scholarly journals Natural Fillers as Potential Modifying Agents for Epoxy Composition: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Natalia Sienkiewicz ◽  
Midhun Dominic ◽  
Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Epoxy Composition ◽  
Natural Fillers

Epoxy resins as important organic matrices, thanks to their chemical structure and the possibility of modification, have unique properties, which contribute to the fact that these materials have been used in many composite industries for many years. Epoxy resins are repeatedly used in exacting applications due to their exquisite mechanical properties, thermal stability, scratch resistance, and chemical resistance. Moreover, epoxy materials also have really strong resistance to solvents, chemical attacks, and climatic aging. The presented features confirm the fact that there is a constant interest of scientists in the modification of resins and understanding its mechanisms, as well as in the development of these materials to obtain systems with the required properties. Most of the recent studies in the literature are focused on green fillers such as post-agricultural waste powder (cashew nuts powder, coconut shell powder, rice husks, date seed), grass fiber (bamboo fibers), bast/leaf fiber (hemp fibers, banana bark fibers, pineapple leaf), and other natural fibers (waste tea fibers, palm ash) as reinforcement for epoxy resins rather than traditional non-biodegradable fillers due to their sustainability, low cost, wide availability, and the use of waste, which is environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the advantages of natural fillers over traditional fillers are acceptable specific strength and modulus, lightweight, and good biodegradability, which is very desirable nowadays. Therefore, the development and progress of “green products” based on epoxy resin and natural fillers as reinforcements have been increasing. Many uses of natural plant-derived fillers include many plant wastes, such as banana bark, coconut shell, and waste peanut shell, can be found in the literature. Partially biodegradable polymers obtained by using natural fillers and epoxy polymers can successfully reduce the undesirable epoxy and synthetic fiber waste. Additionally, partially biopolymers based on epoxy resins, which will be presented in the paper, are more useful than commercial polymers due to the low cost and improved good thermomechanical properties.

scholarly journals ​Coconut Shell Powder Reinforced Epoxy Composites: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adarsh M. Kalla ◽  
H. Manjunatha ◽  
R. Devaraju
Keyword(s):  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Coconut Shell Powder ◽  
Shell Powder

Fibers are of two type’s natural fiber and synthetic fiber. Natural fibers include those made from plant and animal sources. The natural fiber composites can be very cost effective material and have turned out to be an alternative solution to the ever depleting petroleum sources and have reduced the nuisance of pollution. The production of complete natural fiber based materials as a substitute for petroleum-based products would not be an economical solution. A more viable solution would be to combine petroleum and bio-based resources to develop a cost-effective product with diverse applications. The application of natural fiber-reinforced composites has been extended to almost all fields such as building and construction industry, storage devices (post-boxes, grain storage silos, bio-gas containers etc.), furniture and electrical devices. Coconut shell is a lignocellulosic agro waste which is burnt or left to decay in environment. These can be a very interesting material as filler in biodegradable polymer composites, due to its good thermal stability compared to other agricultural waste. In context to this, review was carried out to assess the coconut shell powder reinforced epoxy composites and their mechanical, structural and thermal properties.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Biobased Epoxy Resins Manufactured by Resin Infusion Process

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Torres-Arellano ◽  
Victoria Renteria-Rodríguez ◽  
Edgar Franco-Urquiza
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Resin Infusion ◽  
New Applications

This work deals with the manufacture and mechanical characterization of natural-fiber-reinforced biobased epoxy resins. Biolaminates are attractive to various industries because they are low-density, biodegradable, and lightweight materials. Natural fibers such as Ixtle, Henequen, and Jute were used as reinforcing fabrics for two biobased epoxy resins from Sicomin®. The manufacture of the biolaminates was carried out through the vacuum-assisted resin infusion process. The mechanical characterization revealed the Jute biolaminates present the highest stiffness and strength, whereas the Henequen biolaminates show high strain values. The rigid and semirigid biolaminates obtained in this work could drive new applications targeting industries that require lightweight and low-cost sustainable composites.

Influence of Montmorillonite Treated with Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide Addition in Epoxy-Kenaf Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 235-239
Author(s):  
A. Zuliahani ◽  
H.D. Rozman ◽  
Abdul Rahman Rozyanty
Keyword(s):  
Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium ◽  
Kenaf Composites

The use of natural fiber as reinforcement in polymer composites has gained importance recently due to environmental concern and its abundance availability from agricultural crops and wood industry [1]. Many advantages offered by natural fibers over synthetic fibers include low density, greater deformability, low cost per unit volume, recyclability and biodegradability [2-3]. In addition, the mechanical properties of natural fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, sisal and kenaf are comparable with glass fiber in respect of strength and modulus [4]. Hence, many studies have been carried out to replace the synthetic fiber for composite preparation.

