scholarly journals Surface Modified Nanocellulose and Its Reinforcement in Natural Rubber Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 3241
Author(s):  
Nik Muhammad Faris Hakimi ◽  
Seng Hua Lee ◽  
Wei Chen Lum ◽  
Siti Fatahiyah Mohamad ◽  
Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fibers ◽  
Matrix Surface ◽  
Reinforcing Agent ◽  
Low Modulus ◽  
Surface Modified

Natural rubber is of significant economic importance owing to its excellent resilience, elasticity, abrasion and impact resistance. Despite that, natural rubber has been identified with some drawbacks such as low modulus and strength and therefore opens up the opportunity for adding a reinforcing agent. Apart from the conventional fillers such as silica, carbon black and lignocellulosic fibers, nanocellulose is also one of the ideal candidates. Nanocellulose is a promising filler with many excellent properties such as renewability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, reactive surface, low density, high specific surface area, high tensile and elastic modulus. However, it has some limitations in hydrophobicity, solubility and compatibility and therefore it is very difficult to achieve good dispersion and interfacial properties with the natural rubber matrix. Surface modification is often carried out to enhance the interfacial compatibilities between nanocellulose and natural rubber and to alleviate difficulties in dispersing them in polar solvents or polymers. This paper aims to highlight the different surface modification methods employed by several researchers in modifying nanocellulose and its reinforcement effects in the natural rubber matrix. The mechanism of the different surface medication methods has been discussed. The review also lists out the conventional filler that had been used as reinforcing agent for natural rubber. The challenges and future prospective has also been concluded in the last part of this review.

SURFACE MODIFICATION OF NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TiO2) BY CATIONIC SURFACTANTS AND INVESTIGATION OF ITS EFFECT ON THE PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER (NR) NANOCOMPOSITES

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-359
Author(s):  
Kumarjyoti Roy ◽  
Debdas Sikdar ◽  
Swapan Kumar Mandal ◽  
Subhas Chandra Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Cationic Surfactants ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Tetraethylammonium Bromide ◽  
Nano Tio2 ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
Surface Modified ◽  
Nano Titanium Dioxide

ABSTRACT We investigate the reinforcing effects of both unmodified and surface modified nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the cure, mechanical, and thermal properties of natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites. The surface of nano TiO2 is modified by cationic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB). The surface modification of nano TiO2 is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The result reveals that surface modified nano TiO2 is much more efficient in improving the resulting properties of NR nanocomposites in comparison with unmodified nano TiO2. The excellent improvement in the properties of surface modified nano TiO2/NR composites is due to the better hydrophobicity and uniform dispersion of modified nano TiO2 within the NR matrix, as confirmed from morphological analysis. CTAB is much more effective than TEAB with respect to the properties of nano TiO2 based NR composites.

Atomic Force Microscopy Studies on Morphology and Distribution of Surface Modified Silica and Clay Fillers in an Ethylene-Octene Copolymer Rubber

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudip Ray ◽  
Anil K. Bhowmick ◽  
S. Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Phase Imaging ◽  
Acrylate Monomer ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Ethylene Octene Copolymer ◽  
Surface Modified

Abstract Topographic and phase imaging in tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) has been performed to investigate the effect of surface modification of silica and clay fillers on the morphology and the microdispersion of the filler particles in the rubber matrix. The above fillers have been modified by using surface coating agents like an acrylate monomer (trimethylolpropane triacrylate, TMPTA) or a silane coupling agent (triethoxy vinylsilane, TEVS) followed by electron beam modification at room temperature. Both unmodified and surface modified fillers have been incorporated in an ethylene-octene copolymer rubber. The phase images of the above composites elucidate the reduction in aggregate size due to the filler surface modification, which is more pronounced in the case of silane modification. The results obtained from the section analysis and the histogram of the filler distribution further corroborate the above findings. The corresponding topographic images are characterized by various statistical quantities like roughness parameters and two-dimensional power spectral density (2-D PSD). As compared to the control silica and clay filled rubbers, a noticeable reduction in the surface roughness is observed in the case of modified filled composites. Thus, the whole study based on AFM suggests that the surface modification of the above fillers significantly reduces the filler-filler interaction, which in turn reduces the filler aggregate size and helps in improving the filler dispersion.

