scholarly journals Analysis of Risk Factors for African Swine Fever in Lombardy to Identify Pig Holdings and Areas Most at Risk of Introduction in Order to Plan Preventive Measures

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1077
Author(s):  
Silvia Bellini ◽  
Alessandra Scaburri ◽  
Marco Tironi ◽  
Stefania Calò
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
European Union ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Pig Farms

In 2019, the area of the European Union (EU) affected by African swine fever (ASF) expanded progressively in a southwestern direction from Baltic and eastern countries. The disease can severely affect and disrupt regional and international trade of pigs and pork products with serious socioeconomic damages to the pig industry. Lombardy is one of the most important European pig producers and the introduction of ASF into the pig population could adversely affect the entire sector. A study was carried out to identify the farms and territories in the region most at risk of ASF introduction to plan preventive measures. The pig holdings were identified through a descriptive analysis of pig movements and Social Network Analysis (SNA), while, for the identification of the most exposed municipalities, an assessment of risk factors was carried out using the ranking of summed scores attributed to the Z-score. From the analysis, it was found that 109 municipalities and 297 pig holdings of the region were potentially more at risk, and these holdings were selected for target surveillance. This information was provided to veterinary authority to target surveillance in pig farms, in order to early detect a possible incursion of ASF and prevent its spread.

scholarly journals Assessment of Welfare Problems in Finnish Cattle and Pig Farms Based on Official Inspection Reports

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Väärikkälä ◽  
Laura Hänninen ◽  
Mari Nevas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
European Union ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Livestock Farms ◽  
Underlying Risk

The competent authorities of the Member States of the European Union are required to perform animal welfare inspections on livestock farms. The data obtained from these official inspections performed in Finnish cattle and pig farms in 2010–2015 were used with the aim of estimating the prevalence of the most common non-compliances and identifying underlying risk factors. The prevalence of non-compliant cattle and pig farms was 24.2% and 27.9%, respectively. In cattle, the most common problem was an inadequate lying area followed by deficient housing conditions for calves; in pigs, it was a lack of enrichment material. The non-compliances concerning cattle were most frequently detected in autumn and in farms with small herd size, with tie-stall housing and outdoor rearing year-round. The pig farms with a farrow-to-finish unit had a higher prevalence of non-compliances than other production types. The prevalence of the non-compliant farms differed notably between the regions. It can be concluded that the cattle welfare inspections should be performed with a focus on the cold and rainy seasons and at small farms, whereas the pig welfare inspections should mainly focus on farrow-to-finish units. The data received from official inspections should be efficiently utilized in the development of animal welfare inspection system, with the aim of risk-based, consistent and uniform inspections. In addition, the data should be utilized in targeting information for farmers.

scholarly journals A Review of Risk Factors of African Swine Fever Incursion in Pig Farming within the European Union Scenario

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Silvia Bellini ◽  
Gabriele Casadei ◽  
Giorgia De Lorenzi ◽  
Marco Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
European Union ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Pig Farming

African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable viral disease of pigs and wild boars that could lead to serious economic losses for the entire European pork industry. As no effective treatment or vaccination is available, disease prevention and control rely on strictly enforced biosecurity measures tailored to the specific risk factors of ASF introduction within domestic pig populations. Here, we present a review addressing the risk factors associated with different European pig farming systems in the context of the actual epidemiological scenario. A list of keywords was combined into a Boolean query, “African swine fever” AND (“Risk factors” OR “Transmission” OR “Spread” OR “Pig farming” OR “Pigs” OR “Wild boars”); was run on 4 databases; and resulted in 52 documents of interest being reviewed. Based on our review, each farming system has its own peculiar risk factors: commercial farms, where best practices are already in place, may suffer from unintentional breaches in biosecurity, while backyard and outdoor farms may suffer from poor ASF awareness, sociocultural factors, and contact with wild boars. In the literature selected for our review, human-related activities and behaviours are presented as the main risks, but we also stress the need to implement biosecurity measures also tailored to risks factors that are specific for the different pig farming practices in the European Union (EU).

scholarly journals Introduction of African Swine Fever into the European Union through Illegal Importation of Pork and Pork Products

