scholarly journals High Nitrate and Phosphate Ions Reduction in Modified Low Salinity Fresh Water through Microalgae Cultivation

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mustaffa ◽  
Ku Ku Hamid ◽  
Mohibah Musa ◽  
Juferi Idris ◽  
Roslina Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
Nitrate Ions ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Phosphate Ions

The treatment of nitrate and phosphate ions in fresh water such as streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands through biological treatment has been getting more crucial and popular in recent years. This paper reports the reduction of nitrate and phosphate ions in modified low salinity fresh water via the cultivation of a microalgae strain, e.g., Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. The low salinity fresh water (9054 to 9992 ppm) was modified with the addition of organic fertiliser (VermiCompost Tea) and used as the cultivation medium to grow microalgae. The microalgae strains were grown under controlled conditions in an indoor laboratory for 14 days. The initial concentrations of nitrate and phosphate ions in the modified fresh water sample were 1.17 mg/L and 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The reduction of nitrate and phosphate ions associated with the effect of cultivation of Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. in ambient air (0.03% of CO2) and 15% of CO2 was investigated. In ambient air, the cultivation of Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. greatly reduced the nitrate ions concentration from 5.96 ± 0.28 to 0.37 ± 0.05 mg/L and from 2.35 ± 0.19 to 0.59 ± 0.08 mg/L, respectively. A 100% reduction of phosphate ions was observed in the cultivation of Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. from 0.52 ± 0.10 mg/L in 13 days of and from 0.63 ± 0.15 mg/L in 6 days, respectively. Meanwhile, with the aeration of 15% of CO2, after the 14 days cultivation of Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. reduced the nitrate ions concentration from 5.27 ± 0.06 to 1.80 ± 0.20 mg/L and from 4.73 ± 0.12 to 2.80 ± 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The excessive CO2 in water consequently lowered the pH of water medium from 7.18 to 6.60 due to the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3). It was feasible to couple the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in Sungai Sura (4°42″28.2° N 103°26″12.1° E) while cultivating microalgae through biological treatment to produce biomass for biofuel production.

scholarly journals Study of chloride concentration of Nira River, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivaji Jadhav ◽  
Mrunalini Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Quality Water

The present work deals with the study of Chloride concentration of Nira River in the year 2016. Fresh water is essential to existence of life. Acceptable quality water is essential not only for drinking and domestic purposes but also for agriculture, industrial and commercial uses. Chloride occurs naturally in all types of water. In natural fresh water, the concentration is quite low. The important source of chloride in the water is the discharge of domestic sewage. Chlorides are highly soluble in water so they do not get precipitate and cannot be removed by biological treatment of water. If the amount of chloride is beyond the permissible limit then it can corrode by extracting calcium in the form of calcide. Here in the present work the amount of chloride observed is within the permissible limit for Nira river. 

Energy and Exergy Analyses of Fresh Water and Air Conditioning Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tangellapalli Srinivas
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Thermodynamic Simulation ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Evaporator Temperature

Objective: For a combined generation of fresh water and air conditioning, the humidification-dehumidification and vapor compression refrigeration (HDH-VCR) cycle is the best option as it works at ambient pressure without handling any chemicals. Methods: The HDH cycle works on the principle of an artificially created water cycle. Air can be humidified either with heating and humidification or with the cooling and humidification process. The heating and humidification are well analyzed and the results are reported in the open literature. This work is focused on cooling and humidification for freshwater generation and air conditioning. In the current thermodynamic simulation, the identified key process conditions are evaporator temperature and ambient air conditions (temperature and relative humidity. Results: The focused results are specific desalination, specific cooling, energy performance ratio (EPR), and exergy efficiency. Conclusion: The resulted EPR for cycle and plant are 1.34 and 0.62 respectively at the evaporator temperature of -2 °C.

scholarly journals I. On the absorption of carbonic acid by saline solutions

1874 ◽  
Vol 22 (148-155) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
Saline Solutions

