Evaluation of Prescribing Indicators in a Paediatric Population Seen in an Outpatient Consultation at the Gaspard Kamara Health Centre in 2019 (Senegal)

Introduction: Data on drug use in paediatrics are scarce in Senegal. The objective of this study was to assess the prescribing indicators in a paediatric population seen in an outpatient consultation at a Health Centre in Dakar, Senegal. Methods: A retrospective and analytical study was conducted. The study population consisted of prescriptions for children aged 0 to 14 years who were seen in ambulatory consultation between 1 June and 30 November 2019. The sample size was 600 prescriptions. The systematic survey was then conducted. Five prescription indicators recommended by the World Health Organization were calculated. The R software was used for descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis and binomial logistic regression. Results: The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.56. The proportion of drugs prescribed under the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) was 18.9%, while the proportion of drugs on the National Essential Medicines List (NEML) was 41.3%. The proportions of prescriptions with at least one antibiotic and one injectable product were 41.5% and 1.3%, respectively. Conclusions: This study showed that prescribing habits were inadequate. Thus, it would be necessary to move towards continuing training of prescribers in the wise use of medicines.

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Evaluation of prescribing indicators and pattern among dermatological outpatients in a teaching hospital of central Nepal

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jcmsn.v12i2.15452 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 44-49

Author(s):

Manohar Pradhan ◽

Mahesh Mathur

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

World Health ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Prescribing Indicators ◽

Central Nepal ◽

Therapeutic Class ◽

The Common ◽

Common Problems ◽

Health Organization

Background: Evaluation of prescribing indicators by proper analysis of prescriptions under the guidelines of World Health Organization enables us to detect some of the common problems of prescribing.Methodology: This study was conducted on randomly selected 325 prescriptions of dermatological outpatients of teaching hospital of College of Medical Sciences Bharatpur (Nepal) with an objective to detect the problems of prescribing as well as to delineate the pattern of medicines prescribing.Results: Total number of medicines prescribed on these prescriptions was 743. The average number of medicines per encounter was 2.28. Antihistamines, antifungals, corticosteroids and antibiotics were four most frequently prescribed therapeutic classes. One systemic as well as one topical medicine belonging to same therapeutic class was prescribed on about one-third of totally analyzed prescriptions. Cetrizine was the most common individually prescribed medicine and fluconazole was the most commonly prescribed antifungal. Medicines prescribed by their generic name were 15.07% and those prescribed from national essential medicines list were 23.42%.Conclusion: This study reveals polypharmacy, inclination of prescribers for branded medicines and prescribing out of national formulary as problems. Educational and managerial interventions are required to rationalize the prescribing practice.JCMS Nepal. 2016;12(2):44-9.

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THE RATIONALITY OF DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS AT THE GYNAECOLOGY DEPARTMENT IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN KELANTAN

Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.21315/mjps2021.19.1.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 29-44

Author(s):

SAMI MUSTAFA ALSHAKHSHIR ◽

SYED AZHAR SYED SULAIMAN ◽

MAHMOUD SADI ALHADDAD ◽

MOHD PAZUDIN

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Classification Systems ◽

World Health ◽

Risk Category ◽

Prescribing Pattern ◽

Prescribing Indicators ◽

Prescribing Behaviour ◽

Health Organization

The aim of this study is to assess the rational prescribing pattern of drugs for pregnant women using World Health Organization (WHO)/International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) core drug prescribing indicators. A one-year retrospective research design from (October 2016–September 2017) was used to review pregnant women prescriptions from their medical records at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). A structured data collection form using WHO/INRUD document on prescribing indicators was used. Data was sorted and categorised according to the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) pregnancy classification systems and Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC). Then, data was compared with the references values of WHO/INRUD. Descriptive analysis were performed using SPSS version 20. A total of 741 medical files met the study inclusion criteria. The average number of prescribed drugs per prescription and the percentage of prescribed drugs from hospital formulary list and health ministry list were within the acceptable range listed by WHO. Whereas, the percentage of pregnant women with antibiotics and injection drugs were lower than normal values 17.67% and 8.23%, respectively. Percentage of prescribed drugs from categories C and D were 13.8% and 2.8%, respectively. Whereas 24.8% of prescribed drugs were from unclassified risk category. On the other hand, multivitamins preparations were the highest category of prescriptions 17.7%. Injections and number of antibiotics per encounter were lower than the recommended range listed by WHO. However, a great caution and careful prescribing behaviour of physicians were noticed at gynaecology/obstetric departments and most of the prescribed medications were rational and safe during pregnancy.

