Estimating the Accuracy of Mandible Anatomical Models Manufactured Using Material Extrusion Methods

The development of new solutions in craniofacial surgery brings the need to increase the accuracy of 3D printing models. The accuracy of the manufactured models is most often verified using optical coordinate measuring systems. However, so far, no decision has been taken regarding which type of system would allow for a reliable estimation of the geometrical accuracy of the anatomical models. Three types of optical measurement systems (Atos III Triple Scan, articulated arm (MCA-II) with a laser head (MMD × 100), and Benchtop CT160Xi) were used to verify the accuracy of 12 polymer anatomical models of the left side of the mandible. The models were manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM), melted and extruded modeling (MEM), and fused filament fabrication (FFF) techniques. The obtained results indicate that the Atos III Triple Scan allows for the most accurate estimation of errors in model manufacturing. Using the FDM technique obtained the best accuracy in models manufactured (0.008 ± 0.118 mm for ABS0-M30 and 0.016 ± 0.178 mm for PC-10 material). A very similar value of the standard deviation of PLA and PET material was observed (about 0.180 mm). The worst results were observed in the MEM technique (0.012 mm ± 0.308 mm). The knowledge regarding the precisely evaluated errors in manufactured models within the mandibular area will help in the controlled preparation of templates regarding the expected accuracy of surgical operations.

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Enhancing 3D Printing Producibility in Polylactic Acid Using Fused Filament Fabrication Fused Deposition Modelling and Machine Learning

10.21203/rs.3.rs-131006/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mahmoud Moradi ◽

M. Saleh Meiabadi ◽

Mojtaba Karami Moghadam ◽

Sina Ardabili ◽

Shahab S. Band ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Production Cost ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Deformation Property ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Surface Method ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Part Thickness

Abstract Polylactic Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the high applicable material which is used in the 3D printers due to some significant features like its deformation property and affordable costacid (PLA) is brittle in nature with extensive deformation property. For improvement of the end-use quality, it is of significant importance to enhance the quality of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printed objects in PLA. The purpose of this investigation is to boost toughness and to reduce the production cost of the FDMFFF-printed tensile test samples with the desired part thickness. Due to prevent from many numerous and idle printing samples the response Surface Method (RSM) is used.To attain the research purpose number of experiments are designed and analyzed by the Response Surface Method (RSM). The statistical analysis is performed to deal with this concern considering extruder temperature (ET), infill percentage (IP), and layer thickness (LT) as controlled factors. The tensile test specimens are printed based on the designed experiments, and the tensile strength tests are conducted by SANTAM 150 universal testing machine based on ASTM D638. The pattern for filling is designed based on honeycomb which is applied to produce lightweight and high-strength specimens. The area under Force- Extension curve up to fracture is acquired as the toughness of the printed specimens. This study also developed a modeling process using artificial neural network (ANN) and artificial neural network- genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) techniques to develop an accurate estimation for toughness, part thickness, and production cost dependent variables. Results were evaluated by correlation coefficient and RMSE values. According to the modeling results, ANN-GA as a hybrid machine learning (ML) technique could could successfully improveenhances the accuracy of modeling about 7.5, 11.5 and 4.5 % for toughness, part thickness, and production cost, respectively, in comparison with those for the single ANN method. On the other side, the optimization results confirm that the optimized specimen is cost-effective and able to comparatively undergo deformation, which enables the usability of printed PLA objects. The research is accomplished under the constraints of PLA compatibility with existing Fused Filament Fabrication fused deposition modeling installation, in the absence of the functional assistant of the machine in the absence of the functional assistant of the machine. Although the mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of PLA have already been studied, there is little literature on the toughness of the printed PLA with honeycomb internal fill pattern.

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Applications of 3D-Printed PEEK via Fused Filament Fabrication: A Systematic Review

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13224046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 4046

Author(s):

Rupak Dua ◽

Zuri Rashad ◽

Joy Spears ◽

Grace Dunn ◽

Micaela Maxwell

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Organic Polymer ◽

Current Status ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Polyether Ether Ketone ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is an organic polymer that has excellent mechanical, chemical properties and can be additively manufactured (3D-printed) with ease. The use of 3D-printed PEEK has been growing in many fields. This article systematically reviews the current status of 3D-printed PEEK that has been used in various areas, including medical, chemical, aerospace, and electronics. A search of the use of 3D-printed PEEK articles published until September 2021 in various fields was performed using various databases. After reviewing the articles, and those which matched the inclusion criteria set for this systematic review, we found that the printing of PEEK is mainly performed by fused filament fabrication (FFF) or fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers. Based on the results of this systematic review, it was concluded that PEEK is a versatile material, and 3D-printed PEEK is finding applications in numerous industries. However, most of the applications are still in the research phase. Still, given how the research on PEEK is progressing and its additive manufacturing, it will soon be commercialized for many applications in numerous industries.

