scholarly journals Study of chloride concentration of Nira River, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivaji Jadhav ◽  
Mrunalini Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Quality Water

The present work deals with the study of Chloride concentration of Nira River in the year 2016. Fresh water is essential to existence of life. Acceptable quality water is essential not only for drinking and domestic purposes but also for agriculture, industrial and commercial uses. Chloride occurs naturally in all types of water. In natural fresh water, the concentration is quite low. The important source of chloride in the water is the discharge of domestic sewage. Chlorides are highly soluble in water so they do not get precipitate and cannot be removed by biological treatment of water. If the amount of chloride is beyond the permissible limit then it can corrode by extracting calcium in the form of calcide. Here in the present work the amount of chloride observed is within the permissible limit for Nira river. 

Use of chemical upgrading (CU) in Hungary and Slovakia

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Murcott ◽  
Donald R. F. Harleman
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment Technologies

In the past decade, the development of polymers and new chemical technologies has opened the way to using low doses of chemicals in wastewater treatment. “Chemical upgrading” (CU) is defined in this paper as an application of these chemical technologies to upgrade overloaded treatment systems (typically consisting of conventional primary plus biological treatment) in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Although some of the chemical treatment technologies are proven ones in North America, Scandinavia, and Germany, a host of factors, for example, the variations in composition and degree of pollution, the type of technologies in use, the type and mix of industrial and domestic sewage, and the amount of surface water, had meant that the viability of using CU in CEE countries was unknown. This report describes the first jar tests of CU conducted during the summer of 1993. The experiments show CU's ability to improve wastewater treatment plant performance and to potentially assist in the significant problem of overloaded treatment plants. Increased removal of BOD, TSS, and P in the primary stage of treatment is obtained at overflow rates above 1.5 m/h, using reasonably priced, local sources of metal salts in concentrations of 25 to 50 mg/l without polymers.

Evaluation of treatability for two textile mill effluents

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Germirli Babuna ◽  
B. Soyhan ◽  
G. Eremektar ◽  
D. Orhon
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Textile Mill ◽  
Acrylic Fiber ◽  
Partial Chemical

The study emphasizes wastewater characteristics of two different textile plants as they apply to biological treatment. Although conventional characterization reveals no major differences, the effluents from the acrylic fiber and yarn dyeing plant exhibit all the properties of a non-biodegradable wastewater. Appropriate pretreatment consisting of partial chemical oxidation with H2O2 reduces its COD content to 700 mg l−1, almost entirely biodegradable whereas COD fractionation indicates that the effluents of the cotton knit dyeing plant contain 9% residual fractions. Experimental investigation shows that most kinetic and stoichiometric properties of both wastewaters are compatible with that of domestic sewage with the exception of a much slower hydrolysis rate.

Green and Blue City-Regions

2019 ◽  
pp. 169-190
Author(s):  
Blanca C. Cecilia Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Social Resilience ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Quality Water

Water security has been defined as the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water. Growing populations and the increasing trend of human migration from rural to urban environments is leading to an expansion of the metropolitan/urban landscape, which threatens water security. Mexican cities are following this worldwide trend. Hence, this chapter will seek to develop theoretical understanding of the smart cities (SCs) model to meet global challenges such as water security. Seemingly, SCs are expected to deploy adaptation strategies resilient enough to secure future water quotas. Hence, the core scope of the chapter is to link water resources and social resilience strategies to social learning and governance in cities, which in some cases are featured as green and blue cities in the smart city paradigm. This linkage will explore potentials and opportunities of urban spaces and strengthen the efficacy of water networks in smart cities in Mexico, Latin America, and other developing spaces around the world.

Pretreatment and biotreatment of saline industrial wastewaters

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J.W. Tuin ◽  
R. Geerts ◽  
J.B. Westerink ◽  
C.G. van Ginkel
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Aerobic Biodegradation ◽  
Aerobic Treatment ◽  
Chloride Level ◽  
Akzo Nobel ◽  
Adaptation Time ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Anaerobic Pretreatment

Wastewater from an Akzo Nobel production site contains more than 50 g/l total dissolved salts, mainly chlorides and sulphates, and is currently being treated after 10–20× dilution. Biological treatment of undiluted or less diluted wastewater is very desirable for environmental and economic reasons. Possibilities were investigated in laboratory scale reactors to treat this highly saline and high strength wastewater aerobically, either after long adaptation or after removing part of the salts by a pretreatment. Adaptation and selection from mixed activated sludge populations took approximately 40 days to finally achieve a COD removal in aerobic treatment of 55–65% at two times dilution (11–16 g/l chloride and 5–7 g/l sulphate). Undiluted wastewater was not treatable. A higher removal percentage (>80%) was possible at the original high salt concentration only when the sludge load was limited to approximately 0.4–0.5 kg COD/kg sludge/day. A longer adaptation time was required. Nanofiltration (NF) and crystallization could be used as a pretreatment to remove and recover up to 80% of the sulphate in the form of crystallized Glauber salt. Recovery strongly depended on the sulphate and chloride concentration in the NF concentrate and on crystallization temperature. The salt (sulphate) reduction through the NF improved the removal efficiency of a consecutive biotreatment only at a relatively low chloride level, demonstrating that the combination of nanofiltration-crystallization-aerobic biodegradation is less feasible for very saline wastewaters. Anaerobic pretreatment of saline waters turned out to be rather sensitive to high salinities. Only wastewater diluted to 10 g/l chloride could be treated well: sulphate concentration decreased by 80% and COD by 40%. Removal efficiencies of the combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment were approximately 80–85%, proving that this was a feasible route for 2–3× diluted wastewater. The study has shown that several alternatives are available for treatment of the very saline wastewaters at a much lower degree of dilution than currently practiced.

