidity and mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases. Thus, fitness tests are needed for health monitoring, especially in overweight and obese adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between body composition and physical fitness in adolescents and to analyse if there are differences in physical condition and body composition between the sexes, as well as to compare the different body mass index (BMI) categories to each other. This project also tried to find regression equations to predict the physical fitness test results. Materials and Methods: A total of 225 adolescents were recruited. Weight status was classified according to WHO 2007 standards. Body composition variables (i.e., BMI, fat mass (FM), FM percentage (FM%), and fat-free mass (FFM)) and physical fitness (standing long jump (SLJ), speed–agility (SA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CF), and handgrip strength (HS)) were assessed. Results: Significant differences were found between the sexes in body composition (FM%, FM, and FFM) and physical fitness (SLJ, SA, CF, and HS) (p < 0.001) in favour of males. Significant differences were also found in speed (p = 0.002), CF (p < 0.001), and SLJ (p = 0.004) in favour of normal-weight adolescents compared to overweight and obese adolescents. Contrarily, the outcomes revealed a significantly greater HS (p = 0.014) in favour of overweight and obese participants compared to normal-weight adolescents. Moreover, the results showed that CF and SLJ correlated inversely with BMI, FM%, and total FM. There was also a direct relationship between SA and FM percentage, as well as between HS and FFM. Finally, four fitness test predictive models are proposed based on body composition, age, sex, and BMI. Conclusions: Overweight and obese adolescents have lower levels of physical fitness than their normal-weight peers, regardless of their sex. Normal-ranged body composition values are related to a greater physical fitness in adolescents. Furthermore, this study presents several equations that can help to predict the performance of different fitness tests in adolescents.

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