scholarly journals Analysis of Infection Time Courses Shows CII Levels Determine the Frequency of Lysogeny in Phage 186

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 998
Author(s):  
Nan Hao ◽  
Dylan Agnew ◽  
Sandeep Krishna ◽  
Ian B. Dodd ◽  
Keith E. Shearwin
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Infection Time ◽  
Infection Cycles ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Modelling Methods

Engineered phage with properties optimised for the treatment of bacterial infections hold great promise, but require careful characterisation by a number of approaches. Phage–bacteria infection time courses, where populations of bacteriophage and bacteria are mixed and followed over many infection cycles, can be used to deduce properties of phage infection at the individual cell level. Here, we apply this approach to analysis of infection of Escherichia coli by the temperate bacteriophage 186 and explore which properties of the infection process can be reliably inferred. By applying established modelling methods to such data, we extract the frequency at which phage 186 chooses the lysogenic pathway after infection, and show that lysogenisation increases in a graded manner with increased expression of the lysogenic establishment factor CII. The data also suggest that, like phage λ, the rate of lysogeny of phage 186 increases with multiple infections.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 918-919
Author(s):  
AIMS C. MCGUINNESS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
The Individual

I certainly agree with Dr. Dietrich that Asian influenza thus far has been a mild disease and not too serious a problem for the individual. Dr. Burney has pointed this out on a number of occasions, as, for example, in his remarks before the State and Territorial Health Officers on August 27. I agree, too, that the availability of antibiotics to deal with secondary bacterial infections should, to a great extent, minimize the severity of any epidemic in the United States.

scholarly journals Scavenger receptors: a key player in cardiovascular diseases

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Z. Ashraf ◽  
Anita Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe scavenger receptor (SR) super family consists of integral membrane glycoproteins that are involved in recognition of polyanionic structures of either endogenous (e.g., oxidized low-density lipoprotein) or exogenous (e.g., bacterial lipopolysaccharides) origin. SRs are structurally diverse and can be classified into seven different classes (A–G) based on the multidomain structure of the individual members. SRs are present on various types of tissues, such as vascular, adipose, and steroidogenic tissues. In addition to modified lipoprotein uptake, these proteins are also known to regulate apoptotic cell clearance, initiate signal transduction, and serve as pattern recognition receptors for pathogens. Different SRs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes; more importantly, the function of SRs is highly implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaque. Targeting the SR gene products that mediate the response to and uptake of modified lipids holds great promise in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Inhibition of SR expression using a combined gene therapy and RNA interference strategy also appears to be an option for long-term therapy. The present review focuses on the involvement of SRs in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and other cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the role of SRs is not restricted to vascular lesions; it is also implicated in a number of different cellular functions.

scholarly journals Neuronal-glial metabolism under depolarizing conditions. A 13C-n.m.r. study

1992 ◽  
Vol 282 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
R S Badar-Goffer ◽  
O Ben-Yoseph ◽  
H S Bachelard ◽  
P G Morris
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Maximum Percentage ◽  
Theoretical Maximum ◽  
Metabolic Pool ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
The Individual

Time courses of incorporation of 13C from 13C-labelled glucose and/or acetate into the individual carbon atoms of amino acids, citrate and lactate in depolarized cerebral tissues were monitored by using 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. There was no change in the maximum percentage of 13C enrichments of the amino acids on depolarization, but the maxima were reached more rapidly, indicating that rates of metabolism in both glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were accelerated. Although labelling of lactate and of citrate approached the theoretical maximum of 50%, labelling of the amino acids was always below 20%, suggesting that there is a metabolic pool or compartment that is inaccessible to exogenous substrates. Under resting conditions labelling of citrate and of glutamine from [1-13C]glucose was not detected, whereas both were labelled from [2-13C]acetate, which is considered to reflect glial metabolism. In contrast, considerable labelling of these two metabolites from [1-13C]glucose was observed in depolarized tissues, suggesting that the increased metabolism may be due to increased consumption of glucose by glial cells. The labelling patterns on depolarization from [1-13C]glucose alone and from both precursors [( 1-13C]glucose plus [2-13C]acetate) were similar, which also indicates that the changes are due to increased consumption of glucose rather than acetate.

