Investigation of Root Morphological Traits Using 2D-Imaging among Diverse Soybeans (Glycine max L.)

Roots are the most important plant organ for absorbing essential elements, such as water and nutrients for living. To develop new climate-resilient soybean cultivars, it is essential to know the variation in root morphological traits (RMT) among diverse soybean for selecting superior root attribute genotypes. However, information on root morphological characteristics is poorly understood due to difficulty in root data collection and visualization. Thus, to overcome this problem in root research, we used a 2-dimensional (2D) root image in identifying RMT among diverse soybeans in this research. We assessed RMT in the vegetative growth stage (V2) of 372 soybean cultivars propagated in polyvinyl chloride pipes. The phenotypic investigation revealed significant variability among the 372 soybean cultivars for RMT. In particular, RMT such as the average diameter (AD), surface area (SA), link average length (LAL), and link average diameter (LAD) showed significant variability. On the contrary RMT, as with total length (TL) and link average branching angle (LABA), did not show differences. Furthermore, in the distribution analysis, normal distribution was observed for all RMT; at the same time, difference was observed in the distribution curve depending on individual RMT. Thus, based on overall RMT analysis values, the top 5% and bottom 5% ranked genotypes were selected. Furthermore, genotypes that showed most consistent for overall RMT have ranked accordingly. This ultimately helps to identify four genotypes (IT 16538, IT 199127, IT 165432, IT 165282) ranked in the highest 5%, whereas nine genotypes (IT 23305, IT 208266, IT 165208, IT 156289, IT 165405, IT 165019, IT 165839, IT 203565, IT 181034) ranked in the lowest 5% for RMT. Moreover, principal component analysis clustered cultivar 2, cultivar 160, and cultivar 274 into one group with high RMT values, and cultivar 335, cultivar 40, and cultivar 249 with low RMT values. The RMT correlation results revealed significantly positive TL and AD correlations with SA (r = 0.96) and LAD (r = 0.85), respectively. However, negative correlations (r = −0.43) were observed between TL and AD. Similarly, AD showed a negative correlation (r = −0.22) with SA. Thus, this result suggests that TL is a more vital factor than AD for determining SA compositions.

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Morphological characteristics of lateral branches of human basilar artery

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp160630370g ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 598-603

Author(s):

Vesna Gajanin ◽

Igor Sladojevic ◽

Mirka Sarovic-Vukajlovic ◽

Radoslav Gajanin ◽

Djuka Ninkovic-Baros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basilar Artery ◽

Average Length ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Lateral Branch ◽

Common Site ◽

Ocular Micrometer ◽

Lateral Branches ◽

The Individual ◽

The Right

Background/Aim. Lateral branches of basilar artery mostly supply pons and cerebellum. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of lateral branches and side branches of the individual lateral branches of human basilar artery. Methods. The research was done on 25 anatomical specimens of adult brainstems, both sexes, previously fixed by immersion in a 10% formalin. Microdissection and precise measurements of caliber and length of the basilar artery were done under the stereolupe MBS-9 by the ocular micrometer. Results. A number of lateral branches was 9 on both sides, and the number of side branches of the individual lateral branch of basilar artery ranged from 0 to 4. The average diameter of side branches on both sides was 0.15 mm while the average length on the left side was 4.31 mm and 4.06 mm on the right. Side braches on the left side of the basilar artery most commonly penetrated pons and postpontine fossa (29.82% each) and rarely the area of middle cerebellar pedicle (1.74 %). On the right side, side branches most commonly penetrated pons (35.29%), and rarely the areas of inferior and middle cerebellar pedicle (1.96% each). Conclusion. Maintrunk of basilar artery gives an equal number of lateral branches on both sides. On average, every lateral branch gives 2 side branches. The most common site of descent of the side branches is pons, while the rarest one was cerebellar pedicle.