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. e61104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solenne Costard ◽  
Bryony Anne Jones ◽  
Beatriz Martínez-López ◽  
Lina Mur ◽  
Ana de la Torre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pork Products

scholarly journals General Government Debt and Budget Deficit as Threats to Economic Security of the European Union Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Górniewicz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Statistical Data Analysis ◽  
General Government ◽  
European Union Member States

Abstract The aim of the article is to present budget deficit and government debt in the European Union member states, with particular consideration of the countries that belong to the PIIGS group. This paper has focused on the scale of these phenomena, on their reasons and on some attempts made to improve the unfavourable situation. In the main thesis presented in the article, it is stated that budget deficit and general government debt come as significant threats to economic security of the European Union (EU) countries. The research methods that have been applied in the study involve descriptive analysis and statistical data analysis.

scholarly journals Repositioning UK Partnerships Post-Brexit

2018 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Ludovic Highman
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
European Union ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Student Mobility ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Volunteer Abroad

On such divisive issues as EU membership and, consequently, the post-Brexit relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union, it is unsurprising that Theresa May’s government has been torn between a “hard” and a “soft” Brexit. As of June 2018, there is still no indication of which approach will prevail, putting at risk UK universities’ participation in the Erasmus+ program, which has provided, among other things, opportunities for over four million Europeans to study, train, and volunteer abroad since its inception. Full access to EU research funds is also at risk. Universities cannot depend on the UK government’s help in securing the frameworks allowing for continuity. In such a context, universities have started to use their limited resources to secure bilateral international and European links to foster research collaboration and staff and student mobility, post-Brexit.

scholarly journals La mediación en la gestión del impago de los préstamos y créditos hipotecarios en Cataluña: una institucionalización singular (Mediation in non-payment of a contract for loan mortgage in Catalonia: a singular institutionalization)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-476
Author(s):  
Isabel Viola Demestre
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
European Union ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Mediation Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
Consumer Law ◽  
The Right

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis de la institucionalización que la mediación ha seguido en un contexto concreto, como es el derecho de consumo, y, en particular, en los conflictos generados a raíz del impago de la cuota de los préstamos o créditos hipotecarios, con el análisis de la normativa de la Unión Europea, estatal y autonómica de Cataluña. Asimismo, se estudia el proceso de mediación institucionalizado en las normas de consumo de Cataluña, para proteger el derecho a la vivienda de las personas en riesgo de exclusión residencial, porque alteran sustancialmente dos principios fundamentales (voluntariedad e imparcialidad y neutralidad) que suelen identificar este concreto mecanismo de gestión de conflictos, cuestionando si tal proceso puede seguir denominándose “mediación”. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the institutionalization that mediation has followed in a specific context, such as consumer law, and, in particular, in the conflicts generated as a result of the non-payment of the mortgage loans or credits, with the analysis of the European Union, Spanish and autonomy of Catalonia regulations. Furthermore, the institutionalized mediation process is studied in the consumption norms of Catalonia about the protection of the right to housing of people at risk of residential exclusion, because they substantially alter two fundamental principles (voluntariety and impartiality and neutrality) that usually identify this concrete mechanism of conflict management, questioning whether such a process can continue to be called “mediation”.

ANALISIS RISIKO PRODUKSI USAHA SARANG BURUNG WALET (Collacalia Fuciphagus) DI KABUPATEN TANA TIDUNG

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anang Sulistyo ◽  
Megawati Ayu Putri
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Air Ventilation ◽  
Risk Source ◽  
Weather Changes

