BackgroundThe acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line OCI-AML3, carrying both NPM1 mutation A and the heterozygous DNMT3A R882C mutation, represents the model for in vitro studies on AML with mutated NPM11. AML with mutated NPM1 harbours a hypo-methylated profile distinct from those of the other AML subtypes2. This characteristic is probably related to the inhibitory effect of the mutant DNMT3A on the wild type protein3. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is a universal methyl donor acting as a coenzyme of DNMT3A. There are growing evidences of the antineoplastic effect of SAM in vitro and in murine models of gastric cancer, colon cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, where SAM induces the downregulation of several oncogenes4-10. Moreover SAM upregulates the expression of DNMT enzymes in lung cancer cells11. In our knowledge there are no published data exploring the effect of SAM on the growth of OCI-AML3 cells and its ability to modulate DNMT3A activity in this cell line.Study design and methodsThe present data have been generated between August 2013 and April 2014 at the VITROSCREEN facilities in Milan–ITALY. We used a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dephenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to assess the cytotoxic effect of SAM iodide (Sigma-Aldrich) on OCI-AML3 cells (DSMZ Leibniz Institut). We analyzed then the ability of SAM to induce apoptosis by Tali Image-Based Cytometer (green Annexin V – Alexa Fluor 488 for apoptotic cells, red propidium and green Annexin V-Alexa Fluor 488 for necrotic cells).ResultsThe MTT assays were performed after having treated the OCI-AML3 cells with various concentrations of the indicated drug for 24 hours. We observed no significant effects on cells viability using 0.5μM, 10 μM and 100 μM of SAM (data not shown). In contrast, a dose dependent cytotoxic effect of SAM on OCI-AML3 cells was evident for concentrations equal or superior to 500 μM, with an IC50 of 500 μM (Figure 1). Since a Cmax of 211(SD 94)μM after single intravenous infusion of SAM was previously reported in healthy voluntarees12, we decided to investigate the cytotoxic effect of SAM for concentrations close to 211 μM using the MTT test. A significant dose dependent reduction of the cells viability was observed with SAM 200μM (62,74% viable cells) and SAM 300μM (53.32% viable cells), (Figure 2). The Apoptosis assay after 24 hours of treatment with SAM showed no differences in the percentages of apoptotic cells between the OCI-AML3 cells treated with SAM 300-500-2500 μM and the untreated cells (data not shown). After 72 hours, only a minimal effect on the amount of apoptotic cells was obtained, while a clear dose dependent increase in the proportion of dead cells was noted (Figure 3), confirming the results of the aforementioned MTT tests.ConclusionsSAM showed remarkable in vitro cytotoxic activity on OCI-AML3 cells at concentrations similar to those achievable in humans after intravenous administration. SAM is not able to induce apoptosis of OCI-AML3 cells in vitro after 72 hours of treatment. However, the increase in the amount of dead cells after SAM treatment may be due to mechanisms other than apoptosis. In order to verify if the observed cytotoxicity was mediated by the enzymatic activity of DNMT3A, we planned to repeat the cytotoxicity assays after DNMT3A silencing. The in vivo antineoplastic effect of SAM could be assessed in NOD/SCID mice engrafted with OCI-AML3 cells.Authors contributionKAvH wrote the study rationale, designed the study, interpreted the data and wrote the article; IP revised the article, MM and BDS planned and interpreted the experiments and BDS performed the experiments.
The Potential of Optimized Liposomes in Enhancement of Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis of Encapsulated Egyptian Propolis on Hep-2 Cell Line