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A Large Root Phenome Dataset Wide-Opened the Potential for Underground Breeding in Soybean

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.704239 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ki-Seung Kim ◽

Se-Hun Kim ◽

Jaeyoung Kim ◽

Pooja Tripathi ◽

Jeong-Dong Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphological Traits ◽

Principal Component ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Plant Organ ◽

In The Wild ◽

Root Sampling ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Cultivated Soybean

The root is the most critical plant organ for water and nutrient acquisition. Although the root is vital for water and nutrient uptake, the diverse root characters of soybean still need to be identified owing to the difficulty of root sampling. In this study, we used 150 wild and 50 cultivated soybean varieties to collect root image samples. We analyzed root morphological traits using acquired-image. Except for the main total length (MTL), the root morphological traits for most cultivated and wild plants were significantly different. According to correlation analysis, the wild and cultivated plants showed a significant correlation among total root length (TRL), projected area (PA), forks, total lateral length (TLL), link average diameter, and MTL. In particular, TRL was highly correlated with PA in both cultivated (0.92) and wild (0.82) plants compared with between MTL (0.43 for cultivated and 0.27 for wild) and TLL (0.82 for cultivated and 0.52 for wild). According to principal component analysis results, both plants could be separated; however, there was some overlap of the traits among the wild and cultivated individuals from some regions. Nevertheless, variation among the cultivated plants was higher than that found in the wild plants. Furthermore, three groups, including MTL, TLL, and the remaining traits, could explain all the variances.

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Phenological and Morphological Traits of Important Hazelnut Cultivars in North West Bosnia

Агрознање ◽

10.7251/agren1904197s ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Azra Skender ◽

Semina Hadžiabulić ◽

Jasmina Aliman ◽

Jasna Hasanbegović

Keyword(s):

Morphological Traits ◽

Average Length ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Research Material ◽

North Western ◽

Female Flowers

The paper presents the results of the analysis of phenological and morphological characteristics of 3 hazelnut cultivars present in the production plantation in the north-western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 'Rimski', 'Istarski dugi' and 'Tonda Gentile Romana' cultivars served as research material. Blooming time ranged from December to March. For all cultivars, the occurrence of dichogamy, precisely protandry, was observed. The longest flowering period of both male and female flowers was found in the 'Tonda Gentile Romana' cultivar. The 'Rimski' cultivar had the highest fruit weight (3.04 g). 'Tonda Gentile Romana' had the highest kernel weight (1.50 g). The highest kernel percentage (49%) was found in 'Istarski dugi'. The length of male catkins ranged from 21.73 cm to 29.76 cm. Statistically significant differences among cultivars were found for the following traits: the length of male catkins, the number of female flowers in glomeruli, and the number of nuts on a fruiting shoot. The 'Istarski' cultivar had the highest average length of male catkins (29.76) and the highest number of female flowers in the glomeruli (7.32). 'Tonda Gentile Romana' had the highest number of fruits (20.93) on the shoots. All three cultivars have proven to be good varieties in terms of phenological and morphological characteristics, so they can be recommended for intensive production of this nut crop.

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Comparative Study of Morphological Characteristics and Some Chemical Properties of Nerium Oleander L. (N. Oleander L. Album) Plenum N. Oleander L. Sealy Pink

10.36602/jmuas.2019.v01.01.09 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 101-113

Author(s):

Sanaa, J. Khalil ◽

Huda, S. Elgubbi

Keyword(s):

Average Length ◽

Contrast Ratio ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Flower Color ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Nerium Oleander ◽

Phenotypic Traits ◽

Color Classification ◽

Active Substances

The study was conducted as a comparison between the white N. Oleander L. Album Plenum (double-petals) and the pink N. Oleander L. Sealy Pink (single-petal) belonging to the Apocynaceae family. Al-Doufla (N. Oleander) is widely regarded as an ornamental plant for the beauty of its flowers as well as its medicinal value. Phenotypic parameters were studied on the characteristics of roots, stems, leaves and flowers as well as the study of the surface of these parts, and studied some chemical properties and active ingredients found in the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of the two subspecies. The results of the morphological characteristics of the leaves and stems showed a difference in the average length of the leaves and the average diameter of the stem. The syphilis has distinct appearance characteristics, showing an indication of flower color classification. Root traits have limited taxonomic significance. Also, The qualitative chemical detection of the roots, stems, leaves and flowers extracts of white and pink N. Oleander were also shown to contain cardiac glycosides, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, Terpenes, steroids, Saponins, tannins, raisins, carbohydrates, acids. Amino acids and proteins). The results of the study confirm that flowers are of taxonomic importance in terms of the content of active substances. Flowers contain the highest concentrations of glycosides compared to leaves, root and stem, as well as to contain all the active substances studied. The phenotypic traits and the qualitative detection of active substances showed a difference between pink and white N. Oleander. The contrast ratio in the phenotypic traits was estimated at 2% while in the active substances the contrast ratio was 23%. According to the clear contrast between pink and white N. Oleander, phenotypic traits and the detection of active substances can be considered a good indicator of classification.