Until lately it was believed that the atmospheric gases dissolved in sea-water could be extracted from it, as from fresh water, by boiling in vacuo . The merit of the discovery that such is not the case is due to Dr. Jacobsen, of Kiel, who found that, in order to drive out the whole of the carbonic acid, the water must be evaporated almost to dryness, and that no amount of boiling in vacuo will suffice to eliminate it. Being particularly interested in the matter, I immediately commenced a series of experiments to determine, if possible, the salt or salts to which sea-water owes this property. Preliminary observations satisfied me, in the first place, that sea-water has this property, and, secondly, that solutions of the sulphates of magnesia and of lime possess the same property. In order to gain more precise information, two series of experiments were made, the one analytical, the other synthetical. The former consisted in saturating saline solutions with carbonic acid, and then distilling them, the carbonic acid passing in the various fractions being determined; the latter, in determining the absorption coefficients of two solutions, the one of sulphate of magnesia, the other of sulphate of lime.

scholarly journals MIL-160 as an Adsorbent for Atmospheric Water Harvesting

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3586
Author(s):  
Marina Solovyeva ◽  
Irina Krivosheeva ◽  
Larisa Gordeeva ◽  
Yuri Aristov
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Water Adsorption ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Adsorption Properties ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Promising Alternative

Nowadays, the rapidly growing population, climate change, and environment pollution put heavy pressure on fresh water resources. The atmosphere is the immense worldwide and available water source. The Adsorptive Water Harvesting from the Atmosphere (AWHA) method is considered a promising alternative to desalination technologies for remote arid regions. The development of novel adsorbents with advanced water-adsorption properties is a prerequisite for practical realization of this method. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel class of porous crystalline solids that bring a great potential for AWHA due to their extremely high specific surface area, porosity, and tailored adsorption properties. This work addresses MIL-160 as a water adsorbent for AWHA. The water-adsorption equilibrium of MIL-160 was studied by volumetric method, the isosteric heat of adsorption was calculated, and finally, the potential of MIL-160 for AWHA was evaluated for climatic conditions of the deserts of Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, the Sahara, Atacama, and Mojave as reference arid regions. MIL-160 was shown to ensure a maximum specific water productivity of 0.31–0.33 gH2O/gads per cycle. High fractions of water extracted (0.90–0.98) and collected (0.48–0.97) could be achieved at a regeneration temperature of 80 °C with natural cooling of the condenser by ambient air. The specific energy consumption for water production varied from 3.5 to 6.8 kJ/g, which is acceptable if solar heat is used to drive the desorption. The AWHA method employing MIL-160 is a promising way to achieve a fresh water supply in remote arid areas.

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Akar Propagul Rhizophora apiculata Blume. pada Medium Air Tawar.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Sugiarto
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Natural Condition ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Good Potential

Abstract Rhizophora apiculata Blume. is one of the mangrove species with propagules of good potential to be developed into potted ornamental plants using only fresh water medium. In its natural condition, there are many factors that affect the growth of mangroves. Eventhough mangroves have good adaptation, the use of fresh water as their growth medium is very interesting. One of the signs that indicate growth is the emergence of roots. This research was conducted to examine the growth of R. apiculata propagules in their efforts to develop into ornamental plants using fresh water medium. The results showed that the growth of R. apiculata root propagules was slow as well as the increase in the number of roots. Apiculosis was faster in the first week compared to the second week, while the number of roots increased more during the first week. Compared with the growth of R. apiculata root propagules which were planted in their natural habitat, the growth of R. apiculata root propagules in fresh water medium was slower. This condition can be overcome by adding growth regulators such as auxin in the fresh water used.