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Evaluation of the Effect of Infill Pattern on Mechanical Stregnth of Additively Manufactured Specimen

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.887.128 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 887 ◽

pp. 128-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shaheryar Atta Khan ◽

Bilal Ahmed Siddiqui ◽

Muhammad Fahad ◽

Maqsood Ahmed Khan

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Open Source ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Additive Manufacturing Technology ◽

Internal Structures ◽

The World ◽

Build Time ◽

Deposition Modeling

Additive manufacturing has stepped down from the world of Sci-Fi into reality. Since its conception in the 1980s the technology has come a long way. May variants of the technology are now available to the consumer. With the advent of custom built (open source) Fused Deposition Modeling based printing technology Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), FDM/FFF has become the most used Additive Manufacturing technology. The effects of the different infill patterns of FDM/FFF on the mechanical properties of a specimen made from ABS are studied in this paper. It is shown that due to changes in internal structures, the tensile strength of the specimen changes. The study also investigate the effect of infill pattern on the build time of the specimen. Extensive testing yielded the optimal infill pattern for FDM/FFF. An open source Arduino based RepRap printer was used for the preparation of specimen and showed promising results for rapid prototyping of custom built parts to bear high loads. The study can help with the increase in the use of additive manufacturing for the manufacturing of mechanically functioning parts such as prosthetics

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Identification and Mapping of Manufacturability Constraints for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing

Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ◽

10.3390/jmmp5020033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Albert E. Patterson ◽

Charul Chadha ◽

Iwona M. Jasiuk

Keyword(s):

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Extensive Discussion ◽

Design Problems ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Process Characteristics ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Basic Behavior ◽

And Behavior

This article develops and demonstrates a set of design-focused manufacturability constraints for the fused deposition modeling/fused filament fabrication (FDM/FFF) process. These can be mapped from the basic behavior and process characteristics and formulated in terms of implicit or explicit design constraints. When the FDM/FFF process is explored and examined for its natural limitations and behavior, it can provide a set of manufacturing considerations (advantages, limitations, and best practices). These can be converted into manufacturing constraints, which are practical limits on the ability of the process. Finally, these can be formulated in terms of design–useful manufacturability constraints. Many of the constants and parameters must be determined experimentally for specific materials. The final list of 54 major manufacturability constraints presented in this work will better inform designers considering using FDM/FFF as a manufacturing process, and help guide design decisions. After derivation and presentation of the constraint set, extensive discussion about practical implementation is provided at the end of the paper, including advice about experimentally determining constants and appropriate printing parameters. Finally, three case studies are presented which implement the constraints for simple design problems.

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Influence of Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of Additive Manufactured PLA Parts using Taguchi Method

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.c6191.098319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 7635-7639

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Optimal Parameter ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Influence Of Process Parameters ◽

Layer Height ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Nozzle Temperature

Influence of layer thickness nozzle temperature and angle on tensile strength of PLA fabricated with FDM (FFF) was experimentally investigated. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a semi-crystalline and bio-friendly thermoplastic polymer has identified as important material in different applications due to its mechanical characteristics. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a one of the proved technology in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique in additive manufacturing process. In present investigation different specimens were fabricated using FDM technique with different layer height and different layer angles for finding influence of these manufacturing parameters on tensile strength of the specimen. Specimens were fabricated and tested as per ASTM D638 standard. It is clearly observed that tensile strength is more for +450 /-450 layer angle than the +00 /-0 0 layer angle for a given layer height(h=0.10 mm, h=0.15mm and h=0.20mm).The TAGUCHI analysis is carried with nozzle temperature, layer thickness and angle finding optimal values. It has been observed that, the optimal parameter is angle, which is equal to 30 0 .the ANOVA variation of angle layer with tensile strength has been observed that 18.10-31.90.