Sources of Pollution of the Estuary of the River Nervion, Spain – A Case Study

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (5-7) ◽  
pp. 95-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Azkona ◽  
S H Jenkins ◽  
H M G Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Sulphide Concentration

This paper describes part of a comprehensive multidisciplinary study of the pollution of the estuary of the River Nervion, Bilbao, Spain. The objectives of the study were to determine the sources and loads of pollution from domestic sewage and industrial wastewater; provide information on the extent of pollution; formulate hydrodynamic and predictive models capable of forecasting the effects on the estuary of the anticipated growth of population and industry; determine the amount of polluting matter that would have to be removed in order to reach defined estuary water quality standards; arrive at suitable technical methods able to attain these standards at minimum cost; determine the treatability of wastewater discharges and recommend methods for controlling industrial wastewater. These objectives necessitated a survey of the pollution loads from domestic sources and industry which were discharged to the fresh water and tidal reaches of four major tributaries in addition to the main river Nervion; the results of this part of the survey are described in this paper. The presence of iron in discharges from iron ore mining and metal processing was found to aid flocculation of organic matter and the consequent deposition of sludge in the estuary. This action and the rate of oxygen uptake during the decomposition of such deposits are also described. The domestic sewage of the study area receives treatment in septic tanks before discharging to rivers or the estuary. In spite of free hydrogen sulphide and high concentrations being present in the septic tank effluents, odour nuisance does not occur, because, as is shown in the paper, of the formation of ferrous sulphide. The hydrogen sulphide concentration in the atmosphere at a pumping station was found to be above the safety level. The industrial load of impurity was estimated to be approximately 15% higher than the domestic load, but it is extremly difficult to find a rational basis on which comparisons may be made between domestic sewage and a mixture of industrial effluents containing substances inimical to biological activity. The industrial effluent was contained in a very large volume of water, much of it taken from the estuary for cooling or process water. It is calculated that if the industrial pollutants had been contained only in the fresh water used by industry the COD of the mixture would have been 1317 mg/l; the suspended solids 2143 mg/l; the ammonia nitrogen 191 mg/l; iron 1037 mg/l; other heavy metals 118 mg/l; fluoride as F 14.5 mg/l; cyanide as CN 8.1 mg/l; oil 196 mg/l; phenols 8.1 mg/l; mercury 0.13 mg/l; and the mixture would have had an excess of acidity of 5188 mg/l. An estimate of the load of substances having an oxygen demand indicated that of the total oxygen demand discharged to the system of rivers and estuary approximately 50% entered the estuary from the main tributaries, the remainder being discharged directly to the estuary. An outline is given of the methods that would be used to determine the treatability of industrial effluents which were rendered acceptable for discharge into public sewers.

scholarly journals Efficiency of biological treatment for the removal of total and thermotolerant coliform bacteria from domestic sewage

2016 ◽  
pp. 1572-1577
Author(s):  
Paula Maria Pilotto Branco ◽  
Ricardo Galbiatti Sandoval Nogueira ◽  
Lívia Maria Soares Ferreira ◽  
Luiz Augusto do Amaral ◽  
Jorge de Lucas Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Coliform Bacteria

scholarly journals Effects of magnetized fresh water on seed germination and seeding growth of cotton

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihong Zhang ◽  
Kai Wei ◽  
Quanjiu Wang ◽  
Yan Sun ◽  
Weiyi Mu
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Magnetized Water ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Poor Quality Water ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Magnetized water treatment technology is usually used to improve poor quality water, and there is still a lack of study on fresh water. To understand the biological effects of different strength magnetized fresh water (MFW), seed germination and potted experiments on cotton were carried out to study the effects of MFW with different magnetic intensity (0, 100, 300, 500 mT). Results showed that the surface tension coefficient of MFW reduced by 7.3–10.5%, whilst dissolved oxygen concentrations increased by 8.8–12.7%. Germination strength indexes of cotton cultivated with MFW significantly increased, showing potential and vigor indexes of 16.8–22.4% and 47.4–78.0%, respectively. The emergence rate of cotton irrigated with MFW was faster and higher, with recorded values of 7.7–13.1%. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE) of cotton increased significantly, whereas the stomatal limit value (Ls) decreased. In all, results suggest the total biomasses of MFW irrigated cotton have significantly increased. Therefore, it is suggested that MFW may more effectively promote the utilization of water and light in cotton under magnetic field intensities of 300–500 mT. The results can provide guidance for the efficient utilization of magnetized fresh water in arid and semi-arid areas.