scholarly journals Functionalized Porous Nanoscale Fe3O4 Particles Supported Biochar From Peanut Shell For Pb(II) Ions Removal From Landscape Wastewater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Jin ◽  
Renrong Liu ◽  
Huifang Wang ◽  
Li Han ◽  
Muqing Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Complexation Reaction ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Adsorption Mechanisms

Abstract The large amounts of heavy metal from landscape wastewater have become serious problems of environmental pollution and risks for human health. It affects the growth of plant and aquatic, and leads to the destruction of landscape. Therefore, the development of efficient novel adsorbent is a very important for treatment of heavy metal. A low-cost and easily obtained agricultural waste (Peanut Shell) was modified by nanoscale Fe3O4 particles. Then, the functionalized porous nanoscale Fe3O4 particles supported biochar from peanut shell (PS-Fe3O4) for removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was investigated. The characterization of PS-Fe3O4 composites showed that PS from peanut shell was successfully coated with porous nanoscale Fe3O4 particles. The pseudo second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model were more fitted for describing the adsorption process of Pb(II) ions in solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) ions removal in solution by PS-Fe3O4 composites could reach 188.68 mg/g. The adsorption process of Pb(II) ions removal by PS-Fe3O4 composites was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The adsorption mechanisms of Pb(II) ions by PS-Fe3O4 composites were mainly controlled by the chemical adsorption process. They included Fe-O coordination reaction, co-precipitation, complexation reaction and ion exchange. PS-Fe3O4 composites were thought as a low-cost, good regeneration performance and high efficiency adsorption material for removal of Pb(II) ions in solution.

scholarly journals Concrete Mix Using Solid Waste Aggregates (Coconut Shell Concrete)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 84-89 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Construction

Now days the cost of construction is increasing day by day due to increase in the prices of the building materials. The main ingredients of the concrete are coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement. Every construction company mainly depends on these ingredients for the production of concrete. In the present scenario most of the research work is done on how to reduce the cost of construction by increasing the strength of the concrete. Depending up on the properties many of the waste materials are used in the concrete as the partial replacement of aggregates. Mostly fly ash ,rice husk ash and blast furnace slag are found to be suitable for replacing the fine aggregate partially in concrete. Agriculture is the major occupation of the people in India and coconut production is one of the major agriculture production in India. The shell of the coconut is an agricultural waste and requires large amount of area for its dumping after its usage. It causes environment pollution if it is not dumped properly and creates major problem. If this coconut shell is used as replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete it gives solution to the major environmental pollution. Experiments have done on the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut shell for different percentages and investigated the properties of this composite concrete In this study, for M20 and M25 grades concrete four different concrete mixes for each grade with various combinations of coconut shell of about 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% were prepared. For each concrete mix three sample specimens were casted. The main focus behind this study is to utilize the agricultural waste like coconut shells which are of low cost when compared to the coarse aggregates and thus giving rise to the topic of how to construct the structures within low cost. In this study a short term analysis, at 28 days, the nature of coconut shell aggregate concrete is studied by conducting some tests like compressive strength, workability tests and comparison of these results are made with the normal concrete. In order to maintain serviceability, durability and strength of the members all the necessary precautions are taken. Thus by adopting this concept it will be very much helpful for the civil engineers and especially the society to fulfill their basic needs like low cost housing.

Review on the Application of Natural Fiber Composite via Filament Winding Using Different Resin

2015 ◽  
Vol 660 ◽  
pp. 120-124
Author(s):  
Suriyati Mohamed Ansari ◽  
Che Mohd Ruzaidi ◽  
Kamarudin Husin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Filament Winding ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
High Fiber

Even though synthetic fiber give higher of strength in composites and is low cost material, the biggest problems faced when using this material is that it does not degrade or compose in the environment. The usage of natural fibers in industrial application become the main concern because it offer both cost savings and a reduction in density when compared to existing fibers such as glass fibers and etc. This make the needs for renewable fiber reinforced composites are increasing and have never been as prevalent as it currently is. Although the strength of natural fibers is not great as glass, the specific properties are comparable. Continuous yarn fibers are required to increase the strength for engineering applications and filament winding is a method to produce aligned technical composites which have high fiber content. This paper presents a review on composites made of natural fiber and different resin that been processed via filament winding technique.

scholarly journals Finite element analysis of natural fibers composites: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 853-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Alhijazi ◽  
Qasim Zeeshan ◽  
Zhaoye Qin ◽  
Babak Safaei ◽  
Mohammed Asmael
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Element Analysis

AbstractNatural fiber composites (NFCs) also termed as biocomposites offer an alternative to the existing synthetic fiber composites, due to their advantages such as abundance in nature, relatively low cost, lightweight, high strength-to-weight ratio, and most importantly their environmental aspects such as biodegradability, renewability, recyclability, and sustainability. Researchers are investigating in depth the properties of NFC to identify their reliability and accessibility for being involved in aircrafts, automotive, marine, sports’ equipment, and other engineering fields. Modeling and simulation (M&S) of NFCs is a valuable method that contributes in enhancing the design and performance of natural fibers composite. Recently many researchers have applied finite element analysis to analyze NFCs’ characteristics. This article aims to present a comprehensive review on recent developments in M&S of NFCs through classifying the research according to the analysis type, NFC type, model type, simulation platform and parameters, and research outcomes, shedding the light on the main applicable theories and methods in this area, aiming to let more experts know the current research status and also provide some guidance for relevant researches.

