scholarly journals An Insight into the Factors Influencing Specificity of the SUMO System in Plants

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1788
Author(s):  
Moumita Srivastava ◽  
Ari Sadanandom
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Target Protein ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Sumo Proteases ◽  
Small Set

Due to their sessile nature, plants are constantly subjected to various environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and pathogen infections. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), like SUMOylation, play a vital role in the regulation of plant responses to their environment. The process of SUMOylation typically involves an enzymatic cascade containing the activation, (E1), conjugation (E2), and ligation (E3) of SUMO to a target protein. Additionally, it also requires a class of SUMO proteases that generate mature SUMO from its precursor and cleave it off the target protein, a process termed deSUMOylation. It is now clear that SUMOylation in plants is key to a plethora of adaptive responses. How this is achieved with an extremely limited set of machinery components is still unclear. One possibility is that novel SUMO components are yet to be discovered. However, current knowledge indicates that only a small set of enzymes seem to be responsible for the modification of a large number of SUMO substrates. It is yet unknown where the specificity lies within the SUMO system. Although this seems to be a crucial question in the field of SUMOylation studies, not much is known about the factors that provide specificity. In this review, we highlight the role of the localisation of SUMO components as an important factor that can play a vital role in contributing to the specificity within the process. This will introduce a new facet to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying such a dynamic process.

scholarly journals Liquid–liquid phase separation in human health and diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Tong Dai ◽  
Ziran Qin ◽  
Huasong Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests that liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) represents a vital and ubiquitous phenomenon underlying the formation of membraneless organelles in eukaryotic cells (also known as biomolecular condensates or droplets). Recent studies have revealed evidences that indicate that LLPS plays a vital role in human health and diseases. In this review, we describe our current understanding of LLPS and summarize its physiological functions. We further describe the role of LLPS in the development of human diseases. Additionally, we review the recently developed methods for studying LLPS. Although LLPS research is in its infancy—but is fast-growing—it is clear that LLPS plays an essential role in the development of pathophysiological conditions. This highlights the need for an overview of the recent advances in the field to translate our current knowledge regarding LLPS into therapeutic discoveries.

scholarly journals Targeting Post-Translational Modifications of the p73 Protein: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Tumors

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1916
Author(s):  
Ziad Omran ◽  
Mahmood H. Dalhat ◽  
Omeima Abdullah ◽  
Mohammed Kaleem ◽  
Salman Hosawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protein A ◽  
P53 Gene ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Transactivation Domain ◽  
P53 Family ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
P53 Status ◽  
Apoptotic Effects ◽  
High Degree

The tumor suppressor p73 is a member of the p53 family and is expressed as different isoforms with opposing properties. The TAp73 isoforms act as tumor suppressors and have pro-apoptotic effects, whereas the ΔNp73 isoforms lack the N-terminus transactivation domain and behave as oncogenes. The TAp73 protein has a high degree of similarity with both p53 function and structure, and it induces the regulation of various genes involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis. Unlike those of the p53 gene, the mutations in the p73 gene are very rare in tumors. Cancer cells have developed several mechanisms to inhibit the activity and/or expression of p73, from the hypermethylation of its promoter to the modulation of the ratio between its pro- and anti-apoptotic isoforms. The p73 protein is also decorated by a panel of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitin proteasomal pathway modifications, and small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)ylation, that regulate its transcriptional activity, subcellular localization, and stability. These modifications orchestrate the multiple anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic functions of TAp73, thereby offering multiple promising candidates for targeted anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the different pathways implicated in the regulation of TAp73 at the post-translational level. This review also highlights the growing importance of targeting the post-translational modifications of TAp73 as a promising antitumor strategy, regardless of p53 status.

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Arterial, Venous and Cancer-Associated Thrombosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilu Zhou ◽  
Weimin Tao ◽  
Fuyi Shen ◽  
Weijia Du ◽  
Zhendong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Cancer Associated Thrombosis ◽  
Coagulation Pathway

Neutrophils play a vital role in the formation of arterial, venous and cancer-related thrombosis. Recent studies have shown that in a process known as NETosis, neutrophils release proteins and enzymes complexed to DNA fibers, collectively called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Although NETs were originally described as a way for the host to capture and kill bacteria, current knowledge indicates that NETs also play an important role in thrombosis. According to recent studies, the destruction of vascular microenvironmental homeostasis and excessive NET formation lead to pathological thrombosis. In vitro experiments have found that NETs provide skeletal support for platelets, red blood cells and procoagulant molecules to promote thrombosis. The protein components contained in NETs activate the endogenous coagulation pathway to promote thrombosis. Therefore, NETs play an important role in the formation of arterial thrombosis, venous thrombosis and cancer-related thrombosis. This review will systematically summarize and explain the study of NETs in thrombosis in animal models and in vivo experiments to provide new targets for thrombosis prevention and treatment.