scholarly journals Combination of Self-Healing Butyl Rubber and Natural Rubber Composites for Improving the Stability

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 443
Author(s):  
Kunakorn Chumnum ◽  
Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee ◽  
Jobish Johns ◽  
Karnda Sengloyluan ◽  
Yeampon Nakaramontri
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The self-healing composites were prepared from the combination of bromobutyl rubber (BIIR) and natural rubber (NR) blends filled with carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon black (CB). To reach the optimized self-healing propagation, the BIIR was modified with ionic liquid (IL) and butylimidazole (IM), and blended with NR using the ratios of 70:30 and 80:20 BIIR:NR. Physical and chemical modifications were confirmed from the mixing torque and attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). It was found that the BIIR/NR-CNTCB with IL and IM effectively improved the cure properties with enhanced tensile properties relative to pure BIIR/NR blends. For the healed composites, BIIR/NR-CNTCB-IM exhibited superior mechanical and electrical properties due to the existing ionic linkages in rubber matrix. For the abrasion resistances, puncture stress and electrical recyclability were examined to know the possibility of inner liner applications and Taber abrasion with dynamic mechanical properties were elucidated for tire tread applications. Based on the obtained Tg and Tan δ values, the composites are proposed for tire applications in the future with a simplified preparation procedure.

scholarly journals Facile Preparation of Efficient WO3Photocatalysts Based on Surface Modification

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Liu ◽  
Hongmei Li ◽  
Yangsu Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Light Spectra ◽  
Simple Strategy ◽  
Visible Light Active ◽  
Efficient Charge ◽  
Surface Modified

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) was surface modified with Cu(II) nanoclusters and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopowders by using a simple impregnation method followed by a physical combining method. The obtained nanocomposites were studied by scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra, UV-visible light spectra, and photoluminescence, respectively. Although the photocatalytic activity of WO3was negligible under visible light irradiation, the visible light photocatalytic activity of WO3was drastically enhanced by surface modification of Cu(II) nanoclusters and TiO2nanopowders. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is due to the efficient charge separation by TiO2and Cu(II) nanoclusters functioning as cocatalysts on the surface. Thus, this simple strategy provides a facile route to prepare efficient visible-light-active photocatalysts for practical application.

Research on Mechanical Properties of Modified Organic Montmorillonite Reinforced Nature Rubber(NR) Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 3231-3235
Author(s):  
Xiao Yu Zheng ◽  
Jin Cheng Wang ◽  
Ke Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Abrasion Loss ◽  
Organic Montmorillonite ◽  
Reinforcing Agent

In this paper, hyperbranched organic montmorillonite (H-OMMT) with hydroxyl (-OH) groups was prepared. The organic montmorillonite (OMMT) was used as a reinforcing agent in NR matrix. The H-OMMT modified natural rubber (NR) had good mechanical properties with the addition of the H-OMMT. Properties, such as tensile strength and abrasion loss, were researched and compared. Results showed that NR/H-OMMT-5% composite had the best tensile and were resistant properties.

Phase Morphology, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Compatibilized Nylon12/Natural Rubber Blends Using PS/MNR

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Saravalee Saengthaveep ◽  
Sadhan C. Jana ◽  
Rathanawan Magaraphan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Rubber Particle ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Phase Morphology ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Binary Blend ◽  
Polyamide 12 ◽  
The Impact

