scholarly journals Focused Ultrasound Combined with Microbubbles in Central Nervous System Applications

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1084
Author(s):  
Ko-Ting Chen ◽  
Kuo-Chen Wei ◽  
Hao-Li Liu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Cavitation Effect ◽  
Therapeutic Concepts ◽  
Capillary Endothelial Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from invasive pathogens and maintains the homeostasis of the brain. Penetrating the BBB has been a major challenge in the delivery of therapeutic agents for treating CNS diseases. Through a physical acoustic cavitation effect, focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles achieves the local detachment of tight junctions of capillary endothelial cells without inducing neuronal damage. The bioavailability of therapeutic agents is increased only in the area targeted by FUS energy. FUS with circulating microbubbles is currently the only method for inducing precise, transient, reversible, and noninvasive BBB opening (BBBO). Over the past decade, FUS-induced BBBO (FUS-BBBO) has been preclinically confirmed to not only enhance the penetration of therapeutic agents in the CNS, but also modulate focal immunity and neuronal activity. Several recent clinical human trials have demonstrated both the feasibility and potential advantages of using FUS-BBBO in diseased patients. The promising results support adding FUS-BBBO as a multimodal therapeutic strategy in modern CNS disease management. This review article explores this technology by describing its physical mechanisms and the preclinical findings, including biological effects, therapeutic concepts, and translational design of human medical devices, and summarizes completed and ongoing clinical trials.

scholarly journals Delivery of Therapeutic Agents to the Central Nervous System and the Promise of Extracellular Vesicles

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Charlotte A. René ◽  
Robin J. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Significant Barrier ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

The central nervous system (CNS) is surrounded by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a semipermeable border of endothelial cells that prevents pathogens, solutes and most molecules from non-selectively crossing into the CNS. Thus, the BBB acts to protect the CNS from potentially deleterious insults. Unfortunately, the BBB also frequently presents a significant barrier to therapies, impeding passage of drugs and biologicals to target cells within the CNS. This review provides an overview of different approaches to deliver therapeutics across the BBB, with an emphasis in extracellular vesicles as delivery vehicles to the CNS.

scholarly journals p53 induction is associated with neuronal damage in the central nervous system.

1994 ◽  
Vol 91 (16) ◽  
pp. 7525-7529 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sakhi ◽  
A. Bruce ◽  
N. Sun ◽  
G. Tocco ◽  
M. Baudry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Bacopa monnieri: Historical aspects to promising pharmacological actions for the treatment of central nervous system diseases

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-155
Author(s):  
Andreia Fuentes Santos ◽  
◽  
Marilia Moraes Queiroz Souza ◽  
Karoline Bach Pauli ◽  
Gustavo Ratti da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Bacopa Monnieri ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Bacopa monnieri(L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae), also known as Brahmi, has been used to improve cognitive processes and intellectual functions that are related to the preservation of memory. The objective of this research is to review the ethnobotanical applications, phytochemical composition, toxicity and activity of B. monnieriin the central nervous system. It reviewed articles on B. monnieriusing Google Scholar, SciELO, Science Direct, Lilacs, Medline, and PubMed. Saponins are the main compounds in extracts of B. monnieri. Pharmacological studies showed that B. monnieriimproves learning and memory and presents biological effects against Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. No preclinical acute toxicity was reported. However, gastrointestinal side effects were reported in some healthy elderly individuals. Most studies with B. monnierihave been preclinical evaluations of cellular mechanisms in the central nervous system and further translational clinical research needs to be performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the plant.

A Strategy to Develop a Finite Element Model to Represent Backflow During Infusions Into Brain Tissue

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Belly Molano ◽  
José Jaime García ◽  
Joshua H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Convection Enhanced Delivery ◽  
Limited Efficacy ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Convection-enhanced delivery is a means to deliver therapeutic agents directly into brain tissue for the treatment of brain tumors and other disorders of the central nervous system. Unfortunately, recent clinical trials have demonstrated limited efficacy of this procedure and suggested that one of the main obstacles is poor distribution of the infused agent [1].

scholarly journals Monte Carlo track structure simulation in studies of biological effects induced by accelerated charged particles in the central nervous system

2019 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 04008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munkhbaatar Batmunkh ◽  
Lkhagvaa Bayarchimeg ◽  
Aleksandr N. Bugay ◽  
Oidov Lkhagva
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Granular Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Simulating the biological damage induced by charged particles trajectories (tracks) in the central nervous system (CNS) at different levels of its organization (molecular, cellular, and tissue) is a challenge of modern radiobiology studies. According to the recent experimental studies at particle accelerators, the most radiation-sensitive area of the CNS is the hippocampus. In this regards, the development of measurement-based Monte Carlo simulation of radiation-induced alterations in the hippocampus is of great interest to understand the radiobiological effects on the CNS. The present work investigates the influence of charged particles on the hippocampal cells of the rat brain using the Geant4 Monte Carlo radiation transport code. The applied computer simulation provides a method to simulate physics processes and chemical reactions in the developed model of the rat hippocampus, which contains different types of neural cells - pyramidal cells, mature and immature granular cells, mossy cells, and neural stem cells. The distribution of stochastic energy depositions has been obtained and analyzed in critical structures of the hippocampal neurons after irradiation with 600 MeV/u iron particles. The computed energy deposition in irradiated hippocampal neurons following a track of iron ion suggests that most of the energy is accumulated by granular cells. The obtained quantities at the level of molecular targets also assume that NMDA and GABA receptors belong to the most probable targets in the irradiated neural cells.

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