Fungal Production and Manipulation of Plant Hormones

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fonseca ◽  
Dhanya Radhakrishnan ◽  
Kalika Prasad ◽  
Andrea Chini
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Defensive Strategies ◽  
Hormone Balance ◽  
Living Organisms

Living organisms are part of a highly interconnected web of interactions, characterised by species nurturing, competing, parasitizing and preying on one another. Plants have evolved cooperative as well as defensive strategies to interact with neighbour organisms. Among these, the plant-fungus associations are very diverse, ranging from pathogenic to mutualistic. Our current knowledge of plant-fungus interactions suggests a sophisticated coevolution to ensure dynamic plant responses to evolving fungal mutualistic/pathogenic strategies. The plant-fungus communication relies on a rich chemical language. To manipulate the plant defence mechanisms, fungi produce and secrete several classes of biomolecules, whose modeof- action is largely unknown. Upon perception of the fungi, plants produce phytohormones and a battery of secondary metabolites that serve as defence mechanism against invaders or to promote mutualistic associations. These mutualistic chemical signals can be co-opted by pathogenic fungi for their own benefit. Among the plant molecules regulating plant-fungus interaction, phytohormones play a critical role since they modulate various aspects of plant development, defences and stress responses. Intriguingly, fungi can also produce phytohormones, although the actual role of fungalproduced phytohormones in plant-fungus interactions is poorly understood. Here, we discuss the recent advances in fungal production of phytohormone, their putative role as endogenous fungal signals and how fungi manipulate plant hormone balance to their benefits.

scholarly journals The critical role of Krüppel-like factors in kidney disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (2) ◽  
pp. F259-F265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep K. Mallipattu ◽  
Chelsea C. Estrada ◽  
John C. He
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Barrier ◽  
Kidney Fibrosis ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Filtration Barrier ◽  
And Function ◽  
Mammalian Embryonic Development

Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of zinc-finger transcription factors critical to mammalian embryonic development, regeneration, and human disease. There is emerging evidence that KLFs play a vital role in key physiological processes in the kidney, ranging from maintenance of glomerular filtration barrier to tubulointerstitial inflammation to progression of kidney fibrosis. Seventeen members of the KLF family have been identified, and several have been well characterized in the kidney. Although they may share some overlap in their downstream targets, their structure and function remain distinct. This review highlights our current knowledge of KLFs in the kidney, which includes their pattern of expression and their function in regulating key biological processes. We will also critically examine the currently available literature on KLFs in the kidney and offer some key areas in need of further investigation.

scholarly journals SUMO proteins in the cardiovascular system: friend or foe?

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithviraj Manohar Vijaya Shetty ◽  
Ashraf Yusuf Rangrez ◽  
Norbert Frey
Keyword(s):  
Functional Group ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Sumo Modification ◽  
Acetyl Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Small Chemical

Abstract Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial for the adaptation of various signalling pathways to ensure cellular homeostasis and proper adaptation to stress. PTM is a covalent addition of a small chemical functional group such as a phosphate group (phosphorylation), methyl group (methylation), or acetyl group (acetylation); lipids like hydrophobic isoprene polymers (isoprenylation); sugars such as a glycosyl group (glycosylation); or even small peptides such as ubiquitin (ubiquitination), SUMO (SUMOylation), NEDD8 (neddylation), etc. SUMO modification changes the function and/or fate of the protein especially under stress conditions, and the consequences of this conjugation can be appreciated from development to diverse disease processes. The impact of SUMOylation in disease has not been monotonous, rather SUMO is found playing a role on both sides of the coin either facilitating or impeding disease progression. Several recent studies have implicated SUMO proteins as key regulators in various cardiovascular disorders. The focus of this review is thus to summarize the current knowledge on the role of the SUMO family in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Interdependence of Museums and Tourism Industry in Jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Nermeen Khasawneh
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Domestic Tourism ◽  
Arabic And English

Museums are educational, cultural and recreational centers; cares for objects of scientific, artistic, cultural, or historical value and other artifacts linked to the cultural and popular heritage of particular people, exhibiting and preserving these collections for subsequent generations. Heritage is the basis of civilization as it represents the nation's memory and a bridge linking its authenticity with its present and future as well as the foundations of its representation and identity. The aims of this retrospective study are to review the consistence and historical development of the Jordanian museums and to evaluate its current status, its contribution in sustainable tourism industry and to adjoin a new contribution to the current knowledge in this field. This study based on two approaches; the first was conducted on the numbers of visitors to five selected museums in Jordan for the years 2016-2017, taking into account the residence variable. The second approach used a sort specially designed questionnaires, written in Arabic and English languages were given non- selectively to (120) visitors, designed to determine the role of museums in supporting tourism in Jordan. Data were collected and a descriptive analysis was performed. The findings of this study revealed that museums play a prominent role in supporting the tourism industry through its active educational and recreational activities (94.33%), supporting domestic tourism (92.67%), and promote loyalty and national identity (92.33%). Our study confirmed the vital role of museums in the tourism industry, which in turn provides a fundamental tributary to the Jordanian Gross Domestic Product. The diversified Jordanian museums with its authentic holdings, in addition to the unique tourist destinations call for immediate support to boost Jordanian tourism globally.