Sustaining olfaction at low salinities: mapping ion flux associated with the olfactory sensilla of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (20) ◽  
pp. 3145-3152 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Gleeson ◽  
K. Hammar ◽  
P.J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Callinectes Sapidus ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Olfactory Sensilla ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Ion Movement ◽  
Ion Efflux ◽  
Net Flux

To test the hypothesis of a diffusion-generated, ionic/osmotic microenvironment within the olfactory sensilla (aesthetascs), flux gradients of Ca(2+) and K(+) associated with the external surfaces of these sensilla were spatially mapped using self-referencing, ion-selective microelectrodes. Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) acclimated to low-salinity conditions (15% sea water and fresh water) showed a net efflux of ions from the aesthetascs. The region of maximum flux associated with each aesthetasc conformed to that predicted from structural data and corresponded to the permeable region of the cuticle separating the olfactory dendrites from the external environment. Estimates of net flux from the entire tuft of aesthetascs for both Ca(2+) and K(+) fell within the predicted range on the basis of comparisons with (22)Na(+) flux measured previously and assuming a passive diffusion model of ion movement from the hemolymph to the sensillar lymph and, ultimately, to the external environment. The maximum concentrations of these ions measured deep within the tuft are discussed in the light of a potential across the aesthetascs that may limit ion efflux at low salinities.

scholarly journals MONITORING OF AMBIENT AIR AND AIR INSIDE A SURGE CHAMBER

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
A. M. Telyatnikova ◽  
◽  
S. V. Fedorov ◽  
A. V. Kudryavtsev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Sulfide Concentration ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Sewer Pipes ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Maximum Allowable Concentrations ◽  
Drop Flow ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. When sewage is transported along sewer pipes, sewer gases are actively formed and released. Special attention (in terms of desorption capacity) should be paid to surge chambers characterized by changes in the flow and flow arrival conditions, as well as by drop flow. The release of sewage gases has an adverse effect on sanitary and environmental safety. Therefore, it is required to control sewage gases’ release and assess the condition of the ambient air and the air in the surge chamber space. Methods. We selected a surge chamber in Cherepovets for monitoring. The experiment included: 1) measurements of sewer gases’ concentrations in the surge chamber and in the ambient air near the hatch; 2) analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide concentration in sewage; 3) recording of climate characteristics. Results. Based on the monitoring results, we determined the concentrations of sewer gases in the surge chamber. It has been found that gases leave the chamber in portions, which is due to aerodynamic processes and airing owing to incomplete air tightness. The relationship between the gas concentrations recorded at the same time in the surge chamber and the ambient air is reversed. The analysis of wastewater samples showed that most part of hydrogen sulfide leaves the water medium before wastewater enters the air space of the surge chamber. This is due to the absence of overpressure in the last headrace section. Besides, the maximum allowable concentrations were exceeded manifold both in the chamber and in the ambient air near it. Conclusion. The monitoring results confirm that it is required to develop: methods for assessing the environmental impact of surge chambers; methods for predicting total and one-time maximum emissions in the facilities; recommendations for setting the boundaries of sanitary protection zones around such facilities.

Transient Analysis of Microorganism Temperature and Evaporative Losses in an Algae Biofilm Photobioreactor

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Murphy ◽  
Halil Berberoglu
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Evaporative Water

This study describes the thermal modeling of a novel algal biofilm photobioreactor aimed at cultivating algae for biofuel production. The thermal model is developed to assess the photo-bioreactor’s thermal profile and evaporative water loss rate for a range of environmental parameters, including relative humidity, ambient air temperature, solar irradiation, and wind speed. First, a 24 hour simulation of the system has been performed using environmental data for Memphis, TN, USA on a typical spring day to assess the diurnal variations in system performance. Then, a sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the effect of each environmental parameter on the temperature and evaporative losses of the photobioreactor. It is observed that because of the high surface area-to-volume ratio of the system, the temperature of the system exceeds that of the maximum ambient temperature during daylight hours by approximately 0.5 °C and is lower than the minimum ambient temperature at night by approximately 1.4 °C because of evaporative and radiative cooling. Furthermore, without active cooling, the characteristic evaporative water loss from the system is approximately 4.8 L/m2-day.

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