Effect of Pretreatment Methods on Properties of Natural Fiber Composites: A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Venkatachalam ◽  
P. Navaneethakrishnan ◽  
R. Rajsekar ◽  
S. Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Chemical Treatments

India as a tropical agricultural country has great potential to develop and use fiber derived from agricultural waste. Natural fibers are an important by-product of extraction process and they can be used as reinforcement in composite products. Composites are developed with unsaturated polyester resin as the matrix with natural fiber as the reinforcement. The results show decreased strength and modulus with increasing the fiber volume fraction. This indicates ineffective stress transfer between the fiber and matrix due to lower adhesion. It is necessary to bring a hydrophobic nature to the fibers by suitable chemical treatments in order to develop composites with improved mechanical properties. In these review papers, different types of natural fibers are subjected to a variety of physical and chemical treatments. The types of treatments studied in these papers include Physical treatments such as beating and heating, and chemical treatments like alkalization, silane, acetylation and benzoylation. The effects of these treatments on mechanical properties of the composites are analyzed. Fractures are analyzed by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis by FTIR and DMA showed that physico-chemical changes of surfaces of treated natural fibers. In general, treatments to the fibers can significantly improve adhesion and reduce water absorption, thereby improving mechanical properties of the composites. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the research work done on various pretreatments in the preparation of natural fiber reinforced composites and to highlight the potential use of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industry and its potential to replace the synthetic fiber composite and conventional materials in the future.

The effect of nonwoven structure on thermomechanical properties of feather waste reinforced polyester composite

2020 ◽  
pp. 152808372094773
Author(s):  
Ouahiba Mrajji ◽  
Mohamed EL Wazna ◽  
Zineb Samouh ◽  
Abdeslam EL Bouari ◽  
Omar Cherkaoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Molding Method ◽  
Polyester Composite ◽  
Vacuum Molding ◽  
Polyester Matrix ◽  
Kinetics Of Degradation ◽  
Kinetics Of

Natural fibers offer good prospective as reinforcements in polymer composites due to their superior properties, they are preferred over synthetic fibers in various applications such as construction, automotive and aerospace. This experimental study emphasizes the effect of nonwoven structure on the mechanical, thermal and biodegradability properties of feathers nonwoven reinforced polyester composite. Vacuum molding method was adopted for manufacturing of the biocomposites with two contents of polyester resin (30% and 50%) and different composition of nonwovens. As a result, the morphological analysis revealed excellent compatibility and regular distribution of fiber in the polyester matrix. The thermal conductivity of manufactured composites varies considerably from 0.0378 W/(m•K) to 0.0778 W/(m•K) at 10°C. The origin of the variation of this property is due to differences in composition of nonwovens, densities and the percentage of the resin. After soaking for 240 h, the biodegradability test show that the kinetics of degradation of the composites decreased with the addition of nonwovens. The biodegradability rate was found between 62 to 92% depending on the sample nature. The mechanical results showed that the nonwoven structure clearly affected the performance of the composites. The results obtained from this study can be useful to develop new low cost, sustainable, light product and environmentally friendly materials.

A comprehensive review of coconut shell powder composites: Preparation, processing, and characterization

2020 ◽  
pp. 089270572093080
Author(s):  
Seri Nur Iman Hidayah Ahmad Nadzri ◽  
Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan ◽  
Ain Umaira Md Shah ◽  
Syafiqah Nur Azrie Safri ◽  
Abdul Rahim Abu Talib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Agricultural Residue ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Powder Composites ◽  
Coconut Shell Powder ◽  
Shell Powder

Coconut shell is an agricultural residue, usually disposed of through open burning. Toxic gases have been emitted from the open burning phase and can therefore be detrimental to human health and the environment. Thus, to reduce the risk of pollution, researchers have developed a new technology by using agro-wastes to produce biocomposites. Coconut shell powder (CSP) is a solid nonfood waste, which can be potentially exploited to reduce the usage of synthetic fiber. Coconut shell is also low-cost and low weight material that can be used to reduce the production cost of and fuel consumption for transportation. This review has focused on the research carried out on the CSP loaded into different types of matrices, highlighting the fundamental, mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of CSP composites. This article also provides critical review of the development for CSP composite and the summary of the results presented in the literature, focusing in the properties of CSP with polymeric matrices and the application design for economical products.

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