The function of S-nitrosothiols during abiotic stress in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (17) ◽  
pp. 4429-4439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C Begara-Morales ◽  
Mounira Chaki ◽  
Raquel Valderrama ◽  
Capilla Mata-Pérez ◽  
Maria N Padilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Signaling Events

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is an active redox molecule involved in the control of a wide range of functions integral to plant biology. For instance, NO is implicated in seed germination, floral development, senescence, stomatal closure, and plant responses to stress. NO usually mediates signaling events via interactions with different biomolecules, for example the modulation of protein functioning through post-translational modifications (NO-PTMs). S-nitrosation is a reversible redox NO-PTM that consists of the addition of NO to a specific thiol group of a cysteine residue, leading to formation of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). SNOs are more stable than NO and therefore they can extend and spread the in vivo NO signaling. The development of robust and reliable detection methods has allowed the identification of hundreds of S-nitrosated proteins involved in a wide range of physiological and stress-related processes in plants. For example, SNOs have a physiological function in plant development, hormone metabolism, nutrient uptake, and photosynthesis, among many other processes. The role of S-nitrosation as a regulator of plant responses to salinity and drought stress through the modulation of specific protein targets has also been well established. However, there are many S-nitrosated proteins that have been identified under different abiotic stresses for which the specific roles have not yet been identified. In this review, we examine current knowledge of the specific role of SNOs in the signaling events that lead to plant responses to abiotic stress, with a particular focus on examples where their functions have been well characterized at the molecular level.

scholarly journals Identification of Novel miRNAs and Their Target Genes in the Response to Abscisic Acid in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7153
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Muntazir Mehdi ◽  
Sivakumar Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Michal Wojciech Szczesniak ◽  
Agnieszka Ludwików
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
Novel Mirna

miRNAs are involved in various biological processes, including adaptive responses to abiotic stress. To understand the role of miRNAs in the response to ABA, ABA-responsive miRNAs were identified by small RNA sequencing in wild-type Arabidopsis, as well as in abi1td, mkkk17, and mkkk18 mutants. We identified 10 novel miRNAs in WT after ABA treatment, while in abi1td, mkkk17, and mkkk18 mutants, three, seven, and nine known miRNAs, respectively, were differentially expressed after ABA treatment. One novel miRNA (miRn-8) was differentially expressed in the mkkk17 mutant. Potential target genes of the miRNA panel were identified using psRNATarget. Sequencing results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR of several known and novel miRNAs in all genotypes. Of the predicted targets of novel miRNAs, seven target genes of six novel miRNAs were further validated by 5′ RLM-RACE. Gene ontology analyses showed the potential target genes of ABA-responsive known and novel miRNAs to be involved in diverse cellular processes in plants, including development and stomatal movement. These outcomes suggest that a number of the identified miRNAs have crucial roles in plant responses to environmental stress, as well as in plant development, and might have common regulatory roles in the core ABA signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Epicardial TGFβ and BMP Signaling in Cardiac Regeneration: What Lesson Can We Learn from the Developing Heart?

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 404
Author(s):  
Esther Dronkers ◽  
Manon M. M. Wauters ◽  
Marie José Goumans ◽  
Anke M. Smits
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Starting Point

The epicardium, the outer layer of the heart, has been of interest in cardiac research due to its vital role in the developing and diseased heart. During development, epicardial cells are active and supply cells and paracrine cues to the myocardium. In the injured adult heart, the epicardium is re-activated and recapitulates embryonic behavior that is essential for a proper repair response. Two indispensable processes for epicardial contribution to heart tissue formation are epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tissue invasion. One of the key groups of cytokines regulating both EMT and invasion is the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family, including TGFβ and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP). Abundant research has been performed to understand the role of TGFβ family signaling in the developing epicardium. However, less is known about signaling in the adult epicardium. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the role of TGFβ in epicardial behavior both in the development and in the repair of the heart. We aim to describe the presence of involved ligands and receptors to establish if and when signaling can occur. Finally, we discuss potential targets to improve the epicardial contribution to cardiac repair as a starting point for future investigation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document