Treatment of Agro-Industrial Wastes Using Water Hyacinth

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 781-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. John
Keyword(s):  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Plant Trials ◽  
Lagoon Systems

In Malaysia lagoon systems have been successfully adopted by the natural rubber (NR) and oil palm industries to treat their effluents. The possibility of using Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) in the lagoons to further improve the treatment system was investigated. Good removal of pollutants from the block rubber effluent was achieved using a hydraulic retention of 10 - 15 days. The resulting effluent discharge was of acceptable quality. Water hyacinth also markedly improved the quality of the effluent from the remilling rubber factories. Consequently propagation of water hyacinth in the lagoons has been recommended. Pilot plant trials with palm oil mill effluent (POME) have shown that water hyacinth can be successfully grown in anaerobically digested liquor removing 96% BOD, 87% COD, 96% suspended solids, 83% ammoniacal nitrogen and 97% oil and grease. It also removed more than 99% of the indicative bacteria such as coliforms, E.coli and Streptococci. Under the Malaysian conditions, water hyacinth grew profusely yielding about 500 kg of dry matter per ha per day. The average dry weight was about 5.0% and it contained about 24% protein, 21% fibre and 14% ash.

Decreased water usage in a softwood ECF bleaching sequence—full mill simulations

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (06) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Jour ◽  
Karin Lindgren ◽  
Katarina Gutke ◽  
Johan Wallinder
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Pulp Bleaching ◽  
Best Available Techniques

In this study, an elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleach plant with a D0(EOP)D1(EP)D2 sequence was studied with the aim of identifying options for significantly decreasing (fresh) water usage in the bleach plant and decreasing the effluent volume. A base-case simulation model for a softwood kraft market pulp mill was made based on a reference model representing the best available techniques as well as data produced in an extensive laboratory pulp bleaching study. This model was used to evaluate increased closure within the bleach plant and the recirculation of bleach plant effluent to the brownstock system and their effects on both the bleach plant and the recovery cycle. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce the fresh water consumption from 15 metric tons/a.d. metric ton in the base case to about 2 metric tons/a.d. metric ton, without increasing the carryover of chemical oxygen demand (COD) to the pulp machine. Nonprocess elements in wood contribute to the levels of metals found in the bleach plant and thus to the risk of precipitates such as calcium oxalate, barium sulfate, and calcium carbonate. The risk of precipitates forming is a key factor determining the possible degree of closure. In addition, chloride concentration in the black liquor is another important factor that is affected by recirculating bleach plant filtrate to the brownstock washer and by the grade of the sodium hydroxide used in the mill.

Análise Microbiológica da Qualidade das Águas do Rio Cuiabá Perímetro Urbano, a Partir de 4 Pontos de Amostragem

UNICIÊNCIAS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Waléria Finicia de Oliveira ◽  
Osvaldo Borges Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Consequent Increase

A ocupação eminentemente urbana dos municípios resultou em um incremento da demanda nos diversos usos das águas do rio Cuiabá e consequente aumento das cargas orgânicas, de nutrientes e de coliformes gerados pelos esgotos domésticos. As microbacias hidrográficas, com vegetação natural remanescente, são áreas muito importantes para manter o abastecimento de água de boa qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar análises microbiológicas da qualidade da água do rio Cuiabá, especificamente no perímetro urbano, a partir de quatro pontos de amostragem, usando os parâmetros microbiológicos, a fim de quantificar Coliformes Totais e Escherichia coli. Foram feitas quatro coletas em pontos aleatórios, uma em 03/11/2014 e as outras três em 22/10/2015. Os resultados obtidos, nas análises feitas com as amostras, apontou como impróprio para o consumo humano, conforme a Resolução nº 357/05 do CONAMA.Palavras-chaves: Qualidade da Água. Bioindicadores, Escherichia coli.AbstratThe eminently urban occupation of the municipalities resulted in an increase in the demand for the different uses of the Cuiabá river waters and consequent increase in the organic loads, nutrients and coliforms generated by domestic sewage. The waters and consequent increase in the organic loads, nutrients and coliforms generated by domestic sewage. Thehydrographic basins with remaining natural vegetation arevery important areas to maintain the supply of  good quality water. The objective of this work was to perform microbiological analyzes of the water quality, specifically at the urban perimeter, from 04 Sampling Points, using the microbiological parameters, in order to quantify Total Coliformes and Escherichia coli. Four collections were performed, one for each point, the first on November 3rd, 2014, another on October 22nd, 2015. The results obtained from the analyses performed with the samples, pointed as inadequate for human consumption, according to Resolution number 357/05 of CONAMA.Keywords: Water Quality. Biological Indicators. Escherichia coli

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