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Chemistry of Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM): A Minireview

Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1570193x17666201127105348 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Maithili Pramod Joshi ◽

Ameya Chaudhari ◽

Prashant S. Kharkar ◽

Shreerang V. Joshi

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Contrast Media ◽

Aqueous Solubility ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

World Health ◽

Iodinated Contrast Media ◽

Environmental Aspects ◽

Iodinated Contrast ◽

Health Organization

: Historically, the use of Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) for diagnostic purposes, particularly radiography and computed tomography (CT), is well-known. Many of the ICM are included in the World Health Organization (WHO)’s List of Essential Medicines. Depending on the chemotype and the presence of ionizable functional group(s), the ICM are categorized in the ionic/nonionic monomers/dimers. The lipophilicity, aqueous solubility, viscosity and osmolality are major characteristics dictating their use for one procedure versus the other. Over last several decades, substantial advancement occurred in the design and development of novel ICM, solely to reduce their propensity to cause adverse effects. Given the nature of their acute usage, some of the agents with appreciable toxicity are still used. Understanding their chemistry aspects is crucial to appreciate, acknowledge and justify the usage of these extremely important torch-bearers of diagnostic agent’s class. The present review article presents an in-depth overview of the synthetic methods, therapeutic indications, potential adverse effects along with the commercial and environmental aspects of ICM. The safety and tolerability of these agents is a field that has gained significant importance, which is given due importance in the discussion.

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A Review of Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques for Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes

Current Diabetes Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573399816666200511003357 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Nitigya Sambyal ◽

Poonam Saini ◽

Rupali Syal

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Prediction Models ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Microvascular Complications ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Machine Learning Techniques ◽

World Health ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Learning Techniques ◽

Health Organization

Background and Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has emerged as a serious public health issue worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), without interventions, the number of diabetic incidences is expected to be at least 629 million by 2045. Uncontrolled diabetes gradually leads to progressive damage to eyes, heart, kidneys, blood vessels and nerves. Method: The paper presents a critical review of existing statistical and Artificial Intelligence (AI) based machine learning techniques with respect to DM complications namely retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. The statistical and machine learning analytic techniques are used to structure the subsequent content review. Result: It has been inferred that statistical analysis can help only in inferential and descriptive analysis whereas, AI based machine learning models can even provide actionable prediction models for faster and accurate diagnose of complications associated with DM. Conclusion: The integration of AI based analytics techniques like machine learning and deep learning in clinical medicine will result in improved disease management through faster disease detection and cost reduction for disease treatment.

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A critical comparison between the World Health Organization list of essential medicines for children and the Brazilian list of essential medicines (Rename)

Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) ◽

10.1016/j.jpedp.2012.08.012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 171-178

Author(s):

Helena Lutéscia L. Coelho ◽

Luís Carlos Rey ◽

Marina S.G. de Medeiros ◽

Ronaldo A. Barbosa ◽

Said G. da Cruz Fonseca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

World Health ◽

Critical Comparison ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Medicines For Children

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PENGARUH AKSES DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP PERILAKU IBU HAMIL DALAM MELAKUKAN KUNJUNGAN ANTENATAL DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PANCUR BATU TAHUN 2015

Elisabeth Health Jurnal ◽

10.52317/ehj.v1i2.202 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 48-60

Author(s):

Oktafiana Manurung ◽

Ermawaty Arisandi Siallagan

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

World Health ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Antenatal Visit ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Indonesian women have According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Indonesian women have very bad criteria in terms of health, marriage, employment, education, equality with men. This condition is thought to lead to low maternal access to antenatal care. Goals : Antenatal care in accordance with antenatal care standards may decrease Maternal and Infant Mortality due to regular antenatal care can detect early problems that occur in the mother during pregnancy.Methods : The type of this research is analytical descriptive with cross sectional design which aims to analyze the influence of access and motivation of pregnant mother to mother behavior in doing antenatal visit. The research was conducted in Pancur Batu Puskesmas Working Area. The population is 181 people and the sample size is 61 people. Data analysis was performed using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test, and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression test.Result : The result of this research indicate that physical accessibility variable is the availability of unrelated officer (p = 0,461) to mother behavior in antenatal visit, social accessibility variable (p = 0,005) and attitude (p = 0,023), and for motivation variable is motive P = 0.005) and expectations (p = 0.019) had a significant effect on maternal behavior in antenatal visits.Conclution : Based on the results of research suggested Head of Pancur Batu Puskesmas to conduct training to officers especially midwives who provide services mainly about hospitality in providing services and to officers implementing services further improve the communication of information and education so that every pregnant women have a good understanding that can eventually cause attitude Positive, high motivation and expectation that can affect the mother in conducting standardized antenatal visits.

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Examination of WHO/INRUD Core Drug Use Indicators at Public Primary Healthcare Centers in Kisii County, Kenya

10.1101/2020.03.15.20036269 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Faith A. Okalebo ◽