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An analysis of heavy metals contamination and estimating the daily intakes of vegetables from Uganda

Toxicology Research and Application ◽

10.1177/2397847320985255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 239784732098525

Author(s):

Keneth Iceland Kasozi ◽

Eric Oloya Otim ◽

Herbert Izo Ninsiima ◽

Gerald Zirintunda ◽

Andrew Tamale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Principal Component ◽

Absorption Spectrometry ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Essential Elements ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Organization ◽

Daily Intakes

Background: Environmental contamination with elevated levels of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr6+), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni)—all states of which are found in Uganda—raises health risk to the public. Pb, Cr6+, Cd, and Ni for instance are generally considered nonessential to cellular functions, notwithstanding the importance of the oxidative state of the metals in bioavailability. As such, we aimed in this study (i) to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in four vegetables from a typical open-air market in Uganda, (ii) to assess the safety of consuming these vegetables against the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits of heavy metals consumption, and (iii) to formulate a model of estimated daily intake (EDI) among consumers in the country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in five georeferenced markets of Bushenyi district in January 2020. Amaranthus, cabbages, scarlet eggplants, and tomatoes were collected from open markets, processed, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Modeled EDI, principal component (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were conducted to identify relationships in the samples. Results: The levels of essential elements in the four vegetables were found to fall from Co > Cu > Fe > Zn. Those of non-essential metals were significantly higher and followed the pattern Cd > Cr > Pb > Ni. The highest EDI values were those of Cu in scarlet eggplants, Zn in amaranthus, Fe in amaranthus, Co in amaranthus, Pb in cabbages, total Cr in scarlet eggplant, Cd in cabbages and tomatoes, and Ni in cabbages. In comparison to international limits, EDIs for Zn, Cu, Co and Fe were low while Ni in cabbages were high. PCA showed high variations in scarlet eggplant and amaranthus. The study vegetables were found to be related with each other, not according to the location of the markets from where they were obtained, but according to their species by CA. Conclusion: The presence of non-essential elements above WHO limits raises policy challenges for the consumption and marketing of vegetables in the study area. Furthermore, low EDIs of essential elements in the vegetables create demand for nutritious foods to promote healthy communities.

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Age Wise Internal Morphometrical Studies on the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4405 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

S.K. Sahu ◽

U.K. Mishra ◽

S. Sathapathy ◽

S.M. Nanda

Keyword(s):

Right Ventricle ◽

Average Length ◽

Age Groups ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Vital Functions ◽

Internal Parameters ◽

Measuring Cylinder ◽

Central Organ

Background: Heart is the central organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different internal parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. Methods: The foeti of sheep were divided into two age groups viz. mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various internal parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier’s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by independent t test with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software. Result: The average thickness of left ventricular wall of heart was measured as 2.85±0.15mm and 4.28±0.07mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average diameter of left atrio-ventricular opening of heart was measured as 2.06±0.27mm and 6.08±0.36mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. The average length of septal papillary muscle in right ventricle was measured as 1.12±0.10mm and 3.29±0.21mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. Further, the average length of moderator band in heart was measured as 1.45±0.11mm and 4.34±0.23mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average length of chordae tendinae in right ventricle of heart was measured as 0.97±0.09mm and 3.50±0.34mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages.