To produce a tough material for application demanding high impact resistance and low moisture absorption, melt blending of Nylon12 (Polyamide 12, PA12) and natural rubber (NR) was carried out in a brabender plasticorder at 210 °C with rotor speed of 70 rpm in the presence of polystyrene/maleated natural rubber (PS/MNR) blend as a compatibilizer. The effect of compatibilizer content (1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 phr) on phase morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of [Nylon12/NR]/[PS/MNR] blends was investigated by using SEM, DSC, and Izod impact tester, respectively. The result revealed that PS/MNR blend improved the compatibility of Nylon12/NR blends efficiently due to the presence of amide linkage at the interfaces from the reaction between the reactive groups of MNR and the NH2 end groups of Nylon12 during mixing. A fine phase morphology (good dispersion and small dispersed phase size of NR domains in Nylon12 matrix) of [Nylon12/NR]/[PS/MNR] blends was observed at the optimum compatibilizer content of 7 phr, relating to the improvement of mechanical property. The impact energy of [Nylon12/NR]/[PS/MNR] blends was 503 J/m higher than that of neat Nylon12 (115 J/m) and Nylon12/NR binary blend (241 J/m) due to the toughening effect of rubber and proper morphology. The melting temperature of all blends did not change obviously from thermal analysis. However, the presence of rubber particle obstructed the crystallization of Nylon12 phase, leading to the decreasing of %crystallinity from 93% to around 70%.

scholarly journals Xanthate-modified nanoTiO2 as a novel vulcanization accelerator enhancing mechanical and antibacterial properties of natural rubber

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 478-487
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Heliang Wang ◽  
Xiwei Guo ◽  
Mingyuan Yi ◽  
Lihong Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Antibacterial Performance ◽  
First Time ◽  
Vulcanization Accelerator

Abstract With the emerging of sustainability, the fabrication of effective and eco-friendly agents for rubber industry has attracted extensive attention. In this study, a novel and nontoxic titanium dioxide-based vulcanization accelerator (xanthate-modified nanotitanium dioxide (TDSX)) with excellent antibacterial performance, for the first time, was synthesized under the catalyst of ceric ammonium nitrate. Notably, the thermal stability of xanthate was greatly enhanced after being grafted on titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, in which the activation energy was increased from 6.4 to 92.5 kJ/mol, enabling the obtained TDSX with multiple functions, mainly consisting of fabulous vulcanization-promoting effects, reinforcing effects, antibacterial properties, and anti-ultraviolet aging effects for natural rubber (NR). Simultaneously, the TDSX can be effectively and uniformly dispersed in the rubber matrix along with the developed interface interaction between TDSX particles and rubber matrix. Compared to the traditional accelerators 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (M) system, the tensile strength and the tearing strength of NR/TDSX was improved by 26.3 and 40.4%, respectively. Potentially, our work for preparing green vulcanization accelerator can provide a new design strategy for multifunctional high performance elastomer materials.

Natural Rubber Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles Extracted from Jasmine and Riceberry Rice Husk Ashes

2018 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wichudaporn Seangyen ◽  
Paweena Prapainainar ◽  
Pongdhorn Sae-Oui ◽  
Surapich Loykulnant ◽  
Peerapan Dittanet
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Rubber Nanocomposites ◽  
Jasmine Rice ◽  
20 Nm

Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by rice husk ash (RHA) produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk via sol-gel method for the use as reinforcing fillers in natural rubber (NR). The obtained silica nanoparticles are spherical in shape and the particle sizes were observed to be in the 10-20 nm range with uniformly size distribution. The surface of silica nanoparticles was treated with a silane coupling agent confirmed by FTIR. The treated silica nanoparticles were then incorporated into NR and vulcanized with electron beam irradiation. The rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles, produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk, resulted in higher mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) than neat rubber vulcanizate. The modified rubber vulcanizates revealed rougher surface with tear lines as compared to the neat rubber vulcanizates, indicating the improved strength. Interestingly, the rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles from jasmine rice husk showed higher tensile strength and modulus than silica nanoparticles produced from riceberry rice husk. The micrographs indicated better dispersion of NR composites with jasmine rice husk which leads to a strong interaction between silica nanoparticles and rubber matrix, thereby improving the strength.

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