Eric M. Guantai ◽

Aggrey O. Nyabuti

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Low Income ◽

Primary Healthcare ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

World Health ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Rational Use ◽

Health Organization ◽

Consultation Time ◽

Primary Healthcare Centers

ABSTRACTBackgroundIrrational drug use is a global problem. However, the extent of the problem is higher in low-income countries. This study set out to assess and characterize drug use at the public primary healthcare centers (PPHCCs) in a rural county in Kenya, using the World Health Organization/ International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs (WHO/INRUD) core drug use indicators methodology.MethodsTen PPHCCs were randomly selected. From each PPHCC, ninety prescriptions from October to December 2018 were sampled and data extracted. Three-hundred (30 per PPHCC) patients and ten (1 per PPHCC) dispensers were also observed and interviewed. The WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators were used to assess the patterns of drug use.ResultsThe average number of drugs per prescription was 2.9 (SD 0.5) (recommended: 1.6– 1.8), percentage of drugs prescribed by generic names was 27.7% (recommended: 100%); the percentage of prescriptions with an antibiotic was 84.8% (recommended: 20.0–26.8%), and with an injection prescribed was 24.9% (recommended: 13.4–24.1%). The percentage of prescribed drugs from the Kenya Essential Medicines List was 96.7% (recommended: 100%). The average consultation time was 4.1 min (SD 1.7) (recommended: ≥10 min), the average dispensing time was 131.5 sec (SD 41.5) (recommended: ≥90 sec), the percentage of drugs actually dispensed was 76.3% (recommended: 100%), the percentage of drugs adequately labeled was 22.6% (recommended: 100%) and percentage of patients with correct knowledge of dispensed drugs was 54.7% (recommended: 100%). Only 20% of the PPHCCs had a copy of KEML available, and 80% of the selected essential drugs assessed were available.ConclusionThe survey shows irrational drug use practices, particularly polypharmacy, non-generic prescribing, overuse of antibiotics, short consultation time and inadequacy of drug labeling. Effective programs and activities promoting the rational use of drugs are the key interventions suggested at all the health facilities.

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HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP DENGAN TINDAKAN PERSONAL HYGIENE SAATMENSTRUASI PADA REMAJA PUTRI

JURNAL MEDIA KESEHATAN ◽

10.33088/jmk.v9i2.309 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 165-170

Author(s):

Husni Husni

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Random Sampling ◽

World Health ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Stratified Random Sampling ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

One of the effects is not maintaining hygiene during menstruation is able to hitkankes Rahim neck (cervical). Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO),cervical cancer is the second most cancer in women aged 15-45 years after breast cancer. Noless than 500,000 new cases with 280,000 patient deaths occur each year worldwide.Indonesia was ranked first by the victims died at least 555 women per day and 200,000women annually. This study aims to determine the correlation between knowledge andattitude towards personal hygiene during menstruation action at SMAN 2 Bengkulu City. Thisresearch is descriptive analytic. The number of respondents 84 people with a samplingtechnique that stratified random sampling. Presentation of data is done by using a frequencydistribution table. The collection of data taken using a questionnaire. The data were analyzedusing univariate and bivariate analysis with Chi-Square.The results showed that therespondents are classified as good knowledge of (54.8%), attitude unfavorabel or does notsupport (53.6%), and the biggest acts (52.4%) is good. From the bivariate analysis were foundno correlation between knowledge against acts of personal hygiene during menstruation (p =0.794), and no relation attitude towards personal hygiene actions during menstruation (p =0.975).Required role of schools, educators, parents to be more proactive in enhancingknowledge and useful information about the process of menstruation and how to maintainhygiene during menstruation.

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High global consumption of potentially inappropriate fixed dose combination antibiotics: Analysis of data from 75 countries

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0241899 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0241899

Author(s):

Barbara Bortone ◽

Charlotte Jackson ◽

Yingfen Hsia ◽

Julia Bielicki ◽

Nicola Magrini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Antibiotic Consumption ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

World Health ◽

Fixed Dose ◽

Middle Income ◽

Us Fda ◽

Analysis System ◽

Health Organization ◽

Data Analysis System

Antibiotic fixed dose combinations (FDCs) can have clinical advantages such as improving effectiveness and adherence to therapy. However, high use of potentially inappropriate FDCs has been reported, with implications for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and toxicity. We used a pharmaceutical database, IQVIA-Multinational Integrated Data Analysis System (IQVIA-MIDAS®), to estimate sales of antibiotic FDCs from 75 countries in 2015. Antibiotic consumption was estimated using standard units (SU), defined by IQVIA as a single tablet, capsule, ampoule, vial or 5ml oral suspension. For each FDC antibiotic, the approval status was assessed by either registration with the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) or inclusion on the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Medicines List (EML). A total of 119 antibiotic FDCs were identified, contributing 16.7 x 109 SU, equalling 22% of total antibiotic consumption in 2015. The most sold antibiotic FDCs were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin/cloxacillin. The category with the highest consumption volume was aminopenicillin/β-lactamase inhibitor +/- other agents. The majority of antibiotic FDCs (92%; 110/119) were not approved by the US FDA. Of these, the most sold were ampicillin/cloxacillin, cefixime/ofloxacin and metronidazole/spiramycin. More than 80% (98/119) of FDC antibiotics were not compatible with the 2017 WHO EML. The countries with the highest numbers of FDC antibiotics were India (80/119), China (25/119) and Vietnam (19/119). There is high consumption of FDC antibiotics globally, particularly in middle-income countries. The majority of FDC antibiotic were not approved by either US FDA or WHO EML. International initiatives such as clear guidance from the WHO EML on which FDCs are not appropriate may help to regulate the manufacturing and sales of these antibiotics.

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