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Assessment of essential elements and chemical contaminants in thirteen fish species from the Bay Aratu, Bahia, Brasil

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.02415 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 871-877 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. Silva ◽

Z. C. V. Viana ◽

N. F. A. Souza ◽

M. G. A. Korn ◽

V. L. C. S. Santos

Keyword(s):

Fish Species ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Certified Reference Materials ◽

Principal Component ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Emission Spectrometry ◽

Oyster Tissue ◽

National Agency

Abstract Concentrations of ten elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V and Zn) were determinate in muscle tissues of 13 fish species from Aratu Bay, Bahia, Brazil by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The accuracy and precision of our results were checked by using two certified reference materials: BCR-422 cod muscle and SRM 1566b oyster tissue. The average trace element concentrations in the fish species varied in the following ranges, in μg g–1: 0.03-0.8 for Cr; 2.0-33.7 for Cu, 2.4-135.1 for Fe, 1.6-25.6 for Se; 1.6-35.1 for Sr; and 2.8-40.5 for Zn. The Diaptereus rhombeus (carapeba) specie presented the highest concentrations of Se, Cu and Fe. Chromium and Se were present at levels above the limit of tolerance allowed by the National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA). The results were also evaluated using the multivariate analysis techniques: principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA).

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Chemometric Approach to Fatty Acid Profiles in Soybean Cultivars by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Preventive Nutrition and Food Science ◽

10.3746/pnf.2012.17.3.184 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 184-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Eui-Cheol Shin ◽

Chung-Eun Hwang ◽

Byong-Won Lee ◽

Hyun-Tae Kim ◽

Jong-Min Ko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles ◽

Soybean Cultivars ◽

Chemometric Approach

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Mantis shrimps Rissoides desmaresti in Tremadog Bay, North Wales

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315401004398 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 81 (4) ◽

pp. 695-696 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kirsten Ramsay ◽

Rohan H.F. Holt

Keyword(s):

Average Length ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Survey Area ◽

Horizontal Section ◽

Mantis Shrimp ◽

North Wales ◽

Burrow Entrance ◽

Sand And Gravel ◽

Sandy Sediments ◽

Burrow Morphology

In 1999 divers discovered a population of the burrowing mantis shrimp Rissoides (Meiosquilla) desmaresti (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) east of the St Tudwal's Islands, North Wales. This species has only sporadically been recorded in UK waters and commonly occurs in the Mediterranean. In summer 2000 the burrow morphology and distribution of these shrimps in the area east of the St Tudwal's Islands was investigated. Burrows were found at ten of the 15 sites investigated in a survey area measuring ∼18 km2. Burrow density varied from one to 11 burrows per 100 m2. The burrows were always recorded in sediments consisting of a mixture of mud, sand and gravel but were not present at sites with a high proportion of mud (>70%) or sandy sediments with very little mud ([les ]2%). Resin casts of six burrows revealed that these have a simple elongated U-shape, with an average length of ∼450 mm and depth of ∼160 mm. The average diameter of the burrow entrance was 19±2 mm and the diameter of the burrow along the horizontal section varied between 18 and 38 mm with a distinct constriction part way along.

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Relationships between flavonoids and selected elements in infusions of medicinal herbs

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2015-0003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Pawel Konieczynski ◽

Agnieszka Arceusz ◽

Marek Wesolowski

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Total Content ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Medicinal Herbs ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Zn And Cu In ◽

Total Flavonoids Content ◽

The Mean

AbstractThe aim of the studies was to establish relationships between flavonoids and elements important for human health. Therefore, total contents of flavonoids and phosphorus were determined by UV/Vis methods, flavonoids by HPLC, and Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu by FAAS in 68 infusions of medicinal herbs. Total flavonoids content in the aqueous extracts were in the range of 0.26 - 16.40 mg per 100 mL. The mean flavonoid contents (in mg per 100 mL of aqueous extract) were 2.24, 2.01, 1.83, 1.88 for rutin, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, P were determined in mg per 100 mL, and of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in μg per 100 mL. Total content of flavonoids was weakly correlated with quercetin (r = 0.41), kaempferol (r = 0.53), Cu (r = 0.43), and Ca (r = -0.30). Statistically significant correlations were also found among Cu, Ca, Mn, Zn and Fe. Cluster analysis grouped the studied herbs based on total flavonoids, also four flavonoids and essential elements contents, extracted from the whole population of herbs Sambuci flos, Betulae folium, and Sylibi mariani semen. Principal component analysis confirmed these findings and enabled identification of quercetin, kaempferol, Cu and Fe as the factors responsible for differentiation of the studied material.

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