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Effect of the filling percentage on tensile strength in 3D desktop printing for different printing patterns, using a randomized design of experiments

Enfoque UTE ◽

10.29019/enfoque.v10n4.503 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 13-27

Author(s):

Juan Carlos Parra Mena ◽

Erling Ricardo Gallardo Vizuete ◽

Erick Damian Torres Peñaloza

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Design Of Experiments ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Single Factor ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Filling Pattern ◽

Deposition Modeling

The evaluation of the tensile strength of printed parts by means of fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF) is essential, since parts whose resistance does not differ significantly depending on the percentage of filling used can be obtained, optimizing the use of the material. The present work details the analysis of polylactic acid (PLA) specimens manufactured according to ASTM D 638 with different percentages for the most commonly used filling patterns (Honeycomb, Octagram, Stars, Archimedean, Hilbert and Triangles). With the help of an analysis of variance and a design of experiments with a single factor, the appropriate percentages for printing parts according to the desired filling pattern are obtained.

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On improving the surface finish of 3D printing polylactic acid parts by corundum blasting

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-05-2021-0105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Ana Pilar Valerga Puerta ◽

J.D. Lopez-Castro ◽

Adrián Ojeda López ◽

Severo Raúl Fernández Vidal

Keyword(s):

Layer Thickness ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Surface Quality ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

High Exposure ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling

Purpose Fused filament fabrication or fused deposition modeling (FFF/FDM) has as one of its main restrictions the surface quality intrinsic to the process, especially linked to the layer thickness used during manufacture. The purpose of this paper is to study the possibility of improving the surface quality of polylactic acid (PLA) parts manufactured by FFF using the shot blasting technique. Design/methodology/approach The influence of corundum blasting on 0.2 mm layer thickness FDM PLA parts treated with two sizes of abrasive, different exposure times and different incidence pressures. Findings As a result, improvements of almost 80% were obtained in the surface roughness of the pieces with high exposure times, and more than 50% in just 20 s. Originality/value This technique is cheap, versatile and adaptable to different part sizes and geometries. Furthermore, it is a fast and environmentally friendly technique compared to conventional machining or vapor smoothing. Despite this, no previous studies have been carried out to improve the quality of this technology.

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A Comparative Analysis of Selected Methods for Determining Young’s Modulus in Polylactic Acid Samples Manufactured with the FDM Method

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15010149 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 149

Author(s):

Bartosz Pszczółkowski ◽

Konrad W. Nowak ◽

Wojciech Rejmer ◽

Mirosław Bramowicz ◽

Łukasz Dzadz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young’S Modulus ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Young's Modulus ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Static Tensile ◽

Deposition Modeling

The objective of this study was to compare three methods for determining the Young’s modulus of polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) samples. The samples were manufactured viathe fused filament fabrication/fused deposition modeling (FFF/FDM) 3D printing technique. Samples for analysis were obtained at processing temperatures of 180 °C to 230 °C. Measurements were performed with the use of two nondestructive techniques: the impulse excitation technique (IET) and the ultrasonic (US) method. The results were compared with values obtained in static tensile tests (STT), which ranged from 2.06 ± 0.03 to 2.15 ± 0.05 GPa. Similar changes in Young’s modulus were observed in response to the processing temperatures of the compared methods. The values generated by the US method were closer to the results of the STT, but still diverged considerably, and the error exceeded 10% in all cases. Based on the present findings, it might be concluded that the results of destructive and nondestructive tests differ by approximately 1 GPa.

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Influence of torsion on the structure of machine elements made of polymeric materials by 3D printing

Polimery ◽

10.14314/polimery.2021.5.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Mariusz Dębski ◽

Marek Magniszewski ◽

Jacek Bernaczek ◽

Łukasz Przeszłowski ◽

Małgorzata Gontarz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Torsion Test ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Machine Elements ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Printing Direction

In this work, on the example of a spline connection, the effect of 3D printing on the structure of machine elements made of polymeric materials after a torsion test was investigated. A clear influence of the type of polymer and the printing direction in the applied incremental technology [FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) also known as FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling)] on the structure of the obtained elements was observed.

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Considerations on the Plastic Structure of a UAV Payload Made by 3D Printing Technology

Materiale Plastice ◽

10.37358/mp.20.4.5403 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 21-33

Author(s):

Lucian Stefanita Grigore ◽

Amado-George Stefan ◽

Octavian Orban ◽

Ioana-Raluca Adochiei

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

New Technologies ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Aerial Vehicle ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Von Mises ◽

Von Mises Stresses

With the development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems for a multitude of real-time applications, 3D printing technologies have been developed to make thermoplastic structures by fusing filament Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). However, we consider that the realization of new technologies of experimental models / technological demonstrators / prototypes becomes profitable by using 3D printing technologies. The main aim of the paper is to highlight how the use of three types of materials, which are processed differently, influences the Von Mises stresses of the payload used for a UAV, with the mission of photographing and filming from high altitude.

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