Preliminary Phase in Cell Level Modelling

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Jin ◽  
I. T. Franks ◽  
M. Loftus
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Requirements Analysis ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Cell Systems ◽  
System Life ◽  
Modelling Methods ◽  
Preliminary Phase ◽  
Modelling Process

Abstract This paper addresses the need to add a preliminary phase to cell level modelling. It is accepted that the Cell level plays an important role within a CIM structure. To assist implementation and research into cell systems, an appropriate modelling technology is required. However, existing modelling methods are not sufficiently adequate. A consolidated approach towards cell level modelling is desirable. Requirements capture and representation is one of the most critical processes in system modelling. The proposed modelling phase is considered as an enabling mechanism through which improved communication between system modellers and users, and consequently better representation of users requirement, can be achieved. This paper discusses the need for a preliminary phase of cell level modelling, especially at the requirements analysis stage of the system life cycle. The essential constituents of this phase are discussed. A partial method, specially designed for the modelling process in this strategy, is briefly introduced.

Fiber Optic Based Thermal and Strain Sensing of Lithium-Ion Batteries at the Individual Cell Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 168 (4) ◽  
pp. 040535
Author(s):  
Hayden L. Atchison ◽  
Zachary R. Bailey ◽  
David A. Wetz ◽  
Matthew Davis ◽  
John M. Heinzel
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Strain Sensing ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
The Individual

A Vision for Deeper Agency and Personalization in Micro-Credentials

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-45
Author(s):  
Tara Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Workforce Readiness ◽  
Individual Learner ◽  
Future Of Work ◽  
Learner Centered ◽  
The Future ◽  
Educational Paradigm ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Current Systems

Current systems of education, both K12 and postsecondary, are leaving learners unprepared for the future of work. Standardized, compliance-oriented approaches to teaching and learning are inequitable and are not responsive enough to meet individual learner needs. A learner-centered educational paradigm has emerged which seeks to disrupt traditional models of education by centering the individual needs of learners in all learning experiences. At the same time, the alternative educational model of micro-credentialing holds great promise to improve workforce readiness. While the fields of learner-centered education and micro-credentials are simultaneously gaining traction, their possible intersections have yet to be fully explored. Micro-credentials have the potential to ready learners for the future of work while providing a deeply relevant, learner-centered experience. This chapter lays out a vision for exactly what this might look like and why it matters for learners.

Kinetics of rouleaux formation using TV image analyzer. I. Human erythrocytes

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. H252-H258 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shiga ◽  
K. Imaizumi ◽  
N. Harada ◽  
M. Sekiya
Keyword(s):  
Ph Effect ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Analyzer ◽  
Autologous Plasma ◽  
Human Fibrinogen ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Lower Shear ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rouleaux Formation

An apparatus for determining the velocity of erythrocyte rouleaux formation was constructed, combining an inverted microscope, a transparent cone-plate viscometer, a TV image analyzer, and a computer. At lower shear rates, the overall process is the sedimentation and the rouleaux formation followed by the development of three-dimensional aggregates. The individual erythrocyte could be observed and the process was expressed by the time courses of the changes in the count and area of particles; taking the computed increment in the area/count, the rate of rouleaux formation could be estimated. The effects of shear rates, hematocrits, plasma proteins, and pH were quantified. The rate of rouleaux formation in autologous plasma increased by (1) lowering the shear rates (1.9 less than or equal to gamma less than or equal to 15 s-1),2) increasing the hematocrit (up to 0.6%), 3) adding human fibrinogen (up to 600 mg/dl) or gamma-globulin, and 4) increasing pH. The transformation to echinocytes or to stomatocytes decreased the rate of rouleaux formation. The pH effect was explained by the increase in mean corpuscular volume at lower pH rather than by the changes in the electrostatic repulsion or in the protein binding.

Investigation of Cytotoxic Activity of Mitoxantrone at the Individual Cell Level by Using Ionic-Liquid-Tag-Enhanced Mass Spectrometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (24) ◽  
pp. 13374-13381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fedor A. Kucherov ◽  
Ksenia S. Egorova ◽  
Alexandra V. Posvyatenko ◽  
Dmitry B. Eremin ◽  
Valentine P. Ananikov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
The Individual

Interleukin-12, a New Anti-Tumor Cytokine

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Mier ◽  
Jared A. Gollob ◽  
Michael B. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Antitumor Agent ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cellular Immune

Of the numerous cytokines that have been isolated and characterized over the last several years, few have attracted as much attention as Interleukin-12 (IL-12). Since its discovery ten years ago, the intracellular signaling pathways activated by IL-12 have been identified, the individual components of the receptor cloned, and many of its effects on cellular immune function documented. Recombinant murine IL-12 has been subjected to extensive investigation in animal models of cancer and parasitic infection and shown great promise as an antitumor agent and a potential treatment for leishmaniasis. Preclinical data suggest that it may also be useful in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis and AIDS. Recombinant human IL-12 (rhIL-12) has recently entered Phase I and II clinical testing in cancer patients. The following is a brief review of the immunologic effects of IL-12, the results of animal studies, and data from recently completed clinical trials.

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