AbstrakMembangun usaha sarang burung walet rumahan bukanlah hal yang mudah, selain harus benar-benar memahami cara mendatangkan burung,merawat sarang sampai tahap panen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk, 1) mengetahui sumber–sumber risiko produksi dan  dampaknya terhadap usaha sarang burung walet; 2) merumuskan strategi mengatasi risiko produksi usaha sarang burung walet di Kabupaten Tana Tidung. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 30 peternak sarang walet di Kecamatan Sesayap Kabupaten Tana Tidung. Analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis deskriptif, analisis probabilitas, Z-score dan Value At Risk (VaR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sumber–sumber risiko produksi usaha sarang burung walet yang teridentifikasi yaitu perubahan cuaca dan kesalahan tenaga kerja. Sumber risiko terbesar adalah perubahan cuaca pada periode ke II dengan probabilitas sebesar 72% dan dampak yang paling sebesar pada periode ke III sebesar Rp. 2.630.704. Sedangkan sumber risiko kesalahan tenaga kerja pada periode II dengan probabilitas sebesar 68% dan dampak yang paling besar pada periode ke I sebesar Rp. 589.111. Strategi penanganan sumber risiko perubahan cuaca/iklim dengan strategi preventif yaitu membuat ventilasi udara dan menggunakan alat pengukur thermo hygrometer, selanjutnya strategi mitigasi yaitu pengisian air menggunakan wadah bak atau baskom. Sumber risiko kesalahan tenaga kerja menggunakan strategi preventif yaitu memberikan pengetahuan dan keterampilan melalui penyuluhan. Kata Kunci : Sarang Burung Walet, Sumber Risiko, Analisis Risiko, Penanganan Risiko AbstractBuilding a home swallow nest business is not easy, apart from having to really understand how to bring in birds, care for the nest until the harvest stage. This study aims to, 1) determine the sources of production risk and their impact on swallow's nest business; 2) formulating a strategy to overcome the risk of production in the swallow's nest business in Tana Tidung Regency. This research was conducted on 30 swallow nest breeders in Sesayap District, Tana Tidung Regency. The analysis used is descriptive analysis, probability analysis, Z-score and Value At Risk (VaR). The results showed that the identified sources of risk in the production of swallow's nest business were weather changes and labor errors. The biggest risk source is weather changes in the second period with a probability of 72% and the greatest impact in the third period of Rp. 2,630,704. While the source of the risk of labor error in period II with a probability of 68% and the greatest impact in the first period of Rp. 589,111. The strategy for handling the risk source of weather / climate change with a preventive strategy is to make air ventilation and use a thermo hygrometer measuring device, then the mitigation strategy is to fill water using a tub or basin container. The source of the risk of labor error using a preventive strategy, namely providing knowledge and skills through counseling.. Keywords: Swallow's Nest, Risk Sources, Risk Analysis, Risk Management

scholarly journals Intimate partner violence against young women: prevalence and associated factors in Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Sanz-Barbero ◽  
Patricia López Pereira ◽  
Gregorio Barrio ◽  
Carmen Vives-Cases
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
European Union ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
The European Union

BackgroundThe magnitude of intimate partner violence (IPV) in young women is a source of increasing concern. The prevalence of IPV has not been analysed in Europe as a whole. The objective was to assess the prevalence and main characteristics of experiencing physical and/or sexual and psychological-only IPV among young women in the European Union and to identify individual and contextual associated risk factors.MethodsWe analysed a cross-sectional subsample of 5976 ever-partnered women aged 18–29 years from the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights Violence Against Women Survey, 2012. The main outcomes were current physical and/or sexual IPV and lifetime psychological-only IPV. Risk factors were assessed by the prevalence ratio (PR) from multilevel Poisson regression models.ResultsCurrent prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV was 6.1%, lifetime prevalence of psychological-only IPV was 28.7%. Having suffered physical and/or sexual abuse by an adult before age 15 was the strongest risk factor for IPV (PR: 2.9 for physical and/or sexual IPV, PR: 1.5 for psychological-only IPV). Other individual risk factors were: perceived major difficulties in living within their household income (PR: 2.6), having children (PR: 1.8) and age 18–24 years (PR: 1.5) for physical/sexual IPV and immigration background for psychological-only IPV (PR: 1.4). Living in countries with a higher prevalence of binge drinking or early school dropout was positively associated with IPV.ConclusionsFindings show that the fight against violence in young women should consider individual characteristics, childhood experiences of abuse and also structural interventions including reduction of alcohol consumption and improvement in the education-related indicators.

The use of beta regression in the modelling of severe material deprivation indicator in the European Union countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-39
Author(s):  
Hanna Dudek
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
European Union ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The severe material deprivation rate indicates the proportion of the population that cannot fulfil at least four of the nine needs identified as basic ones in the European conditions. The study attempts to identify factors differentiating this indicator in the European Union countries. The parameters for regression beta models were estimated on the basis of data from the European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for 2014. Such models are useful when the value of the dependent variable interval is included between 0 and 1. It was found that severe material deprivation rate is affected by such factors as: type of household, median equalized disposable income, at-risk-of-poverty rate, relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap, inequality of income distribution, long-term unemployment rate, GDP per capita, and share of social protection expenditure in GDP.

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